Multirate Integration for Real-Time Simulation of Wheel Loader Hydraulics

This paper details a real-time simulation of an articulating wheel loader, which is comprised of a multibody system modeling the chassis and the bucket assembly and a set of subsystems. The hydraulic subsystem is modeled by a set of ODE’s which represent the oil pressure fluctuations in the system. An Adams-Bashforth-Moulton integration algorithm has been implemented using the Nordsieck form to develop a constant step-size multirate integration scheme, modeling the interaction between the hydraulic subsystem and multibody dynamics models. An example illustrating the simulation of a wheel loader bucket operation is presented at the end of the paper.