Incorporating Design Complexity Measures in Architectural Assessment

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katja M. M. Holtta ◽  
Kevin N. Otto
Keyword(s):  
Interaction Type ◽  
Complexity Measures ◽  
Design Complexity ◽  
Mechanical Connection ◽  
Interaction Types

A feature of good modularity is the ease of changing a module within a product. Existing modularity methods use subjective or qualitative attributes to evaluate architectures. We develop a method to relatively compare proposed product architectures according to design complexity. Our metric represents the difficulty that different module boundary interactions, represented by flows in and out of a function, would have in terms of redesign effort. We decomposed medical injector head systems and conducted interviews in two companies to find out a relative redesign effort for various interaction types, e.g. electrical and mechanical connection, signal flows, etc. We found that to change a flow by 1%, 1–4% more design effort is required, depending on the interaction type. We also found that decreasing a flow value causes, in general, less rework than increasing a flow. Our metric proved to be a valuable tool in estimating the redesign difficulty of an architecture.

scholarly journals The Influence of Modern English Loanwords on the Verbal Code of Russian Culture

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-196
Author(s):  
Yulia M. Alyunina ◽  
Olga V. Nagel
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Verbal Code ◽  
Interaction Type ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
The World ◽  
Interaction Types ◽  
The Russian Language

The aim of the article is to introduce the authors’ perspective on how English loanwords are changing the structure and the content of the verbal code of Russian culture and the Russian linguistic pictures of the world, as well as on how the latter might change the former. Having used the continuous sampling method, observation method, and synchronic-diachronic approach (lexical semantic analysis, comparative semantic analysis, morphological and quantitative analysis), the authors have allocated and analyzed 487 loanwords, which led to the introduction of three distinguished types of interaction between the verbal code of the Russian language and foreign loanwords. The first interaction type is the process whereby the loanwords adapt semantically to the rules of the host language and culture, which leads to the complete change of a loanword meaning or its modification (15 words). The second interaction type is connected with the loanwords bringing new concepts to a host language and indicating borrowed ideas and objects (270 words). The differentiation of these two interaction types is based on the results of a synchronic and diachronic study of the loanwords in Russian. The analyzed interaction types are linked to the changes in the host language’s verbal code. A concept of a “hybrid linguistic picture of the world” is being introduced as the one constituting the third interaction type (201 words). According to the authors, the hybrid linguistic picture of the world is developing at the current stage of the Russian language and is caused by the process of the morphological adaptation of English loanwords, which is manifested in the production of hybrid words and Russian words being actively substituted by English borrowings.

scholarly journals Stability of an adaptive hybrid community

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mougi
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Behavior ◽  
Ecological Communities ◽  
Interaction Type ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Interaction Partners ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Interaction Types ◽  
Multiple Interaction ◽  
The Stability

Abstract Contrary to stable natural ecosystems, the classical ecological theory predicts that complex ecological communities are fragile. The adaptive switching of interaction partners was proposed as a key factor to resolve the complexity–stability problem. However, this theory is based on the food webs that comprise predator–prey interactions alone; thus, the manner in which adaptive behavior affects the dynamics of hybrid communities with multiple interaction types remains unclear. Here, using a bipartite community network model with antagonistic and mutualistic interactions, I show that adaptive partner shifts by both antagonists and mutualists are crucial to the persistence of communities. The results show that adaptive behavior destabilizes the dynamics of communities with a single interaction type; however, the hybridity of multiple interaction types within a community greatly improves the stability. Moreover, adaptive behavior does not create a positive complexity–stability relationship in communities with a single interaction type but it does in the hybrid community. The diversity of interaction types is predicted to play a crucial role in community maintenance in an adaptive world.

scholarly journals Accuracy and Precision of Social Relationship Indices

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Mielke ◽  
Liran Samuni
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Relationship ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Interaction Type ◽  
True Value ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Interaction Types ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The Impact

