A Hydraulic Actuated Automotive Thermal Management System: Theory and Experiment

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peyton Frick ◽  
John Wagner ◽  
Parikshit Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Management ◽  
Management System ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Water Pump ◽  
Coolant Pump ◽  
Engine Cooling ◽  
Thermal Management System ◽  
Compact Size ◽  
Computer Controlled

The performance of engine cooling systems can be improved by replacing the traditional mechanical driven radiator fan and water pump assemblies with computer controlled components. The power requirements for electric servo-motors increase with larger cooling demands which necessitate larger motors and/or a distributed configuration. One solution may be the use of hydraulic-based components due to their high power density and compact size. This paper investigates a thermal management system that features a computer controlled hydraulic actuated automotive fan and water pump. A mathematical model was derived for the hydraulic and thermal system components. To experimentally study the concept, a hydraulic driven fan and coolant pump were integrated with electric immersion heaters and radiator to emulate a vehicle cooling system. The dynamic model exhibited a strong correlation with the experimental test data. For a series of operating profiles, the servo-solenoid proportional control valves successfully tracked prescribed temperature set points to demonstrate that a hydraulic cooling system can maintain engine operating conditions.

scholarly journals Optimal Thermal Management System for HALE UAV

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Patel ◽  
C. E. Lents
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Management ◽  
Management System ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Component Reliability ◽  
Engine Cooling ◽  
Thermal Management System ◽  
Rotary Engines ◽  
Development Risks ◽  
Recovery Approach

This paper discusses an optimal thermal management system for a High Altitude Long Endurance Unmanned Air vehicle (HALE UAV). It examines several configurations to reject waste heat from the vehicle’s propulsion engine cooling system as well as the avionic cooling system and identifies the configuration which has a minimum impact on aircraft endurance, component reliability, and development risks. The optimization process incorporates two basic heat rejection approaches. One is a conventional approach which rejects cooling system waste heat to the atmosphere, and the other is a waste heat recovery approach which converts a portion of the waste heat into electricity to power avionics. Both concepts were optimized for three types of propulsion engines: Spark Ignition Piston engines, Rotary engines, and Diesel engines.

The Dynamic Modeling of PEMFC System for Automotive Application

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanggyu Kang ◽  
Kyoungdoug Min
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Thermal Management ◽  
Dynamic Modeling ◽  
Management System ◽  
Mass Conservation ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Automotive Application ◽  
Thermal Management System ◽  
Control Volumes

Water and thermal management are crucial factors in determining the performance of PEMFC for automotive application. In order to investigate the effect of cell humidity and temperature on the performance of PEMFC, a dynamic model of a PEMFC system for automotive application has been developed by using Matlab/Simulink®. The model is composed of a PEM unit cell, membrane humidifier, and thermal management system (TMS). At first, fuel and air are well hydrated by the shell and tube humidifier, then humidified fuel and air flow into the PEMFC for electrochemical reaction. PEMFC temperature was maintained at a constant level by the thermal management system. The active area of PEM model is 240 cm2. The cell was discretized into several control volumes in the through-plane to resolve energy balance and species diffusion. The membrane humidifier model is also discretized into three control volumes in the through-plane to resolve the mass conservation and energy balance. Fuel and air are hydrated by the diffusion of the water through the membrane. The thermal management system consists of radiator, fan and pump. De-ionized water cools down the temperature of PEMFC. In order to validate the model, the model was compared with a corresponding experiment. Comparison shows that simulation results are in good agreement with experiments. And the dynamic response of PEMFC with regard to the change of current was also investigated. The model is useful to elucidate the relationships between operating conditions such as air relative humidity, temperature, etc. It is expected that this dynamic modeling of PEMFC system can contribute to the design optimization of PEM fuel cell system for vehicle application.

Design and Analysis of an Aircraft Thermal Management System Linked to a Low-Bypass Ratio Turbofan Engine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Clark ◽  
Mingxuan Shi ◽  
Jonathan Gladin ◽  
Dimitri Mavris
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Management ◽  
Management System ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Heat Transfer Fluid ◽  
Turbofan Engine ◽  
Thermal Management System ◽  
Air Stream ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Bypass Ratio

Abstract The design of an aircraft thermal management system (TMS) that is capable of rejecting heat loads into the bypass stream of a typical low-bypass ratio turbofan engine, or a ram-air stream, is investigated. The TMS consists of an air cycle system (ACS), which is similar to the typical air cycle machines (ACMs) used on current aircraft, both military and commercial. This system turbocharges compressor bleed air and uses heat exchangers in a ram air stream or the engine bypass stream to cool the engine bleed air prior to expanding it to low temperatures suitable for heat rejection. In this study, a simple low-bypass ratio afterburning turbofan engine was modeled in NPSS to provide boundary conditions to the TMS system throughout the flight envelope of a typical military fighter aircraft. The engine was sized to produce sea level static (SLS) thrust roughly equivalent to that of an F-35-class engine. Two different variations of the TMS system, a ram air cooled and a bypass air cooled, were sized to handle a given demanded aircraft heat load, which might include environmental control system (ECS) loads, avionics cooling loads, weapons system loads, or other miscellaneous loads. The architecture and modeling of the TMS is described in detail, and the ability of the sized TMS to reject these demanded aircraft loads throughout several key off-design points was analyzed, along with the impact of ACS engine bleeds on engine thrust and fuel consumption. A comparison is made between the cooling capabilities of the ram-air stream versus the engine bypass stream, along with the benefits and drawbacks of each cooling stream. It is observed that the maximum load dissipation capability of the TMS is tied directly to the amount of engine bleed flow, while the level of bleed flow required is set by the temperature conditions imposed by the aircraft cooling system and the heat transfer fluid used in the ACS thermal transport bus. Furthermore, the higher bypass stream temperatures significantly limit the thermodynamic viability and capability of a TMS designed with bypass air as the ultimate heat sink. The results demonstrate the advantage that adaptive, variable cycle engines (VCEs) may have for future military aircraft designs, as they combine the best features of the two TMS architectures that were studied here.

