Experimental Research on Steam Condensation on Cold Surface: Facility Design

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Yong Han ◽  
Lin Yang ◽  
Shan Zhou ◽  
Shen Wang ◽  
Chun-Lai Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Test Section ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Measurement Technology ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Steam Condensation ◽  
Cold Surface ◽  
Process Gas

The passive containment cooling system (PCCS) of the 3rd generation APWR utilizes natural phenomena to transfer the heat released from the reactor to the environment during postulated designed basic accidents. Steam condensation on the inner surface of the containment shell is one of the most dominate mechanism to keep the ambient conditions within the design limits. Extensive experiment and theoretical research shows condensation is a complex process, gas pressure, film temperature and velocity of the gas have impact on the heat transfer coefficient. To span the expected range of conditions and provide proper model for evaluating the condensation heat transfer process, SCOPE test facility was designed by State Nuclear Power Technology Research & Development Centre (SNPTRD) in various conditions anticipated the operating range of CAP1400 in accident conditions. Pressurized test section with a rectangular flowing channel was used, with one of the walls cooled to maintain low temperature for condensing, supplying systems was designed for different pressures, gas temperatures, velocities and coolant water temperatures. Facility components, test section structure, supplying systems and measurement technology were described in this paper, also results of some pre-tests was introduce to show property of the facility.

CFD Methodology Assessment for the Investigation of Convective Heat Transfer Properties of Engine Coolants Under Boiling Conditions

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Fontanesi ◽  
Simone Malaguti ◽  
E. V. McAssey
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Test Section ◽  
Conjugate Heat Transfer ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Radial Distance ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Flow Loop

The paper presents a combined experimental and numerical program directed at defining a cost/effective methodology for conjugate heat transfer CFD simulations of engine water cooling jackets. As a first step in the process, deficiencies in current numerical strategies for the analysis of conjugate heat transfer problems under typical engine operating conditions are exposed and commented. Results are shown form a wide validation program based on the comparison between experimental measurements from a test facility at Villanova University and CFD predictions at the University of Modena. On the experimental side, the test apparatus consists of a test section, pump, accumulator tank, rejection heat exchanger and required pumping. The test section is provided with a constant volumetric flow rate, and consists of a cylindrical aluminum body with a drilled horizontal flow channel. The section is heated by ten cartridge heaters located at a constant radial distance from the cylinder axis. The test section is connected to the flow loop by means of two calming sections, respectively at the cylinder inlet and exit. Twenty thermocouples are used to measure the test section local temperature along a radial plane cutting the cylinder. Water / ethylene-glycol binary mixture and pure water are tested and compared during the experimental program, in order to reproduce a set of thermal situations as close as possible to actual engine cooling system operation. On the CFD side, an extensive program reproducing the experiments is carried out in order to assess the predictive capabilities of some of the most commonly used eddy viscosity models available in literature. Both non-evaporating and evaporating conditions are tested, showing severe limitations to the use of simplified boiling models to correctly capture the complex interaction between turbulent boundary layer and vapor bubble dynamics. In order to overcome the above stated deficiencies under boiling conditions, a methodology is then proposed to both improve the accuracy of the CFD forecasts and reduce the computational costs of the simulations. A few preliminary results from the validation process are shown and briefly discussed at the end of the paper.

OECD/NEA ROSA Project Experiment on Steam Condensation in PWR Horizontal Legs During Large-Break LOCA

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Takeda ◽  
Iwao Ohtsu ◽  
Hideo Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Mass Flux ◽  
Test Section ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Water Mass ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Fluid Temperature ◽  
Steam Condensation ◽  
Injection Point ◽  
Pressure Injection

