Optimization of Technical and Operational Characteristics of a CAES Facility in West Texas to Balance Intermittent Wind Power

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron K. Townsend ◽  
Michael E. Webber
Keyword(s):  
Output Power ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Input Power ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
Ancillary Service ◽  
Power Capacity ◽  
Spinning Reserve ◽  
The West ◽  
Service Market

An optimization model was created to optimize the input power capacity and storage capacity relative to the output power capacity of a compressed air energy storage (CAES) facility in the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) grid. Historical electricity and non-spinning reserve prices were used to calculate the economic feasibility of CAES in each of the zones in ERCOT. The analysis found that with perfect knowledge of future prices a CAES facility would be economically attractive over the period of years considered, and the non-spinning reserve ancillary service market provided a substantial contribution to the overall revenue of the facility. Optimal input power capacity for the entire period of 2002 through 2010 was found to be about one-quarter of the output capacity in the Houston, South, and North zones in ERCOT and one-half the output power capacity in the West zone in ERCOT. Optimal storage capacity was found to be about 17 hours in the Houston, South, and North zones and 31 hours in the West zone. Optimal values for individual years varied significantly, as did revenues. The negative electricity prices that have occurred historically in the West zone are the consequence of wind generators and lack of transmission capacity to export electricity; this effect gives CAES greater opportunity to perform price arbitrage and improves the economics of such a facility.

Ancillary Services Potential for Flexible Combined Cycles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Vannoni ◽  
Jose Angel Garcia ◽  
Weimar Mantilla ◽  
Rafael Guedez ◽  
Alessandro Sorce
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Market ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Ancillary Services ◽  
Ancillary Service ◽  
Spinning Reserve ◽  
Service Market ◽  
Partial Load ◽  
Ancillary Services Market

Abstract Combined Cycle Gas Turbines, CCGTs, are often considered as the bridging technology to a decarbonized energy system thanks to their high exploitation rate of the fuel energetic potential. At present time in most European countries, however, revenues from the electricity market on their own are insufficient to operate existing CCGTs profitably, also discouraging new investments and compromising the future of the technology. In addition to their high efficiency, CCGTs offer ancillary services in support of the operation of the grid such as spinning reserve and frequency control, thus any potential risk of plant decommissioning or reduced investments could translate into a risk for the well-functioning of the network. To ensure the reliability of the electricity system in a transition towards a higher share of renewables, the economic sustainability of CCGTs must be preserved, for which it becomes relevant to monetize properly the ancillary services provided. In this paper, an accurate statistical analysis was performed on the day-ahead, intra-day, ancillary service, and balancing markets for the whole Italian power-oriented CCGT fleet. The profitability of 45 real production units, spread among 6 market zones, was assessed on an hourly basis considering local temperature, specific plant layouts, and off-design performance. The assessment revealed that net income from the ancillary service market doubled, on average, the one from the day-ahead energy market. It was observed that to be competitive in the ancillary services market CCGTs are required to be more flexible in terms of ramp rates, minimum environmental loads, and partial load efficiencies. This paper explores how integrating a Heat Pump and a Thermal Energy Storage within a CCGT could allow improving its competitiveness in the ancillary services market, and thus its profitability, by means of implementing a model of optimal dispatch operating on the ancillary services market.

A profit-based self-scheduling framework for generation company energy and ancillary service participation in multi-constrained environment with renewable energy penetration

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-569
Author(s):  
Srikanth Reddy ◽  
Lokesh Panwar ◽  
Bijaya Ketan Panigrahi ◽  
Rajesh Kumar ◽  
Lalit Goel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic ◽  
Ancillary Service ◽  
Spinning Reserve ◽  
Service Market ◽  
Generation Company ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Service Markets

This paper presents a profit-based self-scheduling framework for generation company participation in energy and ancillary service markets under multi-constrained environment with renewable energy participation. The participation strategies of generation company include various objectives incorporating economic (profit maximization), environmental (emission minimization), and social (maximum load satisfaction) aspects. The total objective under single, dual and multi-constrained approaches is formulated along with appropriate constraints for energy, spinning reserve, and non-spinning reserve offerings in various markets. In addition, the impact of renewable energy participation in energy market on scheduling decisions of generation company in different markets is also examined. The renewable energy independent power producers namely wind energy and solar photovoltaic energy generators are considered in this study. The sensitivity analysis is also carried out to examine the impact of reserve deployment probability on optimal offerings and generation company surplus in energy as well as ancillary service markets. To solve the proposed framework, binary fireworks algorithm is used, considering the binary natured commitment problem of generation company’s thermal units. The simulation results of proposed framework tested using thermal units, wind energy independent power producer, solar photovoltaic independent power producer are presented for base case and various scenarios involving single, dual and multi objectives. The comparison shows the effectiveness of proposed multi-constrained approach in arriving at optimal offering of generation company under economic, environmental and social constraints. Therefore, this integrated approach can prove to be an effective tool for generation company participation in energy and ancillary service market under renewable participation.

