High Firing Temperature GT36 H-Class Low NOx Combustor Engine Validation and Performance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Granet ◽  
P. Sierra Sanchez ◽  
A. Cuquel ◽  
P. Günster ◽  
A. Wickström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Firing Temperature ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Thermal State ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Load Range ◽  
High Firing Temperature ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Full Speed ◽  
High Firing

Abstract In order to minimize the footprint of human activities on the environment, technologies to reduce greenhouse gases while meeting constantly growing electricity demands are critical. Amongst the various sources of energy production, Gas Turbines (GT) are an efficient way to stabilize the grid with regards to renewable sources like wind and solar energies. The demand for higher efficiency, higher power output while reducing emission levels (especially NO and NO2) at high loads, and for higher flexibility within the H-class Gas Turbine market is thereby a natural consequence. The development and validation of a two-stage sequential combustor, so-called Constant Pressure Sequential Combustion (CPSC) system, to achieve these goals has been accomplished by Ansaldo Energia. The CPSC consists of a premix burner system (First Stage) and of a sequential burner (SB) in series within a can combustor. At the 2017 and 2019 ASME conferences, high pressure test rig validation results of the CPSC were introduced. The advantages with regards to fuel flexibility, hydrogen combustion and low emissions at high firing temperature were presented [1,2,3,4,5]. This article focuses on the validation of the combustor performance in Ansaldo Energia’s Validation Power Plant located in Birr, Switzerland, which includes detailed validation from ignition to full speed no load, part load operation and full load over various ambient and engine thermal state conditions. To allow for detailed validation, dedicated fully instrumented combustor cans were installed in the GT. Detailed validated air distribution and emission models support the results obtained on the engine. Ignition and ramps up to full speed no load have been validated with large variations of the first combustor stage firing temperature to minimize power consumption and start-up time. The potential of the CPSC with regards to turndown capability, with minimum environmental load (MEL) below 25% GT load while keeping CO levels low has been confirmed. The MEL can be kept low over a wide range of ambient temperature and fuel compositions by adjusting the inlet temperature of the sequential burner. Low NOx values were achieved at baseload and peak firing temperature. The operational flexibility and stability of the premixed first stage combustor over the load range and over a large variation of combustor inlet plenum pressures was as well validated along with the operation concept of the gas turbine.

Analysis of Indirectly Fired Gas Turbine Power Systems

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Donald Gauthier
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Turbine Engine ◽  
Engine Design ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
System Configurations

This paper describes the results of modelling the performance of several indirectly fired gas turbine (IFGT) power generation system configurations based on four gas turbine class sizes, namely 5 kW, 50 kW, 5 MW and 100 MW. These class sizes were selected to cover a wide range of installations in residential, commercial, industrial and large utility power generation installations. Because the IFGT configurations modelled consist of a gas turbine engine, one or two recuperators and a furnace; for comparison purpose this study also included simulations of simple cycle and recuperated gas turbine engines. Part-load, synchronous-speed simulations were carried out with generic compressor and turbine maps scaled for each engine design point conditions. The turbine inlet temperature (TIT) was varied from the design specification to a practical value for a metallic high-temperature heat exchanger in an IFGT system. As expected, the results showed that the reduced TIT can have dramatic impact on the power output and thermal efficiency when compared to that in conventional gas turbines. However, the simulations also indicated that several configurations can lead to higher performance, even with the reduced TIT. Although the focus of the study is on evaluation of thermodynamic performance, the implications of varying configurations on cost and durability are also discussed.

