CHP for Buildings: The Challenge of Delivering Value to the Commercial Sector

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Cowie ◽  
A. Marantan ◽  
P. W. Garland ◽  
R. Rademacher
Keyword(s):  
Waste Heat ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Commercial Sector ◽  
Commercial Building ◽  
Peak Shaving ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Environmental Savings

The commercial sector has historically not seen the same level of investment in Combined Cooling, Heating and Power (CHP) as the industrial sector. The average commercial building has smaller and more diverse energy requirements than would be expected at a typical industrial site. Consequently, even though the electrical requirements of the commercial and industrial sectors are very similar there is nine times more installed industrial CHP capacity than commercial CHP in the U.S. However, the advent of microturbines and increasing commercial viability of fuel cells promises generator sizes much more suitable for use in the commercial sector. There are many possible uses for the waste heat in a commercial building, depending upon geographic location, occupant requirements and the energy cost structures of both fuel and grid electricity. Possible waste heat technologies include absorption chillers, humidifiers, desiccant dehumidifiers, steam generators, hot water heating, space heating and thermal storage. Several of these could be combined with a generator to produce a commercial CHP for Buildings package. A well-designed and operated package should deliver energy and environmental savings as well as significant cost savings to the customer. Other potential value streams are improved indoor air quality, peak shaving to reduce demand charges, enhanced power reliability, tradable environmental credits or grid independence. This presentation is a broad discussion of the challenges that CHP faces when competing in the commercial sector and the technologies and strategies that will help overcome them.

Applying CHP to the Ventilation Air of Buildings

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Cowie ◽  
Xiaohong Liao ◽  
Reinhard Radermacher
Keyword(s):  
Capital Investment ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Capital Cost ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Commercial Building ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Chp System

There is a strong industry focus on packaged CHP systems for small scale applications where the design time for unique installations cannot be justified. Distributed generators such as microturbines, reciprocating engines and fuel cells can all now be purchased as CHP products. The development of these products will bring the energy, environmental and economic savings realized in larger applications to the smaller consumers. CHP systems traditionally operate most effectively and give the shortest payback when operated continuously at full output in a baseloading application. This is in conflict with a typical commercial building whose energy requirements vary extensively over daily, weekly and seasonal time periods. Just as CHP is not expected to supply the entire energy requirements of the industrial sector, so CHP should be looked at as merely part of the energy mix for the commercial sector as the capital cost of CHP equipment is typically higher compared to its alternatives and there are technical complications to supply a heating or cooling to power ratio away from design values. An economic CHP system must therefore have a capacity much lower than the peak load of the building to ensure high utilization of the system so that the larger capital investment can be recovered through energy cost savings as quickly as possible. In the absence of a year round continuous demand for either hot or chilled water a commercial CHP system must offer a diverse range of outputs so that the waste heat from the generator can be utilized as mush as possible particularly since the generator component is likely to dominate the capital cost of the installation. This paper proposes that the outdoor, or ventilation air stream into a building provides an excellent capacity match for CHP equipment packaged as a CHP Dedicated Outdoor Air System (CHPDOAS). Ventilation air has the largest temperature and humidity difference with indoor air of any stream of air in the building and so reduces the heat and mass transfer surface areas in the equipment. Also since the ventilation air is only a fraction of the total air flow rate that is being conditioned the CHP system can overcool the air in the summer or overheat the air in the winter and the effect is simply the reduce the cooling or heating workload of the conventional equipment since the ventilation air is then mixed with the bulk of the air remaining in the building before being conditioned. This means that the CHP system can run its generator for longer hours and at higher loads than would have been possible if the outlet conditions were set at space neutral or space supply conditions.

Heat Recovery From Commercial On-Site Power Generation System: Desiccant Dehumidification vs. Absorption Cooling

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Czachorski ◽  
John Kelly ◽  
Kevin Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Heat Recovery ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Commercial Building ◽  
Absorption Cooling

As commercial building on-site power generation technologies mature to the point of becoming “off-the-shelf” products, the importance of effective heat recovery is demonstrated time and time again in applications where three to six year paybacks typically are necessary to convince building owners to purchase and install these new technologies. This paper explores the effectiveness and economic benefit of different methods of utilizing recoverable heat from on-site power generation equipment in commercial buildings (Cooling, Heating and Power systems – CHP). An optimal configuration of heat recovery options is explored based on analysis of heat recovery from microturbine(s) exhaust to support commercial building heating and cooling/dehumidification needs. Benefits of recovering heat for space heating/domestic hot water production and to support desiccant dehumidification vs. absorption cooling are studied in five different building types (large supermarket, large retail store, medium size office building, full service restaurant and quick service restaurant). Buildings are evaluated at four different geographical locations, allowing additional study of the climatic conditions on the optimum heat recovery system configuration for specific building types. A sophisticated model, incorporating performance algorithms of state-of-the-art power generation, dehumidification and absorption cooling equipment, is used for calculating annual energy/cost savings for CHP systems and optimization of basic parameters, such as generator size/number and heat recovery equipment selection.