Separate-effect experiment simulating steam condensation on emergency core cooling system (ECCS) water in PWR cold legs during reflood phase of large-break loss-of-coolant accident (LBLOCA) was conducted in OECD/NEA ROSA Project using the Large Scale Test Facility (LSTF). A test section was furnished in the downstream of the LSTF break unit horizontally attached to the cold leg. The boundary test conditions were defined based on PWR LBLOCA analysis by RELAP5/MOD3.2.1.2 code considering typical Japanese safety analysis conditions. Significant condensation of steam appeared in a short distance from the simulated ECCS injection point, and the steam temperature in the test section decreased immediately after the initiation of the ECCS water injection. Fluid temperature distribution at 50 mm downstream from the ECCS injection point was significantly non-uniform, but became almost uniform in less than 350 mm. Total steam condensation rate estimated from the difference between steam flow rates at the test section inlet and outlet was in proportion to the simulated ECCS water mass flux until the complete condensation of steam. Inlet steam was completely condensed if inlet steam mass flux is less than 195 kg/(m2s) when the simulated ECCS water mass flux is 148 kg/(m2s); equivalent to full high-pressure injection with single-failure low-pressure injection conditions. Clear images of high-speed video camera were obtained on droplet behaviors through the viewer at 200 mm downstream from the ECCS injection point, especially for annular mist flow. The number of flowing droplets decreased with increasing distance from the ECCS injection point.

Non-Condensable Gases Effect on Heat Transfer Processes Between Condensing Steam and Boiling Water in Heat Exchanger With Multirow Horizontal Tube Bundle

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Morozov ◽  
O. V. Remizov ◽  
A. A. Tsyganok
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Tube Bundle ◽  
Horizontal Tube ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Primary Circuit ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
Steam Condensation ◽  
Experimental Heat

The experimental investigations of non-condensable gases effect on the steam condensation inside multirow horizontal tube bundle of heat exchanger under heat transfer to boiling water were carried out at the large-scale test facility in the Institute for Physics and Power Engineering (IPPE). The experiments were carried out for natural circulation conditions in primary and secondary circuits of the facility at primary circuit steam pressure of Ps1 = 0.34 MPa. The experimental heat exchanger’s tube bundle consists of 248 horizontal coiled tubes arranged in 62 rows. Each row consists of 4 stainless steel tubes of 16 mm in outer diameter, 1.5 mm in wall thickness and of 10.2 m in length. The experimental heat exchanger was equipped with more than 100 thermocouples enabling the temperatures of primary and secondary facility circuits to be controlled in both tube bundle and in the inter-tubular space. The non-condensable gases with different density — nitrogen and helium were used in the experiments. The volumetric content of gases in tube bundle amounted to ε = 0.49. The empirical correlation for the prediction of the relative heat transfer coefficient k/k0 = f (ε) for steam condensation in steam-gas mixture was obtained.

Air Velocity Influence on Heat Transfer in the PCCS

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Yang ◽  
Cheng Li ◽  
Wang-Fang Du ◽  
Zhan Gao ◽  
Shan Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Experimental Test ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Steel Shell ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Shell Wall ◽  
Steam Condensation ◽  
Air Velocity ◽  
Pressurized Water ◽  
Containment Shell

The passive containment cooling system (PCCS) is important passive safety systems in the Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor (APWR), which belongs to the generation III of nuclear reactors. In design basis accident (DBA), the steam condenses on the inner surface of the containment shell and the cooling water evaporates from the outer surface of the containment shell. In this process, the heat is transferred from the inside of the containment to the outside. To span the expected range of conditions and provide a proper model for evaluating the inner steam condensation coupled with outer evaporation heat transfer process, the inner steam condensation coupled outer evaporation experimental test (ISCOE) is developed by State Nuclear Power Technology Research & Development Centre (SNPTRD). Several tests have been done on the ISCOE experimental test facility. The influence of different key factors for the capability of the heat transfer of the containment steel shell wall has been researched. Key factors include steam pressure, steam temperature, water film velocity, air velocity, steel shell wall angle, and so on. The result of these tests has an important significance to the research of heat transfer capability of the containment steel shell wall. In this paper, several tests are introduced, including details, results and analysis. The influence of air velocity for the capability of the heat transfer of the containment steel shell wall is also analyzed.

