Does Visual Fixation Affect Idea Fixation?

Abstract Divergent thinking, an aspect of creativity, is often studied by measuring performance on the Alternative Uses Test (AUT). There is however a gap in creativity research concerning how visual stimuli on the AUT are most effectively perceived. Research in memory and attention have used eye-tracking studies to reveal insights into how people think and perceive visual stimuli. Thus, the current work uses eye tracking to study how eye movements are related to creativity. Participants orally listed alternative uses for twelve objects, each visually represented for two minutes in four different views. Using eye tracking, we specifically explored where and for how long people fixate their eyes at objects during the AUT. Eye movements before and while naming alternative uses are studied. Results revealed that naming new instances and categories of alternative uses correlates more strongly with visual fixation towards multiple views than towards a single view of the object. Alternative uses in new, previously unnamed categories are also more likely named following increased visual fixation towards blank space. These and other findings reveal the cognitive-thinking styles and eye-movement behaviors associated with finding new ideas. Such findings may be applied to reduce fixation to existing ideas during design.

Download Full-text

Does Visual Fixation Affect Idea Fixation?

Journal of Mechanical Design ◽

10.1115/1.4045600 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 142 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

E. Kwon ◽

J. D. Ryan ◽

A. Bazylak ◽

L. H. Shu

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Divergent Thinking ◽

Visual Stimuli ◽

Visual Fixation ◽

Thinking Styles ◽

Multiple Views ◽

Memory And Attention ◽

Creativity Research ◽

New Ideas

Abstract Divergent thinking, an aspect of creativity, is often studied by measuring performance on the Alternative Uses Test (AUT). There is, however, a gap in creativity research concerning how visual stimuli on the AUT are perceived. Memory and attention researchers have used eye-tracking studies to reveal insights into how people think and how they perceive visual stimuli. Thus, the current work uses eye tracking to study how eye movements are related to creativity. Participants orally listed alternative uses for twelve objects, each visually presented for 2 min in four different views. Using eye tracking, we specifically explored where and for how long participants fixate their eyes at visual presentations of objects during the AUT. Eye movements before and while naming alternative uses were analyzed. Results revealed that naming new instances and categories of alternative uses correlated more strongly with visual fixation toward multiple views than toward single views of objects. Alternative uses in new, previously unnamed categories were also more likely named following increased visual fixation toward blank space. These and other findings reveal the cognitive-thinking styles and eye-movement behaviors associated with naming new ideas. Such findings may be applied to enhance divergent thinking during design.

Download Full-text

Torsional component of microsaccades during fixation and quick phases during optokinetic stimulation

Journal of Eye Movement Research ◽

10.16910/jemr.13.5.5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Shirin Sadeghpour ◽

Jorge Otero-Millan

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Main Sequence ◽

Vertical Component ◽

Visual Fixation ◽

Optokinetic Stimulation ◽

Average Amplitude ◽

Stationary Stimulus ◽

Torsional Component ◽

Software And Hardware

While many studies have characterized the eye movements during visual fixation, including microsaccades, in most cases only horizontal and vertical components have been recorded and analyzed. Thus, little is known about the torsional component of microsaccades. We took advantage of a newly developed software and hardware to record eye movements around the three axes of rotation during fixation and torsional optokinetic stimulus. We found that the average amplitude of the torsional component of microsaccades during fixation was 0.34 ± 0.07 degrees with velocities following a main sequence with a slope comparable to the horizontal and vertical components. We also found the size of the torsional displacement during microsaccades was correlated with the horizontal but not the vertical component. In the presence of an optokinetic stimulus a nystagmus was induced producing a more frequent and larger torsional quick phases compared to microsaccades produced during fixation with a stationary stimulus. The torsional component and the vertical vergence component of quick phases grew larger with higher velocities. Additionally, our results validate and show the feasibility of recording torsional eye movements using video eye tracking in a desktop mounted setup.