Energetic and Economic Performance of a Compressed Air Energy Storage Facility in Texas as a Function of Technical and Cost Parameters

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron K. Townsend ◽  
Michael E. Webber
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Spinning Reserve ◽  
The West ◽  
Turbine Generator ◽  
Technical Factors ◽  
Turbine Capacity ◽  
Reserve Market ◽  
And Storage

In this research an optimization model was used to determine the sensitivity of the revenue, net cash flow (defined as revenue less amortized capital costs, fixed and variable operating costs, and return on investment), and operational characteristics of a compressed air energy storage (CAES) facility to certain technical factors in the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) zonal market. The technical factors considered were compressor capacity and storage capacity relative to turbine capacity, non-spinning reserve market participation, minimum allowable runtime of the compressor and turbine systems, and costs associated with startup of the compressor and turbine systems. Additionally, the work showed that the nine-year optimization problem could be decomposed into nine single-year optimization problems with decreased computation time and minimal divergence from the nine-year solution. Previous work had determined the optimal compressor and storage capacities for a given expander capacity; the current work expanded on the previous work to show that the economics of CAES are reasonably insensitive (defined as within 5% of the maximum net cash flow) to compressor capacity within a range of 0.45 to 0.8 MW per MW of turbine capacity in the West zone of ERCOT and 0.25 to 0.5 MW per MW of turbine capacity in the non-West zones in ERCOT. Similarly, the economics of CAES are reasonably insensitive to storage capacity within a range of 20 to 60 MWh per MW of turbine capacity in the West zone of ERCOT and 12 to 35 MWh per MW of turbine capacity in the non-West zones. Previous work had determined that participation of the turbine-generator system in the non-spinning reserve market increased the revenues and net cash flow and reduced the amount of electricity bought and sold in the balancing energy market. This work confirmed the previous finding and also determined that the participation of the motor-compressor as dispatchable load in the non-spinning reserve market increased the revenues and net cash flow and increased the amount of electricity bought and sold. The increase in electricity sales due to the motor-compressor participation in the non-spinning reserve market only partially offset the decrease in the amount of electricity sold due to the turbine-generator participation. The net effect of both systems participating in the non-spinning reserve market was an increase in revenue of 29% to 37% and net cash flow of 130% to 250% and a decrease in the amount of electricity bought and sold by about 10%. This work also found that a CAES facility is sensitive to minimum runtime constraints and startup costs. Minimum runtime constraints reduce the net cash flow by 11% to 13% and increase the amount of electricity bought and sold by 1% to 3%, for a minimum runtime of 4 hours. The effect of startup costs is to reduce both the net cash flow by 5% to 6% and the amount of electricity bought and sold by 4% to 5% for startup costs of $2/MW-start.

scholarly journals A G-Band High Output Power and Wide Bandwidth Sheet Beam Extended Interaction Klystron Design Operating at TM31 with 2π Mode

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (16) ◽  
pp. 1948
Author(s):  
Shasha Li ◽  
Feng Zhang ◽  
Cunjun Ruan ◽  
Yiyang Su ◽  
Pengpeng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Output Power ◽  
Characteristic Impedance ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Operating Mode ◽  
High Order Mode ◽  
Input Power ◽  
Mode Competition ◽  
Tuning Method ◽  
Peak Output Power ◽  
Extended Interaction

In this paper, we propose a high-order mode sheet beam extended interaction klystron (EIK) operating at G-band. Through the study of electric field distribution, we choose TM31 2π mode as the operating mode. The eigenmode simulation shows that the resonant frequency of the modes adjacent to the operating mode is far away from the central frequency, so there is almost no mode competition in our high mode EIK. In addition, by studying the sensitivity of the related geometry parameters, we conclude that the height of the coupling cavity has a great influence on the effective characteristic impedance, and the width of the gap mainly affects the working frequency. Therefore, it is necessary to strictly control the fabrication tolerance within 2 μm. Finally, the RF circuit using six barbell multi-gap cavities is determined, with five gaps for the input cavity and idler cavities and seven gaps for the output cavity. To expand the bandwidth, the stagger tuning method is adopted. Under the conditions of a voltage of 16.5 kV, current of 0.5 A and input power of 0.2 W, the peak output power of 650 W and a 3-dB bandwidth of 700 MHz are achieved without any self-oscillation.

A new energy storage sharing framework with regard to both storage capacity and power capacity

2022 ◽  
Vol 307 ◽  
pp. 118171
Author(s):  
Jiang-Wen Xiao ◽  
Yan-Bing Yang ◽  
Shichang Cui ◽  
Xiao-Kang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Power Capacity ◽  
New Energy
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