Structure Design of Pressure Equipment for Experimental Test on Steam Condensation on the Cold Surface

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Yang ◽  
Lingyun Li ◽  
Liyong Han
Keyword(s):  
Cooling System ◽  
Heat Removal ◽  
Structure Design ◽  
Pressurized Water Reactor ◽  
Steam Condensation ◽  
Thermal Measurement ◽  
Cold Surface ◽  
Pressurized Water ◽  
University Of Wisconsin ◽  
Passive Safety System

The advanced pressurized water reactor (APWR) designed by Westinghouse uses a passive safety system which relies on heat removal by condensation to maintain the containment within the design limits of pressure and temperature. Steam condensation inside surface of the containment is one of the most important phenomena during heat removing process in the passive containment cooling system (PCCS). It is very significant for engineering design and code development to study the mechanism of steam condensation on cold surface. There was an experiment done by University of Wisconsin on this subject. However, the pressure equipment cannot support high pressure. In this paper, new pressure equipment was designed. It can support higher pressure and also meet other thermal measurement requirements.

Novel Turbine Rotor Shroud Film-Cooling Design and Validation: Part 1

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Chana ◽  
B. Haller
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Turbine Rotor ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Pressure Probe ◽  
Dimensional Approach ◽  
Flow Angle ◽  
Cooling Hole ◽  
Cooling Design

This paper is part one of a two part paper which considers a shroud film-cooling system designed using a two-dimensional approach. Heat transfer to rotor-casings has reached levels that are causing in-service difficulties to be experienced. Future designs are likely to need to employ film-cooling of some form. There is currently very little information available for film-cooling on shroudless turbine rotor-casing liners. Heat transfer literature on uncooled configurations is not extensive and in particular, spatially-detailed, time-accurate data are rare. This paper describes the aero-thermodynamic design and validation of a rotor casing film-cooling system for a transonic, high-pressure shroudless turbine stage. The design was carried out using a boundary layer code with the film-cooling hole geometry representative of an engine configuration and, has been subjected to mechanical constraints similar to those for an engine component. The design consists of two double rows of cooling holes and two ‘cooling-hole’ shape configurations, cylindrical and fan shaped. The design was tested in the QinetiQ short duration turbine test facility (TTF). Measurements taken include casing heat transfer using thin film gauges and stage exit total pressure, Mach number and flow angle using a three-hole pressure probe. Results showed that while the cooling produced a reduction in the heat transfer rate close to the injection point, the film was stripped off the casing and entrained in nozzle guide vane secondary and rotor overtip flow, where it was transported spanwise towards the hub in the rotor passage. Using the results obtained from this deign a second cooling design was carried out, using a three-dimensional approach this gave significantly better cooling performance. The thee-dimensional design and validation is reported in GT2009-60246 as part 2 of this paper.

Design of Condensation Heat Transfer Experiment to Evaluate Scaling Distortion in Small Modular Reactor Safety Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Palash K. Bhowmik ◽  
J. P. Schlegel ◽  
V. Kalra ◽  
C. Mills ◽  
S. Usman
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Test Data ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Safety Analysis ◽  
Nuclear Industry ◽  
Condensation Heat Transfer ◽  
Saturated Steam ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Different Diameters

Abstract Designing a novel scaled modular test facility as a part of an experiment for condensation heat transfer (CHT) in small modular reactors (SMRs) is the main focus of this study. This facility will provide data to evaluate models' scalability for predicting heat transfer in the passive containment cooling system (PCCS) of SMR. The nuclear industry recognizes SMRs as future candidates for clean, economic, and safe energy generation. However, licensing requires proper evaluation of the safety systems such as PCCS. The knowledge gap from the literature review showed a lack of high-resolution experimental data for scaling of PCCS and validation of computational fluid dynamics tools. In addition, the presently available test data are inconsistent due to unscaled geometric and varying physics conditions. These inconsistencies lead to inadequate test data benchmarking. To fill this research gap, this study developed three scaled (different diameters) condensing test sections with annular cooling for scale testing and analysis. This facility considered saturated steam as the working fluid with noncondensable gases like nitrogen and helium in different mass fractions. This facility also used a precooler unit for inlet steam conditioning and a postcooler unit for condensate cooling. The high fidelity sensors, instruments, and data acquisition systems are installed and calibrated. Finally, facility safety analysis and shakedown tests are performed.