scholarly journals Thermal Performance of a Cylindrical Lithium-Ion Battery Module Cooled by Two-Phase Refrigerant Circulation

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (23) ◽  
pp. 8094
Author(s):  
Bichao Lin ◽  
Jiwen Cen ◽  
Fangming Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Management ◽  
Management System ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Battery Thermal Management ◽  
Thermal Management System ◽  
Battery Thermal Management System ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
Battery Module

It is important for the safety and good performance of a Li-ion battery module/pack to have an efficient thermal management system. In this paper, a battery thermal management system with a two-phase refrigerant circulated by a pump was developed. A battery module consisting of 240 18650-type Li-ion batteries was fabricated based on a finned-tube heat-exchanger structure. This structural design offers the potential to reduce the weight of the battery thermal management system. The cooling performance of the battery module was experimentally studied under different charge/discharge C-rates and with different refrigerant circulation pump operation frequencies. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the cooling system. It was found that the refrigerant-based battery thermal management system could maintain the battery module maximum temperature under 38 °C and the temperature non-uniformity within 2.5 °C for the various operation conditions considered. The experimental results with 0.5 C charging and a US06 drive cycle showed that the thermal management system could reduce the maximum temperature difference in the battery module from an initial value of 4.5 °C to 2.6 °C, and from the initial 1.3 °C to 1.1 °C, respectively. In addition, the variable pump frequency mode was found to be effective at controlling the battery module, functioning at a desirable constant temperature and at the same time minimizing the pump work consumption.

Design and Analysis of an Aircraft Thermal Management System Linked to a Low Bypass Ratio Turbofan Engine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Clark ◽  
Mingxuan Shi ◽  
Jonathan Gladin ◽  
Dimitri N. Mavris
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Management ◽  
Management System ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Fighter Aircraft ◽  
Turbofan Engine ◽  
Cycle System ◽  
Thermal Management System ◽  
Air Stream ◽  
Bypass Ratio

Abstract The design of an aircraft thermal management system (TMS) that is capable of rejecting heat loads into the bypass stream of a typical low-bypass ratio turbofan engine, or a ram-air stream, is investigated. The TMS consists of an air cycle system, similar to the typical air cycle machines used on current aircraft, both military and commercial. This system turbocharges compressor bleed air and uses heat exchangers in a ram air stream, or the engine bypass stream, to cool the engine bleed air prior to expanding it to low temperatures suitable for heat rejection. In this study, a simple low-bypass ratio afterburning turbofan engine was modeled in NPSS to provide boundary conditions to the TMS system throughout the flight envelope of a typical military fighter aircraft. Two variations of the TMS system, a ram air cooled and a bypass air cooled, were sized to handle a given demanded aircraft heat load. The ability of the sized TMS to reject the demanded aircraft load throughout several key off-design points was analyzed. It was observed that the maximum load dissipation capability of the TMS is tied to the amount of engine bleed flow, while the level of bleed flow required is set by the temperature conditions imposed by the aircraft cooling system. Notably, engine bypass stream temperatures significantly limit the thermodynamic viability of a TMS designed with bypass air as the heat sink. The results demonstrate the advantage that variable cycle engines may have for future aircraft designs.

scholarly journals Thermal management system of CPU cooling with a novel short heat pipe cooling system

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 100545 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Siricharoenpanich ◽  
S. Wiriyasart ◽  
A. Srichat ◽  
P. Naphon
Keyword(s):  
Heat Pipe ◽  
Thermal Management ◽  
Management System ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Thermal Management System

scholarly journals A Real-Time Simulator for an Innovative Hybrid Thermal Management System Based on Experimental Verification

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 11729
Author(s):  
Yu-hsuan Lin ◽  
Li-fan Liu ◽  
Yi-hsuan Hung ◽  
Chun-hsin Chang
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Management ◽  
Management System ◽  
Simulation Experiment ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Temperature Error ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Coolant Pump ◽  
Experimental Platform ◽  
Thermal Management System ◽  
Loop Form

The performance and efficiency of green energy sources in electric vehicles (EVs) are significantly affected by operation temperatures. To maintain the optimal temperatures of a hybrid energy system (HES), an innovative hybrid thermal management system (IHTMS) was designed. The IHTMS contains a coolant pump, a heat exchanger, a proportional valve for hybrid flow rates, five coolant pipes, and three electromagnetic valves to form two mode-switch coolant loops. A Matlab/Simulink-based simulator of the IHTMS was constructed by formulating a set of first-ordered dynamics of temperatures of coolant pipes and energy bodies using the theories of Newton’s law of cooling and the lumped-parameter technique. Parameters were majorly derived by measured performance maps and data from the experimental platform of the IHTMS. To properly manage the optimal temperatures, four control modes were designed for inner-loop form and outer-loop form. For the experimental platform to verify the simulator, two power supplies generated the waste heat of dual energy sources calculated by the driving cycle and vehicle dynamics. Simulation results show that the temperatures were controlled at their optimal ranges by proper mode/loop switch. With the inner-loop mechanism, the rise time of optimal temperature decreased 27.4%. The average simulation-experiment temperature error of the battery was 0.898 °C; the average simulation-experiment temperature error of the PEMFC was 4.839 °C. The IHTMS will be integrated to a real HES in the future.

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