Numerical Study of CO and CO2 Emissions From Rural Kitchen in Developing Countries

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hamidur Rahman ◽  
A. K. M. Sadrul Islam ◽  
M. Ruhul Amin
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Natural Ventilation ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Breathing Zone ◽  
Forced Ventilation ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Ventilation Condition ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Source Concentration

In this study the pattern and varying intensity of CO and CO2 emission from different kinds of Biofuel used in the rural areas of developing countries have been investigated. A typical rural kitchen of dimension 3.0m × 1.5m × 2.2m is constructed with an improved concrete oven. We have measured the source concentration at the stove and used the value for the numerical model. In the current analysis it is observed that at closed ventilation condition, CO and CO2 concentration exceeds safe limiting value. Even under the natural ventilation, it fails to keep the concentration below the safe threshold. However in forced ventilation system at 5m/s, the concentration level drops significantly. At the breathing point, for a source concentration of 338 PPM and without any ventilation, numerical results predict the CO concentration to be 70 PPM. Natural ventilation case shows no improvement while forced ventilation suppresses the concentration by 70%. On the other hand, for a no ventilation condition, CO2 concentration is found to be as 2050 PPM when the source level concentration is 7100 PPM. Forced ventilation at 5m/s decreases the concentration to 750 PPM, well within the safe limit. High concentration was found to accumulate beneath the roof and on the top of the stove. It is then dispersed to the entire upper region of the kitchen. Deploying a duct in the exact spot shows that forced ventilation captures most of the fume and decreases dispersion along the roof. In no ventilation and natural ventilation cases, high concentration accumulation can be observed in the lower-left and lower-right corners, both in longitudinal and lateral planes which eventually affects the breathing zone concentration. On the other hand, for forced ventilation case, concentration at lower-left and lower-right corner is greatly reduced resulting low concentration at the breathing zone.

Effects of Kitchen Hood System on Thermal Comfort and Carbon Dioxide Gas Emission From an Urban Residential Kitchen in Developing Countries

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hamidur Rahman ◽  
A. K. M. Sadrul Islam ◽  
M. Ruhul Amin
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Breathing Zone ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Gas ◽  
The Right

In this study, a typical kitchen having a standard dimension of 213cm × 243cm × 305cm was modelled with single open door exit. Steady state simulations were performed using three dimensional CFD code with appropriate boundary conditions. Two heat sources were used for modelling the kitchen that resembles the double burner gas stoves of urban residential kitchen in developing countries. In earlier works, the predictions were validated at an optimum grid resolution and the results were presented for thermal comfort [1] and carbon dioxide gas emission [2] under natural, forced and no ventilation cases. In the present work, a kitchen hood system is introduced and the results are presented for both thermal comfort and carbon dioxide gas emission. A comparative analysis has also been reported for the kitchen with and without the hood system. It was observed that the carbon dioxide gas concentration reduced significantly within the breathing zone due to use of kitchen hood system. In the breathing zone, the CO2 concentration is only 500 PPM which is 10 times lower than the close vent case. However, accumulation of high concentration gas was seen in the upper region of the breathing zone. Maximum CO2 concentration was seen about 4500 PPM at 1.2 m height from the breathing point near the roof of the kitchen. Analysis of thermal distributions revealed that high temperature zone in the right and frontal region of the cook’s position exists even for the case with kitchen hood system.

scholarly journals Why is inflation targeting adopted?

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Yutaka Kurihara
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Inflation Targeting ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Central Bank Credibility

Since the early 1990s, inflation targeting (IT) has been conducted in many countries and the number of the countries has been increasing rapidly. The outcomes of adopting IT has been discussed, however, the incentives of adopting IT is not fully examined. This study focuses on this issue empirically. The results are clearly divided into two types of countries. In developed countries, budget/GDP ratio, central bank credibility, exchange rate stability, and openness of the economy are deterministic elements of adopting IT, however interestingly, inflation itself does not play any roles of adopting IT. On the other hand, only inflation is the deterministic element of adopting IT in developing countries. Other elements, that are deterministic elements in developed countries, do not any effects on introducing IT. Moreover, countries would not like to limit the scope of policies when the economy’s openness is high.

scholarly journals HOG-Independent Osmoprotection by Erythritol in Yeast Yarrowia lipolytica

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1424
Author(s):  
Dorota A. Rzechonek ◽  
Mateusz Szczepańczyk ◽  
Guokun Wang ◽  
Irina Borodina ◽  
Aleksandra M. Mirończuk
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Yarrowia Lipolytica ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Hyperosmotic Stress ◽  
Sensitive Strain ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Yeast Yarrowia Lipolytica ◽  
Better Than

Erythritol is a polyol produced by Yarrowia lipolytica under hyperosmotic stress. In this study, the osmo-sensitive strain Y. lipolytica yl-hog1Δ was subjected to stress, triggered by a high concentration of carbon sources. The strain thrived on 0.75 M erythritol medium, while the same concentrations of glucose and glycerol proved to be lethal. The addition of 0.1 M erythritol to the medium containing 0.75 M glucose or glycerol allowed the growth of yl-hog1Δ. Supplementation with other potential osmolytes such as mannitol or L-proline did not have a similar effect. To examine whether the osmoprotective effect might be related to erythritol accumulation, we deleted two genes involved in erythritol utilization, the transcription factor Euf1 and the enzyme erythritol dehydrogenase Eyd1. The strain eyd1Δ yl hog1Δ, which lacked the erythritol utilization enzyme, reacted to the erythritol supplementation significantly better than yl-hog1Δ. On the other hand, the strain euf1Δ yl-hog1Δ became insensitive to supplementation, and the addition of erythritol could no longer improve the growth of this strain in hyperosmotic conditions. This indicates that Euf1 regulates additional, still unknown genes involved in erythritol metabolism.

