Reconstruction Synthesis of the Lost Subsystem for the Planetary Motions of Antikythera Mechanism

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Sen Yan ◽  
Jian-Liang Lin
Keyword(s):  
Planetary Motion ◽  
Mechanism Analysis ◽  
Design Concepts ◽  
Design Specifications ◽  
Solid Reconstruction ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Minimum Numbers ◽  
Planetary Theories

The mechanism for the planetary motions contained in the lost subsystem of Antikythera mechanism is a strict challenge of the reconstruction design and attracts many scholars’ attentions. In the modern time, Edmunds and Morgan, and Wright successively presented the design concepts, even the solid reconstruction models. To focus on the study of lost mechanisms, this work provides a systematic procedure of the reconstruction design to synthesize all feasible designs describing the planetary motion in the lost subsystem. And all synthesized designs agree with the science and technology standards of the subject’s time period. Based on the kinematic analysis of the planetary theories in the time of Antikythera mechanism, the anomaly planetary motions that could be demonstrated by a pin-in-slot device are completely understood. By the mechanism analysis and the design concept with the minimum numbers of the members, two types of the feasible topological structures and the corresponding design specifications are obtained: Type 1 is a four-bar mechanism with five joints; Type 2 is a five-bar mechanism with seven joints. In addition, the relations of the teeth for the inferior and superior planets are discussed in each possible combination of the planet gears. Moreover, through the study of the historical literature, the astronomical theories and the existing designs, the required design constraints are concluded further. For Type 1 and Type 2 reconstruction designs, one, the design by Edmunds and Morgan, and three feasible designs are respectively synthesized in accordance with the concepts of generalization and specialization. And all feasible designs are identified further for the suitable planets through the identifications of the input types. In conclusion, all generated designs are consistent with the scientific theories and techniques of the subject’s time period and match the surviving evidences.

Reconstruction Synthesis of the Lost Subsystem for the Planetary Motions of Antikythera Mechanism

2012 ◽  
Vol 134 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Sen Yan ◽  
Jian-Liang Lin
Keyword(s):  
Kinematic Analysis ◽  
Original Structure ◽  
Mechanism Analysis ◽  
Technology Standards ◽  
Design Constraints ◽  
Design Concepts ◽  
Detail Design ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Minimum Numbers ◽  
Planetary Theories

The mechanism for the planetary motions contained in the lost subsystem of Antikythera mechanism is a strict challenge of the reconstruction design. This work presents a systematic procedure of the reconstruction design to synthesize all feasible designs which agree with the science and technology standards of the subject’s time period. Based on the kinematic analysis of ancient planetary theories, the anomaly planetary motions could be formulated. By the mechanism analysis, two types of feasible topological structures with the minimum numbers of members are obtained, and the relationships of teeth for the inferior and superior planets are derived. Through the study of the historical literature, the astronomical theories and the existing designs, the required design constraints are concluded. For the two reconstruction designs, one, the design by Edmunds and Morgan, and three feasible design concepts are, respectively, synthesized in accordance with the concepts of generalization and specialization. Focusing on each feasible design concepts, this work derives the relationships of teeth. Furthermore, one feasible combination of these feasible designs for different planets is adopted for detail design. And, it could be the original structure for the planetary motions of the lost subsystem of Antikythera mechanism.

scholarly journals Kansei engineering approach for developing electric motorcycle

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-56
Author(s):  
Dawi Karomati Baroroh ◽  
Mya Amalia ◽  
Nur Puji Lestari
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Vehicle Emissions ◽  
Semantic Differential ◽  
User Needs ◽  
Kansei Engineering ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
Design Specifications ◽  
Type 3

Electric vehicles are considered one of the solutions that can reduce vehicle emissions into the environment. However, the enthusiasts' number of the electric motorcycle is still relatively really low. In order to escalate product and competitive value in the market, the design elements of the electric motorcycle have to develop. The aim of this research is to design electric motorcycle that appropriate with user needs and desires by utilizing Kansei Engineering. This study involved 212 respondents for the Semantic Differential I and 204 respondents for the Semantic Differential II. The results of this study were 14 pairs of kansei words which were used to evaluate 11 sample designs where there were 5 items and 14 design categories. The design specifications of the most dominant electric motorcycle were angled seat, type 1 of front hood, 2 slots for luggage box, type 3 of headlight, and type 2 of body hood.

scholarly journals Value of autopsy in Internal Medicine: discrepancies between clinical and postmortem diagnosis

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Tiratterra ◽  
Valeria Pignatelli ◽  
Alberto Placido ◽  
Agostino Valenti ◽  
Umberto Recine
Keyword(s):  
Internal Medicine ◽  
Clinical Diagnosis ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Postmortem Diagnosis ◽  
Substantial Discrepancy ◽  
Time Period