scholarly journals Potential of waste heat in Croatian industrial sector

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 747-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davor Biscan ◽  
Veljko Filipan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Operation Mode ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Main Process ◽  
The European Union ◽  
National Goal ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Heat Potential

Waste heat recovery in Croatian industry is of the highest significance regarding the national efforts towards energy efficiency improvements and climate protection. By recuperation of heat which would otherwise be wasted, the quantity of fossil fuels used for production of useful energy could be lowered thereby reducing the fuel costs and increasing the competitiveness of examined Croatian industries. Another effect of increased energy efficiency of industrial processes and plants is reduction of greenhouse gases i.e. the second important national goal required by the European Union (EU) and United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Paper investigates and analyses the waste heat potential in Croatian industrial sector. Firstly, relevant industrial sectors with significant amount of waste heat are determined. Furthermore, significant companies in these sectors are selected with respect to main process characteristics, operation mode and estimated waste heat potential. Data collection of waste heat parameters (temperature, mass flow and composition) is conducted. Current technologies used for waste heat utilization from different waste heat sources are pointed out. Considered facilities are compared with regard to amount of flue gas heat. Mechanisms for more efficient and more economic utilization of waste heat are proposed.

Fitness for Service Analysis of Structures Using the FITNET Procedure: An Overview

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Koc¸ak
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Structural Instability ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Engineering Structures ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Size Limits

A number of Fitness-for-Service (FFS) procedures (include analytical methods) have been specifically developed and used to address the components of a particular industrial sector. A number of industrial sectors, such as nuclear power, petrochemical, offshore, aerospace or pipeline girth weld applications have established FFS standards in place for the assessment of flaws found in-service. Some methods for design and remaining life assessments of fatigue-loaded structures are still unduly conservative in different loading regimes. Hence, there is still a need to generate a general purpose, unified, comprehensive and updated FFS methodology in Europe by covering four major failure modes (fracture, fatigue, creep and corrosion) in metallic load bearing components with or without welds. As a result, the European Community funded the project FITNET in the form of a Thematic Network (TN) organisation to review the existing FFS procedures and develop an updated, unified and verified European FITNET FFS Procedure to cover structural integrity analysis to avoid failures due to fracture, fatigue, creep and corrosion. FITNET TN is a four year project with the objective of developing and extending the use of FITNET FFS Procedure for welded and non-welded metallic structures throughout Europe. It is partly funded by the European Commission within the fifth framework programme and launched at February 2002. The network currently consists of 50 organisations from 16 European and three non-European countries representing various industrial sectors and academia. Further information can be found in the FITNET TN website: http://www.eurofitnet.org. FITNET Fitness-for-Service analysis of engineering structures aims to provide better design principles, support for fabrication of new components, prevention of service failures due to fracture, fatigue, creep and corrosion damages (no coverage of structural instability due to buckling). FITNET FFS criteria can be used to establish the size limits for defects in various engineering structures and can provide substantial cost savings in operating such structures. The use of the FITNET FFS Procedure involves making an assessment of a component containing a defect to ensure its structural integrity for its intended design life or until its next inspection period. The outcome of the assessment of a component in service is a decision to operate as is, repair, monitor (including re-setting of inspection intervals), or replace. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the objectives and technical content of the FITNET FFS Procedure currently developed and validated by the European Fitness for Service Network FITNET and hence inform the offshore technical community.

Heat Integration and Storage Concepts for Increasing the Energy Efficiency in Domestic Households

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 50-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Beck ◽  
Karsten Müller ◽  
Wolfgang Arlt
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Heat Integration ◽  
Heat Sources ◽  
Single Family

A promising approach for increasing the energy efficiency of domestic households and buildings is to optimize the whole energy system by coupling of different heat sources and sinks. This procedure, known as heat integration, is state of the art in the industrial sector and is now applied to the residential sector. In this work several options for increasing the energy efficiency and for recovering waste heat are discussed. In order to reduce the primary energy demand different waste heat sources like domestic hot water or household appliances (refrigerators or freezers) were evaluated. The first step is the development of an advanced form of the stationary Pinch Analysis. This was subsequently applied to determine the thermodynamically possible energy saving for a single family home.

Effect of the Power Generation Unit Operation on the Energy, Economical, and Environmental Performance of CCHP Systems for a Small Commercial Building

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna K. Hueffed ◽  
Pedro J. Mago ◽  
Louay M. Chamra
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Commercial Building ◽  
Power Generation Unit ◽  
Generation Unit

Combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems generate electricity at or near the place of consumption and utilize the accompanying waste heat to satisfy the building’s thermal demand. CCHP systems have often been cited as advantageous alternatives to traditional methods of power generation and one of the critical components affecting their performance is the power generation unit (PGU). This investigation examines the effect of the PGU on the energy, economical, and environmental performance of CCHP systems. Different size PGUs are simulated under the following operational strategies: follow the building’s electric load, follow the building’s thermal load, and operate at constant load. An internal combustion engine is used as the PGU in the CCHP system to meet hourly electric, cooling, heating, and hot water loads of a typical office building for a year. Annual operational cost, primary energy consumption (PEC), and carbon dioxide emissions (CDE) are found for two cities and compared to a conventional building. Finally, a simple optimization is performed to determine the best engine load for each hour during the simulation. Among the results, the smallest engine generally yielded the lowest costs and lowest PEC; but, no such trend was found with regards to CDE.