Flameholding Tendencies of Natural Gas and Hydrogen Flames at Gas Turbine Premixer Conditions

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elliot Sullivan-Lewis ◽  
Vincent McDonell
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Elevated Pressure ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Lean Premixed

Ground based gas turbines are responsible for generating a significant amount of electric power as well as providing mechanical power for a variety of applications. This is due to their high efficiency, high power density, high reliability, and ability to operate on a wide range of fuels. Due to increasingly stringent air quality requirements, stationary power gas turbines have moved to lean-premixed operation. Lean-premixed operation maintains low combustion temperatures for a given turbine inlet temperature, resulting in low NOx emissions while minimizing emissions of CO and hydrocarbons. In addition, to increase overall cycle efficiency, engines are being operated at higher pressure ratios and/or higher combustor inlet temperatures. Increasing combustor inlet temperatures and pressures in combination with lean-premixed operation leads to increased reactivity of the fuel/air mixture, leading to increased risk of potentially damaging flashback. Curtailing flashback on engines operated on hydrocarbon fuels requires care in design of the premixer. Curtailing flashback becomes more challenging when fuels with reactive components such as hydrogen are considered. Such fuels are gaining interest because they can be generated from both conventional and renewable sources and can be blended with natural gas as a means for storage of renewably generated hydrogen. The two main approaches for coping with flashback are either to design a combustor that is resistant to flashback, or to design one that will not anchor a flame if a flashback occurs. An experiment was constructed to determine the flameholding tendencies of various fuels on typical features found in premixer passage ways (spokes, steps, etc.) at conditions representative of a gas turbine premixer passage way. In the present work tests were conducted for natural gas and hydrogen between 3 and 9 atm, between 530 K and 650K, and free stream velocities from 40 to 100 m/s. Features considered in the present study include a spoke in the center of the channel and a step at the wall. The results are used in conjunction with existing blowoff correlations to evaluate flameholding propensity of these physical features over the range of conditions studied. The results illustrate that correlations that collapse data obtained at atmospheric pressure do not capture trends observed for spoke and wall step features at elevated pressure conditions. Also, a notable fuel compositional effect is observed.

Operability Limits of Tubular Injectors With Vortex Generators for a Hydrogen-Fueled Recuperated 100 kW Class Gas Turbine

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Bauer ◽  
Balbina Hampel ◽  
Thomas Sattelmayer
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Bulk Flow ◽  
Vortex Generators ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Test Rig ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Vortex generators are known to be effective in augmenting the mixing of fuel jets with air. The configuration investigated in this study is a tubular air passage with fuel injection from one single orifice placed in the side wall. In the range of typical gas turbine combustor inlet temperatures, the performance vortex generator premixers (VGPs) have already been investigated for natural gas as well as for blends of natural gas and hydrogen. However, for highly reactive fuels, the application of VGPs in recuperated gas turbines is particularly challenging because the high combustor inlet temperature leads to potential risk with regard to premature self-ignition and flame flashback. As the current knowledge does not cover the temperature range far above the self-ignition temperature, an experimental investigation of the operational limits of VGPs is currently being conducted at the Thermodynamics Institute of the Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany, which is particularly focused on reactive fuels and the thermodynamic conditions present in recuperated gas turbines with pressure ratios of 4–5. For the study presented in this paper, an atmospheric combustion VGP test rig has been designed, which facilitates investigations in a wide range of operating conditions in order to comply with the situation in recuperated microgas turbines (MGT), namely, global equivalence ratios between 0.2 and 0.7, air preheating temperatures between 288 K and 1100 K, and air bulk flow rates between 6 and 16 g/s. Both the entire mixing zone in the VGP and the primary combustion zone of the test rig are optically accessible. High-speed OH* chemiluminescence imaging is used for the detection of the flashback and blow-off limits of the investigated VGPs. Flashback and blow-off limits of hydrogen in a wide temperature range covering the autoignition regime are presented, addressing the influences of equivalence ratio, air preheating temperature, and momentum ratio between air and hydrogen on the operational limits in terms of bulk flow velocity. It is shown that flashback and blow-off limits are increasingly influenced by autoignition in the ultrahigh temperature regime.