Introduction The number of autoptic controls is progressively dropping worldwide during the last decades. Several social, cultural and normative causes may underlie this phenomenon. However, a hidden cause may be represented by the scepticism of physicians about the gain in information given by this practice. There is in fact a general thinking that available diagnostic techniques may be adequate for a correct diagnosis, even in the case of a mortal outcome. Nevertheless, several studies have shown quite relevant discrepancies between premortem and postmortem diagnosis. In this study, the authors evaluate the accuracy of clinical diagnosis in diseases leading the patient to death.Materials and methods Retrospective analysis including all patients died in the Department of Internal Medicine of a General Hospital in Rome during a three year time period (1st January 2007–31 December 2009). Age, sex, period of hospitalization, clinical diagnosis, autoptic diagnosis, cause of death, and level of discrepancy between clinical diagnosis and autoptic control have been collected. Main diagnoses have been classified as follows: (1) discrepancy with a possible influence on survival; (2) discrepancy with no or questionable influence on survival.Results Ninety-two cases (42 males, 50 females; mean age 79.3 years) have been included. Thirty-four main diagnoses (36.9%) have been classified as discrepant (15.2% classified as type 1 discrepancy and 21.7 as type 2).DiscussionA substantial discrepancy between clinical diagnosis and autoptic control is confirmed by the current study, which supports the role of autopsy as a tool for the improvement of medical practice.

Reconstruction Designs of the Lost Structures of the Antikythera Mechanism With Two Degrees of Freedom

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian-Liang Lin ◽  
Hong-Sen Yan
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Planetary Motion ◽  
Mechanism Analysis ◽  
Two Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Design Concepts ◽  
Astronomical Instruments ◽  
Solar Motion ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
Astronomical Instrument ◽  
Existing Structure

The Antikythera mechanism is an ancient astronomical instrument with various functions to indicate the date of the Egyptian calendar, display the motions of celestial bodies, calculate astronomical periods, and predict eclipse events. However, the portions of the mechanism that have been excavated do not completely support its functions. In particular, the structures corresponding to the demonstration of solar and planetary motions have been lost. This paper presents a systematic reconstruction of design concepts for the lost structures with two degrees of freedom. According to the investigations of existing structure and other ancient astronomical instruments, design concepts with two degrees of freedom are generated, and three possible double-input conditions are identified. Based on a mechanism analysis, two types of reconstruction designs are developed: five-bar mechanisms with six joints and six-bar mechanisms with eight joints. Design constraints were determined in accordance with the historical literature and existing designs. Then, by applying the concepts of generalization and specialization, as well as the input conditions and manufacturing process, three, four, and seven feasible reconstruction designs are synthesized for the solar motion, inferior planetary motion, and superior planetary motion, respectively. In addition, relations for the teeth calculations are derived for detail designs.

scholarly journals Self-reported hypoglycaemia in patients treated with insulin: A large Slovenian retrospectively-prospective study

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 244-250
Author(s):  
Draženka Pongrac Barlovič ◽  
Andrej Zavratnik ◽  
Aleš Skvarča ◽  
Karmen Janša ◽  
Bojana Vukelič ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Glycated Haemoglobin ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Hypoglycaemic Event ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Randomised Control Trials ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Abstract Introduction Hypoglycaemia is the major barrier for glycaemic target achievement in patients treated with insulin. The aim of the present study was to investigate real-world incidence and predictors of hypoglycaemia in insulin-treated patients. Methods More than 300 consecutive patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes treated with insulin were enrolled during regular out-patient visits from 36 diabetes practices throughout the whole country. They completed a comprehensive questionnaire on hypoglycaemia knowledge, awareness, and incidence in the last month and last six months. In addition, in the prospective part, patients recorded incidence of hypoglycaemic events using a special diary prospectively on a daily basis, through 4 weeks. Results At least one hypoglycaemic event was self-reported in 84.1%, and 56.4% of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively, during the prospective period of 4 weeks. 43.4% and 26.2% of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively, experienced a nocturnal hypoglycaemic event. In the same time-period, severe hypoglycaemia was experienced by 15.9% and 7.1% of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively. Lower glycated haemoglobin was not a significant predictor of hypoglycaemia. Conclusions Rates of self-reported hypoglycaemia in patients treated with insulin in the largest and most comprehensive study in Slovenia so far are higher than reported from randomised control trials, but comparable to data from observational studies. Hypoglycaemia incidence was high even with high glycated haemoglobin values.

Type 2 Diabetes Overtakes Type 1 in Hispanic Girls

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (15) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
SHERRY BOSCHERT
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes
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