AbstractCombining interaction rates of different social behaviours into social relationship indices to represent the structure of dyadic relationships on one underlying dimension is common practice in animal sociality studies. However, the properties of these relationship indices are not well explored – mainly because, for real-world social systems, the ‘true’ value of relationships is unobservable. Here, we use simulation studies to estimate the accuracy and precision of three relationship indices: the Dyadic Composite Sociality Index, the Composite Relationship Index, and the Dynamic Dyadic Sociality Index. We simulated one year of social interactions for multiple groups of 25 individuals and 4 interaction types with different properties, and tested the impact of different focal follow regimes, data densities and sampling conditions on the representation of social relationships. Accuracy and precision of social relationship indices were strongly driven by sample size, similar to simple interaction rates. Under the assumption that there was a clear, one-dimensional relationship underlying interactions, and that different interaction types constituting an index were highly correlated, indices indeed increased accuracy over single interaction rates for small sample sizes. Including uninformative constituting behaviours (i.e., those not highly correlated with the underlying relationship dimension) reduced the accuracy of all indices. The precision of each index (i.e., whether multiple simulated focal follow regimes achieve the same dyadic values for the same data) was generally poor and was driven by the precision of the least precise constituting behaviour, making them less precise than some single interaction rates. Our results showed that social relationship indices do not remove the need to have sufficient data for each individual constituting interaction type. Index quality was defined by the least accurate and precise constituting interaction type. Indices might only be useful if all constituting interaction rates are highly correlated and if there are clear indications that one dimension is sufficient to represent social relationships in a group.

Measures of Complexity in Design

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Basem El-Haik ◽  
Kai Yang
Keyword(s):  
Axiomatic Design ◽  
Design Approach ◽  
Complexity Measures ◽  
Design Complexity ◽  
Information Measures ◽  
Design Practices ◽  
Information Axiom ◽  
Mathematical Relationships ◽  
Three Components

Abstract The introduction of axiomatic design approach contributed to the advancement of design practices by directing research toward useful arenas. One of these arenas is concerned with elimination/minimization of vulnerabilities that are established in entity as a result of violation of design axioms. One major vulnerability is complexity which can be addressed in the context of the Information Axiom. In this paper, we identified three components of design complexity: coupling, variability, and correlation. We used information measures as complexity measures and derived mathematical relationships that quantify these components within the context of the axiomatic design approach.

Investigating the Relationship Between Product Design Complexity and FDA for Medical Device Development

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lourdes A. Medina ◽  
Marija Jankovic ◽  
Gül E. Okudan Kremer
Keyword(s):  
Medical Device ◽  
Decision Time ◽  
Product Complexity ◽  
Complexity Measures ◽  
Design Complexity ◽  
Regulatory Decision ◽  
Complexity Metrics ◽  
Relevant Variables ◽  
Or Organization ◽  
The Relationship

Product complexity has been studied as an important factor to decrease the cost and time of the development process. With this purpose, prior research has included the development of design complexity metrics as a method to assess and decrease complexity. Recent studies have also focused on the comparison of complexity metrics for the particular case of medical devices development (MDD). However, the major issue relevant to MDD has not been addressed; the relationship between FDA regulations and the device complexity is not clarified. Therefore, to increase MDD safety and decrease the time to market, we must understand the regulatory decision process and rules. In this paper, we investigate the relation between different complexity metrics and FDA’s decision time using a sample of 100 hip replacement devices. Bayesian network learning is used to explore in detail local relationships between different variables, both complexity measures and product variables. This relationship was found significant for the first two clusters of the analysis. However, for a third cluster it is speculated that FDA decision time does not depend solely upon the degree of medical device complexity. Company or organization relevant variables could be playing a greater role than just complexity. Additional questions are drawn based on the results that must be investigated.

Complexity Measures of Brain Electrophysiological Activity

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Włodzimierz Klonowski ◽  
Pawel Stepien ◽  
Robert Stepien
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Deterministic Chaos ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Eeg Signal ◽  
Eeg Signals ◽  
Complexity Measures ◽  
Electrophysiological Activity ◽  
Signal Complexity ◽  
Physiological Sleep ◽  
The Brain

Over 20 years ago, Watt and Hameroff (1987 ) suggested that consciousness may be described as a manifestation of deterministic chaos in the brain/mind. To analyze EEG-signal complexity, we used Higuchi’s fractal dimension in time domain and symbolic analysis methods. Our results of analysis of EEG-signals under anesthesia, during physiological sleep, and during epileptic seizures lead to a conclusion similar to that of Watt and Hameroff: Brain activity, measured by complexity of the EEG-signal, diminishes (becomes less chaotic) when consciousness is being “switched off”. So, consciousness may be described as a manifestation of deterministic chaos in the brain/mind.

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