The technological transformation of Russia's industrial sectors: Difficulties and prospects

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 1674-1697
Author(s):  
O.P. Smirnova ◽  
A.O. Ponomareva
Keyword(s):  
Production Method ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
The State ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Technological Transformation ◽  
Modern Approach ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Industrial Sectors

Subject. The article focuses on contemporary trends in the industrial and socio-economic development of Russia during the technological transformation of its sectors. Objectives. The study is an attempt to analyze what opportunities and difficulties may arise for the development of the industrial sectors in Russia. We also examine the dynamics of key development indicators of the industrial sectors, point out inhibitors of their competitiveness. Methods. The methodological framework comprises general methods of systems, structural-functional and comprehensive approaches to analyzing economic phenomena. We applied graphic, economic-statistical methods of research, conventional methods of grouping, comparison and generalization, and the logic, systems and statistical analysis. Results. We display how industrial sectors develop over time by type of economic activities. The article provides the rationale for structural rearrangements and further innovation-driven development of the industries. We display that the Russian industries technologically depend om imported production technologies. We substantiate the renewal of assets and technologies at industrial enterprises, and retain and develop human capital. Conclusions and Relevance. Primarily, the Russian economy should be digitalized as a source of the long-term economic growth. Notably, industrial enterprises should replace their linear production method with that of the circular economy and implement resource-saving innovative technologies. The State evidently acts as the leading driver of technological retrofitting of the industrial sector. If the State holds the reasonable and appropriate industrial policy at the federal and regional levels and configure its tools to ensure the modern approach to developing the industries in a competitive fashion, the industrial complex will successfully transform into the innovative economy.

scholarly journals Local Heating Networks with Waste Heat Utilization: Low or Medium Temperature Supply?

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanne Kauko ◽  
Daniel Rohde ◽  
Armin Hafner
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Local Heating ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Local Network ◽  
Medium Temperature

District heating enables an economical use of energy sources that would otherwise be wasted to cover the heating demands of buildings in urban areas. For efficient utilization of local waste heat and renewable heat sources, low distribution temperatures are of crucial importance. This study evaluates a local heating network being planned for a new building area in Trondheim, Norway, with waste heat available from a nearby ice skating rink. Two alternative supply temperature levels have been evaluated with dynamic simulations: low temperature (40 °C), with direct utilization of waste heat and decentralized domestic hot water (DHW) production using heat pumps; and medium temperature (70 °C), applying a centralized heat pump to lift the temperature of the waste heat. The local network will be connected to the primary district heating network to cover the remaining heat demand. The simulation results show that with a medium temperature supply, the peak power demand is up to three times higher than with a low temperature supply. This results from the fact that the centralized heat pump lifts the temperature for the entire network, including space and DHW heating demands. With a low temperature supply, heat pumps are applied only for DHW production, which enables a low and even electricity demand. On the other hand, with a low temperature supply, the district heating demand is high in the wintertime, in particular if the waste heat temperature is low. The choice of a suitable supply temperature level for a local heating network is hence strongly dependent on the temperature of the available waste heat, but also on the costs and emissions related to the production of district heating and electricity in the different seasons.

scholarly journals RELaTED Project: New Developments on Ultra-Low Temperature District Heating Networks

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Antonio Garrido Marijuan ◽  
Roberto Garay ◽  
Mikel Lumbreras ◽  
Víctor Sánchez ◽  
Olga Macias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Thermal Systems ◽  
Heating Source ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Thermal Sources ◽  
Heating Networks

District heating networks deliver around 13% of the heating energy in the EU, being considered as a key element of the progressive decarbonization of Europe. The H2020 REnewable Low TEmperature District project (RELaTED) seeks to contribute to the energy decarbonization of these infrastructures through the development and demonstration of the following concepts: reduction in network temperature down to 50 °C, integration of renewable energies and waste heat sources with a novel substation concept, and improvement on building-integrated solar thermal systems. The coupling of renewable thermal sources with ultra-low temperature district heating (DH) allows for a bidirectional energy flow, using the DH as both thermal storage in periods of production surplus and a back-up heating source during consumption peaks. The ultra-low temperature enables the integration of a wide range of energy sources such as waste heat from industry. Furthermore, RELaTED also develops concepts concerning district heating-connected reversible heat pump systems that allow to reach adequate thermal levels for domestic hot water as well as the use of the network for district cooling with high performance. These developments will be demonstrated in four locations: Estonia, Serbia, Denmark, and Spain.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document