Download Full-text

Eye movements in sports research and practice: Immersive technologies as optimal environments for the study of gaze behaviour

10.31234/osf.io/fbwvk ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

David Harris ◽

Mark Wilson ◽

Tim Holmes ◽

Toby de Burgh ◽

Samuel James Vine

Keyword(s):

Virtual Reality ◽

Eye Movements ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Visual Information ◽

Successful Performance ◽

Experimental Control ◽

Research And Practice ◽

Gaze Behaviour ◽

Immersive Technologies

Head-mounted eye tracking has been fundamental for developing an understanding of sporting expertise, as the way in which performers sample visual information from the environment is a major determinant of successful performance. There is, however, a long running tension between the desire to study realistic, in-situ gaze behaviour and the difficulties of acquiring accurate ocular measurements in dynamic and fast-moving sporting tasks. Here, we describe how immersive technologies, such as virtual reality, offer an increasingly compelling approach for conducting eye movement research in sport. The possibility of studying gaze behaviour in representative and realistic environments, but with high levels of experimental control, could enable significant strides forward for eye tracking in sport and improve understanding of how eye movements underpin sporting skills. By providing a rationale for virtual reality as an optimal environment for eye tracking research, as well as outlining practical considerations related to hardware, software and data analysis, we hope to guide researchers and practitioners in the use of this approach.

Download Full-text

Neurogastronomy as a Tool for Evaluating Emotions and Visual Preferences of Selected Food Served in Different Ways

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10020354 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 354

Author(s):

Jakub Berčík ◽

Johana Paluchová ◽

Katarína Neomániová

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Air Quality ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Facial Expressions ◽

Visual Design ◽

Personal Interview ◽

Visual Preferences ◽

New Perspective ◽

Corporate Resources ◽

Face Reading

The appearance of food provides certain expectations regarding the harmonization of taste, delicacy, and overall quality, which subsequently affects not only the intake itself but also many other features of the behavior of customers of catering facilities. The main goal of this article is to find out what effect the visual design of food (waffles) prepared from the same ingredients and served in three different ways—a stone plate, street food style, and a white classic plate—has on the consumer’s preferences. In addition to the classic tablet assistance personal interview (TAPI) tools, biometric methods such as eye tracking and face reading were used in order to obtain unconscious feedback. During testing, air quality in the room by means of the Extech device and the influence of the visual design of food on the perception of its smell were checked. At the end of the paper, we point out the importance of using classical feedback collection techniques (TAPI) and their extension in measuring subconscious reactions based on monitoring the eye movements and facial expressions of the respondents, which provides a whole new perspective on the perception of visual design and serving food as well as more effective targeting and use of corporate resources.

Download Full-text

Directed Gaze Trajectories for Biometric Presentation Attack Detection

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21041394 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 1394

Author(s):

Asad Ali ◽

Sanaul Hoque ◽

Farzin Deravi

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Visual Stimuli ◽

Attack Detection ◽

Movement Data ◽

Biometric Systems ◽

Planar Geometries ◽

Presentation Attack Detection

Presentation attack artefacts can be used to subvert the operation of biometric systems by being presented to the sensors of such systems. In this work, we propose the use of visual stimuli with randomised trajectories to stimulate eye movements for the detection of such spoofing attacks. The presentation of a moving visual challenge is used to ensure that some pupillary motion is stimulated and then captured with a camera. Various types of challenge trajectories are explored on different planar geometries representing prospective devices where the challenge could be presented to users. To evaluate the system, photo, 2D mask and 3D mask attack artefacts were used and pupillary movement data were captured from 80 volunteers performing genuine and spoofing attempts. The results support the potential of the proposed features for the detection of biometric presentation attacks.