Flameholding Tendencies of Natural Gas and Hydrogen Flames at Gas Turbine Premixer Conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elliot Sullivan-Lewis ◽  
Vince McDonell
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Elevated Pressure ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Lean Premixed

Ground-based gas turbines are responsible for generating a significant amount of electric power as well as providing mechanical power for a variety of applications. This is due to their high efficiency, high power density, high reliability, and ability to operate on a wide range of fuels. Due to increasingly stringent air quality requirements, stationary power gas turbines have moved to lean-premixed operation. Lean-premixed operation maintains low combustion temperatures for a given turbine inlet temperature, resulting in low NOx emissions while minimizing emissions of CO and hydrocarbons. In addition, to increase overall cycle efficiency, engines are being operated at higher pressure ratios and/or higher combustor inlet temperatures. Increasing combustor inlet temperatures and pressures in combination with lean-premixed operation leads to increased reactivity of the fuel/air mixture, leading to increased risk of potentially damaging flashback. Curtailing flashback on engines operated on hydrocarbon fuels requires care in design of the premixer. Curtailing flashback becomes more challenging when fuels with reactive components such as hydrogen are considered. Such fuels are gaining interest because they can be generated from both conventional and renewable sources and can be blended with natural gas as a means for storage of renewably generated hydrogen. The two main approaches for coping with flashback are either to design a combustor that is resistant to flashback, or to design one that will not anchor a flame if a flashback occurs. An experiment was constructed to determine the flameholding tendencies of various fuels on typical features found in premixer passage ways (spokes, steps, etc.) at conditions representative of a gas turbine premixer passage way. In the present work, tests were conducted for natural gas and hydrogen between 3 and 9 atm, between 530 K and 650 K, and free stream velocities from 40 to 100 m/s. Features considered in the present study include a spoke in the center of the channel and a step at the wall. The results are used in conjunction with existing blowoff correlations to evaluate flameholding propensity of these physical features over the range of conditions studied. The results illustrate that correlations that collapse data obtained at atmospheric pressure do not capture trends observed for spoke and wall step features at elevated pressure conditions. Also, a notable fuel compositional effect is observed.

scholarly journals Design of a Catalytic Combustor for Heavy Duty Gas Turbines

1982 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Touchton ◽  
L. C. Szema ◽  
M. B. Cutrone ◽  
R. Cellamare ◽  
W. Vonkleinsmid
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Nox Formation ◽  
Load Range ◽  
Pressure Drops ◽  
System Pressure ◽  
Thermal Growth ◽  
Fuel Staging ◽  
Full Speed ◽  
Catalytic Combustor

Laboratory tests of catalytic combustors with distillate fuel have achieved ultra low NOx formation at catalytic reactor exit temperatures and combustion efficiencies consistent with state-of-the-art gas turbine requirements. Concomitant with these features, however, are design limitations such as narrow turn down range and unique reactor mounting requirements. This paper presents fully analyzed conceptual design solutions to these problems within the constraints of fixed geometry, full catalytic combustion over 80% of the turbine load range, and retrofit to an existing gas turbine. The combustor design incorporates (a) a gutter stabilized pilot burner downstream of the reactor for operation from ignition to full speed no load, (b) a segmented fuel-air preparation system for fuel staging of the reactor, (c) a reactor mounting system which accommodates thermal growth and start-up and shutdown transients, and (d) a graded cell reactor. These features were achieved while maintaining low reactor face velocities and system pressure drops.

Design of a Catalytic Combustor for Heavy-Duty Gas Turbines

1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 797-805 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Touchton ◽  
L. C. Szema ◽  
M. B. Cutrone ◽  
R. Cellamare ◽  
W. Vonkleinsmid
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Nox Formation ◽  
Load Range ◽  
Pressure Drops ◽  
System Pressure ◽  
Thermal Growth ◽  
Fuel Staging ◽  
Full Speed ◽  
Catalytic Combustor

Laboratory tests of catalytic combustors with distillate fuel have achieved ultralow NOx formation at catalytic reactor exit temperatures and combustion efficiencies consistent with state-of-the-art gas turbine requirements. Concomitant with these features, however, are design limitations such as narrow turn-down range and unique reactor mounting requirements. This paper presents fully analyzed conceptual design solutions to these problems within the constraints of fixed geometry, full catalytic combustion over 80 percent of the turbine load range, and retrofit to an existing gas turbine. The combustor design incorporates (a) a gutter stabilized pilot burner downstream of the reactor for operation from ignition to full-speed no-load, (b) a segmented fuel-air preparation system for fuel staging of the reactor, (c) a reactor mounting system which accommodates thermal growth and start-up and shutdown transients, and (d) a graded cell reactor. These features were achieved while maintaining low reactor face velocities and system pressure drops.