Structure Design of the Pressured Vessel in Experimental Test on Steam Condensation on the Cold Surface for CAP1400

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Yang ◽  
Liyong Han
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Test ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Heat Removal ◽  
Structure Design ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Pressurized Water Reactor ◽  
Steam Condensation ◽  
Cold Surface ◽  
Pressurized Water ◽  
Passive Safety System

The advanced pressurized water reactor (APWR) uses a passive safety system relying on heat removal by condensation to maintain the containment within the design limits of pressure and temperature. The passive containment cooling system (PCCS) includes many natural phenomena mechanisms. Steam condensation is one of the most important phenomena. It is very significant for engineering designing and code developing to study the mechanism of steam condensation on cold surface. In this paper, the test pressurized vessel in the experimental test on steam condensation on the cold surface for CAP1400 is designed, and the structure pressure is calculated.

Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Natural Circulation Evaporative Cooling System for Electronic Components

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Honda ◽  
ZhengGuo Zhang ◽  
Nobuo Takata
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Flux ◽  
Test Section ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Natural Circulation ◽  
Electronic Components ◽  
Heat Transfer Characteristics ◽  
Transfer Characteristics ◽  
Flow And Heat Transfer ◽  
Test Loop

Experiments were conducted to study the flow and heat transfer characteristics of a natural circulation liquid cooling system for electronic components. The test loop consisted of a horizontal test section, a horizontal evaporator, a vertical tube, a horizontal condenser, a rubber bag attached at the exit of the condenser, a downcomer, a mass flow meter, and a liquid subcooler. The loop height H was set at either 250 or 450 mm. FC-72 was filled in the test loop up to some level of loop height and the upper part was filled with air. During the operation of the cooling system, the rubber bag expanded and stored the mixture of generated vapor and air. Thus the inner pressure was maintained at atmospheric pressure. In the test section, a silicon chip with dimensions of 10×10×0.5 mm3 was attached at the bottom surface of a horizontal duct with dimensions of 10×14 mm2. A smooth chip and four chips with square micro-pin-fins with 150 to 300 μm in fin height were tested. The duct height s was set at 10 mm for most of the experiments. The cases of s=1 and 25 mm were also tested for one of the micro-pin-finned chips. For each H, the average flow rate of FC-72 was correlated well as a function of the static pressure difference between the two vertical tubes. All chips showed the boiling curve similar to that for pool boiling except that the critical heat flux was lower for the natural circulation loop. For all chips tested, the maximum allowable heat flux qmax increased monotonically with increasing liquid subcooling ΔTsub. Comparison of the results for s=1, 10 and 25 mm revealed that the highest qmax was obtained with s=10 mm. The values of qmax for s=1 and 25 mm were 36–46% and 87–90% of that for s=10 mm, respectively. The maximum value of qmax=56 W/cm2 was obtained by one of the micro-pin-finned chips at s=10 mm and ΔTsub=35 K.

Tightness Analysis of Pressured Equipment in Experimental Test on Steam Condensation on the Cold Surface

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Yang ◽  
Liyong Han
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Test ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Passive Safety ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Pressurized Water Reactor ◽  
Steam Condensation ◽  
Cold Surface ◽  
Pressurized Water ◽  
University Of Wisconsin ◽  
Passive Safety System

To maintain the containment within the design limits of pressure and temperature, the advanced pressurized water reactor (APWR) designed by Westinghouse uses a passive safety system to transfer the heat from inner containment to outside. The passive containment cooling system (PCCS) includes many natural phenomena mechanisms. Steam condensation is one of the most important phenomena. Most heat is removed by steam condensation on inside surface of the containment during the postulated design basic accidents (DBA). It is very significant for engineering designing and code developing to study the mechanism of steam condensation on cold surface. There was an experiment made by University of Wisconsin on it. In this paper, the structure pressure of the pressured equipment is calculated and the tightness is also analyzed.

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