Connecting Design Actions, Reasoning, and Outcomes in Concept-Selection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yakira Mirabito ◽  
Kosa Goucher-Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Design Space ◽  
Solution Space ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Concept Selection ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Improve Design ◽  
Creative Solutions ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Final concepts are often not the most creative or innovative design within the solution space. The purpose of this research is to gain insight into the decisions made in concept selection. In particular, we studied how designers link multiple decision-making elements together, including: actions (what people do), reasoning (why they do it), and design outcomes (an objective measure of engineering performance). Fifty-seven participants were tasked with solving a design challenge relating to a robotic gripper by selecting a design within a predefined design space. Each design had a corresponding measure (termed “success rate”) which enabled each designer’s performance to be quantified and compared against other designers. The task was hosted on an interactive interface in which design actions were collected. A post-task survey probed for the reasoning behind design actions. Characterization of decision-making behavior and reasoning was rooted in prior design literature. Design actions were quantified concerning the degree of design space explored and the decision-making strategies employed. Key results include design strategies such as manipulation techniques, the impact of maximum observed success rates, and a willingness to submit an alternative solution which influenced design outcomes. Although designer preferences validated the design strategies identified, there was no correlation between the decision factors considered and improved outcomes. The methods and findings from this work assessed the underlying dynamics when engineers selected less innovative or creative solutions and recommended decision-making strategies that should be considered to improve design outcomes.

scholarly journals How Concept Selection Tools Impact the Development of Creative Ideas in Engineering Design Education

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan Zheng ◽  
Sarah C. Ritter ◽  
Scarlett R. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Engineering Design ◽  
Design Education ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Concept Selection ◽  
Engineering Design Education ◽  
Student Teams ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Tools

Concept selection tools have been heavily integrated into engineering design education in an effort to reduce the risks and uncertainties of early-phase design ideas and aid students in the decision-making process. However, little research has examined the utility of these tools in promoting creative ideas or their impact on student team decision making throughout the conceptual design process. To fill this research gap, the current study was designed to compare the impact of two concept selection tools, the concept selection matrix (CSM) and the tool for assessing semantic creativity (TASC) on the average quality (AQL) and average novelty (ANV) of ideas selected by student teams at several decision points throughout an 8-week project. The results of the study showed that the AQL increased significantly in the detailed design stage, while the ANV did not change. However, this change in idea quality was not significantly impacted by the concept selection tool used, suggesting other factors may impact student decision making and the development of creative ideas. Finally, student teams were found to select ideas ranked highly in concept selection tools only when these ideas met their expectations, indicating that cognitive biases may be significantly impeding decision making.

Cancer

2021 ◽  
pp. 627-638
Author(s):  
Rashi Rai ◽  
Prudhvilal Bhukya ◽  
Muneesh Kumar Barman ◽  
Meenakshi Singh ◽  
Kailash Chand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Trial Design ◽  
Clinical Trial Design ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Safety Level ◽  
Key Steps ◽  
The Impact

Clinical trials are essential to govern the impact of a new possible treatment. It is utilized to determine the safety level and efficacy of a certain treatment. Clinical trial studies in cancer have provided successful treatment leading to longer survival span in the patients. The design of clinical trials for cancer has been done to find new ways to prevent, diagnose, treat, and manage symptoms of the disease. This chapter will provide detailed information on different aspects of clinical trials in cancer research. Protocols outlining the design and method to conduct a clinical trial in each phase will be discussed. The process and the conditions applied in each phase (I, II, and III) will be described precisely. The design of trials done in every aspect such as prevention, immunochemotherapy, diagnosis, and treatment to combat cancer will be illustrated. Also, recent innovations in clinical design strategies and principles behind it as well as the use of recent advances in artificial intelligence in reshaping key steps of clinical trial design to increase trial success rates.

scholarly journals Impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the requirements for accounting and analytical support of business

2020 ◽  
Vol 89 ◽  
pp. 01003
Author(s):  
Roman Chugumbaev ◽  
Nina Chugumbaeva
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Stakeholder Theory ◽  
Business Development ◽  
Management Theory ◽  
First Approximation ◽  
Creative Solutions ◽  
Analytical Work ◽  
Business Analysis ◽  
The Impact

This article proposes to get acquainted with a study that, as a first approximation, assesses the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on a shift in emphasis in accounting and analytical work. Economic actors once again found themselves in the conditions of a “new normalcy”, now it is a global coronavirus crisis. Now society and business are faced with new risks, threats, disasters, opportunities, unforeseen consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. Of course, the management of the companies is expected to provide the creative solutions, an economically sound strategy or a policy of working in a new environment. The new complex context of decision-making caused by the pandemic needs to keep information and analytical support up to date. Therefore, this article proposes to pay attention to some aspects of information and analytical work that are of particular importance during the period of the impact of the pandemic and its consequences. The list of such aspects includes the mechanisms for ensuring business transparency, the application of stakeholder theory and change management theory, the organization of a systematic business analysis, the concept of social responsibility and ESG criteria. This approach will make it possible to “reveal” the problems caused by the pandemic and its consequences, find the best solutions therefor, implement them correctly and update the business development strategy. The research results based on the analysis of current business needs will help build an adequate system of accounting and analytical support.