scholarly journals Effect of Pressure and Turbine Inlet Temperature on the Efficiency of Pressurized Fluidized Bed Power Plants

1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Graves
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Development Effort ◽  
Turbine Inlet Temperature ◽  
Turbine Inlet ◽  
Wide Range

The difficulties encountered in past and present efforts to operate direct coal-fired gas turbines are substantial. Hence the development effort required to assure a reliable, high-temperature pressurized fluidized bed (PFBC) combined cycle may be very expensive and time consuming. It is, therefore, important that the benefit of achieving high-temperature operation, which is primarily increased efficiency, be clearly understood at the outset of such a development program. This study characterizes the effects of PFBC temperature and pressure on plant efficiency over a wide range of values. There is an approximate three percentage point advantage by operating at a gas turbine inlet temperature of 870 C (1600 F) instead of 538 C (1000 F). Optimum pressure varies with the gas turbine inlet temperature, but ranges from 0.4–1.0 MPa (4–10 atm). An alternate PFBC cycle offering high efficiency at a peak temperature of about 650 C (1200 F) is also discussed.

Design, Development and Application of Vehicle Gas Turbine Engines

1966 ◽  
Vol 181 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-172
Author(s):  
P. A. Phillips ◽  
Peter Spear
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Gas Turbine Engines ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Turbine Engine ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cycle Temperature

After briefly summarizing worldwide automotive gas turbine activity, the paper analyses the power plant requirements of a wide range of vehicle applications in order to formulate the design criteria for acceptable vehicle gas turbines. Ample data are available on the thermodynamic merits of various gas turbine cycles; however, the low cost of its piston engine competitor tends to eliminate all but the simplest cycles from vehicle gas turbine considerations. In order to improve the part load fuel economy, some complexity is inevitable, but this is limited to the addition of a glass ceramic regenerator in the 150 b.h.p. engine which is described in some detail. The alternative further complications necessary to achieve satisfactory vehicle response at various power/weight ratios are examined. Further improvement in engine performance will come by increasing the maximum cycle temperature. This can be achieved at lower cost by the extension of the use of ceramics. The paper is intended to stimulate the design application of the gas turbine engine.

The Effects of Ambient Conditions on Gas Turbine Emissions—Generalized Correction Factors

1978 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 640-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Donovan ◽  
T. Cackette
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Gas Turbine Engines ◽  
Correction Factors ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Nitrogen Emission ◽  
Wide Range

A set of factors which reduces the variability due to ambient conditions of the hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen emission indices has been developed. These factors can be used to correct an emission index to reference day ambient conditions. The correction factors, which vary with engine rated pressure ratio for NOx and idle pressure ratio for HC and CO, can be applied to a wide range of current technology gas turbine engines. The factors are a function of only the combustor inlet temperature and ambient humidity.

Development and Fabrication of Silicon Nitride Components for Ceramic Gas Turbine

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Makino ◽  
Ken-Ichi Mizuno ◽  
Toru Shimamori
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Silicon Nitride ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Turbine Blades ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Turbine Inlet Temperature ◽  
Spark Plug ◽  
Power Turbine

NGK Spark Plug Co., Ltd. has been developing various silicon nitride materials, and the technology for fabricating components for ceramic gas turbines (CGT) using theses materials. We are supplying silicon nitride material components for the project to develop 300 kW class CGT for co-generation in Japan. EC-152 was developed for components that require high strength at high temperature, such as turbine blades and turbine nozzles. In order to adapt the increasing of the turbine inlet temperature (TIT) up to 1,350 °C in accordance with the project goals, we developed two silicon nitride materials with further unproved properties: ST-1 and ST-2. ST-1 has a higher strength than EC-152 and is suitable for first stage turbine blades and power turbine blades. ST-2 has higher oxidation resistance than EC-152 and is suitable for power turbine nozzles. In this paper, we report on the properties of these materials, and present the results of evaluations of these materials when they are actually used for CGT components such as first stage turbine blades and power turbine nozzles.

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