Download Full-text

A Fast and Effective System for Analysis of Optokinetic Waveforms with a Low-Cost Eye Tracking Device

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare9010010 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 10

Author(s):

Chong-Bin Tsai ◽

Wei-Yu Hung ◽

Wei-Yen Hsu

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Eye Movement ◽

Low Cost ◽

Saccadic Eye Movements ◽

Slow Phase ◽

Eye Tracker ◽

Effective System ◽

Tracking Device ◽

Traditional Approaches

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is an involuntary eye movement induced by motion of a large proportion of the visual field. It consists of a “slow phase (SP)” with eye movements in the same direction as the movement of the pattern and a “fast phase (FP)” with saccadic eye movements in the opposite direction. Study of OKN can reveal valuable information in ophthalmology, neurology and psychology. However, the current commercially available high-resolution and research-grade eye tracker is usually expensive. Methods & Results: We developed a novel fast and effective system combined with a low-cost eye tracking device to accurately quantitatively measure OKN eye movement. Conclusions: The experimental results indicate that the proposed method achieves fast and promising results in comparisons with several traditional approaches.

Download Full-text

Saliency-Based Gaze Visualization for Eye Movement Analysis

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21155178 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (15) ◽

pp. 5178

Author(s):

Sangbong Yoo ◽

Seongmin Jeong ◽

Seokyeon Kim ◽

Yun Jang

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Visual Attention ◽

Eye Movement ◽

Visual Stimuli ◽

Saliency Map ◽

Gaze Behavior ◽

The Gaze ◽

Movement Data ◽

Visual Clues ◽

Human Visual Attention

Gaze movement and visual stimuli have been utilized to analyze human visual attention intuitively. Gaze behavior studies mainly show statistical analyses of eye movements and human visual attention. During these analyses, eye movement data and the saliency map are presented to the analysts as separate views or merged views. However, the analysts become frustrated when they need to memorize all of the separate views or when the eye movements obscure the saliency map in the merged views. Therefore, it is not easy to analyze how visual stimuli affect gaze movements since existing techniques focus excessively on the eye movement data. In this paper, we propose a novel visualization technique for analyzing gaze behavior using saliency features as visual clues to express the visual attention of an observer. The visual clues that represent visual attention are analyzed to reveal which saliency features are prominent for the visual stimulus analysis. We visualize the gaze data with the saliency features to interpret the visual attention. We analyze the gaze behavior with the proposed visualization to evaluate that our approach to embedding saliency features within the visualization supports us to understand the visual attention of an observer.

Download Full-text

Effects of aging and noncanonical form presentation on idiom processing: Evidence from eye tracking

Applied Psycholinguistics ◽

10.1017/s0142716420000612 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-27

Author(s):

Katja I. Haeuser ◽

Shari Baum ◽

Debra Titone

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Eye Movements ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Healthy Aging ◽

Idiom Comprehension ◽

First Pass ◽

Effects Of Aging ◽

Open Question ◽

Idiom Processing ◽

Noncanonical Form

Abstract Comprehending idioms (e.g., bite the bullet) requires that people appreciate their figurative meanings while suppressing literal interpretations of the phrase. While much is known about idioms, an open question is how healthy aging and noncanonical form presentation affect idiom comprehension when the task is to read sentences silently for comprehension. Here, younger and older adults read sentences containing idioms or literal phrases, while we monitored their eye movements. Idioms were presented in a canonical or a noncanonical form (e.g., bite the iron bullet). To assess whether people integrate figurative or literal interpretations of idioms, a disambiguating region that was figuratively or literally biased followed the idiom in each sentence. During early stages of reading, older adults showed facilitation for canonical idioms, suggesting a greater sensitivity to stored idiomatic forms. During later stages of reading, older adults showed slower reading times when canonical idioms were biased toward their literal interpretation, suggesting they were more likely to interpret idioms figuratively on the first pass. In contrast, noncanonical form presentation slowed comprehension of figurative meanings comparably in younger and older participants. We conclude that idioms may be more strongly entrenched in older adults, and that noncanonical form presentation slows comprehension of figurative meanings.

Download Full-text