Students As Sequential Decision-Makers: Quantifying the Impact of Problem Knowledge and Process Deviation on the Achievement of Their Design Problem Objective

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murtuza Shergadwala ◽  
Ilias Bilionis ◽  
Jitesh H. Panchal
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Design Problem ◽  
Design Space ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Sequential Decision ◽  
Sequential Decisions ◽  
Decision Making Model ◽  
The Impact

Factors such as a student’s knowledge of the design problem and their deviation from a design process impact the achievement of their design problem objective. Typically, an instructor provides students with qualitative assessments of such factors. To provide accurate assessments, there is a need to quantify the impact of such factors in a design process. Moreover, design processes are iterative in nature. Therefore, the research question addressed in this study is, How can we quantify the impact of a student’s problem knowledge and their deviation from a design process, on the achievement of their design problem objective, in successive design iterations? We illustrate an approach in the context of a decision-making scenario. In the scenario, a student makes sequential decisions to optimize a mathematically unknown design objective with given constraints. Consequently, we utilize a decision-making model to abstract their design process. Their problem knowledge is quantified as their belief about the feasibility of the design space via a probability distribution. Their deviation from the decision-making model is quantified by introducing uncertainty in the model. We simulate cases where they have a combination of high (or low) knowledge of the design problem and high (or low) deviation in their design process. The results of our simulation study indicate that if students have a high (low) deviation from the modeled design process then we cannot (can) infer their knowledge of the design problem based on their problem objective achievement.

Quota Women Are Threatening to Men

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klea Faniko ◽  
Till Burckhardt ◽  
Oriane Sarrasin ◽  
Fabio Lorenzi-Cioldi ◽  
Siri Øyslebø Sørensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Preferential Treatment ◽  
Public Sector Employees ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Women In Decision Making ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Two studies carried out among Albanian public-sector employees examined the impact of different types of affirmative action policies (AAPs) on (counter)stereotypical perceptions of women in decision-making positions. Study 1 (N = 178) revealed that participants – especially women – perceived women in decision-making positions as more masculine (i.e., agentic) than feminine (i.e., communal). Study 2 (N = 239) showed that different types of AA had different effects on the attribution of gender stereotypes to AAP beneficiaries: Women benefiting from a quota policy were perceived as being more communal than agentic, while those benefiting from weak preferential treatment were perceived as being more agentic than communal. Furthermore, we examined how the belief that AAPs threaten men’s access to decision-making positions influenced the attribution of these traits to AAP beneficiaries. The results showed that men who reported high levels of perceived threat, as compared to men who reported low levels of perceived threat, attributed more communal than agentic traits to the beneficiaries of quotas. These findings suggest that AAPs may have created a backlash against its beneficiaries by emphasizing gender-stereotypical or counterstereotypical traits. Thus, the framing of AAPs, for instance, as a matter of enhancing organizational performance, in the process of policy making and implementation, may be a crucial tool to countering potential backlash.

Entscheidungsprozesse beim Übersetzen: Routine und Reflexion bei Novizen und Berufsübersetzern

Fachsprache ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 100-121
Author(s):  
Friederike Prassl
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Success Rate ◽  
Knowledge Integration ◽  
Popular Science ◽  
Failure Rates ◽  
Science Text ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Cognitive Involvement

This article focuses on the decision-making processes involved in research and knowledge integration in translation processes. First, the relevance of decision taking intranslation is discussed. Second, the psychology of decision making as seen by Jungermann et al. (2005) is introduced, who propose a categorization of decision-making processes intofour types: “routinized”, “stereotype”, “reflected” and “constructed”. This classification is then applied to the translations by five professional translators and five novices of five segments occurring in a popular-science text. The analysis reveals that the decision-making types are distributed differently among students and professional translators, which also has to be seen against the background of whether the decisions made were successful or not. The preliminary results of this study show that students resort to reflected decisions in most cases, but with a low success rate. Professionals achieve a higher success rate when making reflected decisions. As expected, they also make more routinized decisions than students. The professionals’ success rates improve with increasing cognitive involvement, while their failure rates are relatively high when making routinized decisions, an aspect worthwhile considering in translation didactics.

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