Inhibitory effects of calcium ionophore pretreatment of porcine oocytes on polyspermic fertilization

Zygote ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Hayashi ◽  
H. Sato ◽  
H. Iwata ◽  
T. Kuwayama ◽  
Y. Monji
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Ionophore ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Calcium Ionophore A23187 ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ionophore A23187 ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Maturation Period ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Other Hand

The present study examined the inhibitory effects of various pretreatment concentrations (0–100 μM) of the calcium ionophore A23187 on polyspermic fertilization and then examined the effect of the maturation period and the time between calcium ionophore treatment and fertilization on the inhibitory effect of calcium ionophore on polyspermic fertilization. In experiment 1, a high concentration of calcium ionophore (100 μM) increased the rate of activated oocytes, but the rate of fertilization declined. On the other hand, when oocytes were treated with a low concentration of calcium ionophore (10 μM), monospermic fertilization was significantly increased (10 μM; 31.3%) (p < 0.05). In experiment 2, oocytes were cultured for various times (0, 0.5, 3, 6 h) after calcium ionophore treatment (10 μM) before fertilization. The highest rate of monospermic fertilization was detected in the oocytes cultured for 6 h after calcium ionophore treatment before fertilization. In experiments 3 and 4, we examined the effect of the maturation period (40 h or 44 h) on the rate of fertilization and blastulation of oocytes pretreated with calcium ionophore. The treatment of oocytes with calcium ionophore significantly decreased the rate of polyspermic fertilization regardless of the maturation period (44 h: with calcium ionophore 26.25% vs without 78.8%; 40 h: with calcium ionophore 37.5% vs without 77.5%); however, calcium ionophore treatment increased the rates of monospermic fertilization and blastulation of the oocytes matured for 44 h, but not those matured for 40 h. In conclusion, activation with a low concentration of calcium ionophore (10 μM) and a further 6 h of culture before fertilization improved the rate of monospermic fertilization and blastulation.

Persistent Electronic Conduction in 12CaO7Al2O3 Thin Films Produced by Ar Ion Implantation: Selective Kick-Out Effect Leads to Electride Thin Films

2004 ◽  
Vol 811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masashi Miyakawa ◽  
Katsuro Hayashi ◽  
Yoshitake Toda ◽  
Toshio Kamiya ◽  
Masahiro Hirano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Ion Implantation ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Method ◽  
Electronic Conduction ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Electronic Conductor ◽  
Other Hand

ABSTRACTA new method to convert 12CaO7Al2O3 (C12A7) thin films to electronic conductor by hot Ar+ ion implantation has been developed and its mechanism is discussed. It was found that hot Ar+ ion implantation extruded free O2- ions in C12A7 films by kick-out effects at fluences higher than 1×1017 cm−2, which left electrons in the cages embedded in C12A7 crystal and produced high concentration F+-like centers (∼1.4×1021 cm−3). The resulting films show coloration and persistent electronic conduction with conductivities up to ∼1 Scm−1. On the other hand, fluences less than 1×1017 cm−2 kept the films transparent and insulating.

Numerical Study of Carbon Dioxide Gas Emission From an Urban Residential Kitchen in Developing Countries

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hamidur Rahman ◽  
A. K. M. Sadrul Islam ◽  
M. Ruhul Amin
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Oxygen Deficit ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Breathing Zone ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Gas

Lack of proper ventilation of exhaust fumes from gas fired stoves in residential kitchens is a major health concern for some populations. It could even cause destruction of property, reduced quality of life and lifespan. In this study, a typical kitchen having a standard dimension of 21.3 m × 24.3 m × 30.5 m was modeled with single open door exit. Two heat sources were used for modeling the kitchen that resembles the double burner gas stove of an urban residential kitchen in developing countries. Steady state simulations were performed using a three dimensional CFD code with appropriate boundary conditions. The present numerical method was validated by comparing with the experimental data reported by Posner et al. [1]. The comparison showed very reasonable agreement. A grid independence test was also performed to determine the optimum grid resolution reflecting the accuracy of the numerical solution. The results are presented for carbon dioxide gas emission from the stove exhaust and dispersion within the kitchen space. A comparative analysis between the ventilation (natural and forced) and no ventilation conditions is also reported in this study. The location of the breathing zone was at a height of 73 cm and at a distance of 33 cm from the center of the two burners. Very high concentration (above 5000 PPM) of carbon dioxide gas was observed at the plane passing the breathing zone. Exposure to this environment for longer time may cause serious health damage of the occupants [2]. As per Wisconsin Department of Health Services of USA [2], over 5,000 PPM exposures to CO2 lead to serious oxygen deficit resulting in permanent brain damage, coma and even death.

Owner-manager motives and the growth of SMEs in developing countries

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nsubili Isaga ◽  
Enno Masurel ◽  
Kees Van Montfort
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Firm Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pull Factors ◽  
Push Factors ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Common Opinion ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One

Purpose – This paper aims to contribute to the understanding of the motives of individuals in Tanzania to start their own businesses on the one hand and the growth of their firms on the other hand. Design/methodology/approach – A survey method was used to gather data from 300 small business owners and managers located in selected cities in Tanzania. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to analyse the relationship between the motivation to start an own business on the one hand and firm growth on the other hand. Three indicators for growth, namely, employment, sales and assets, were used to measure growth. Findings – The results suggest that that pull factors are more important to start the businesses than push factors. This contradicts the common opinion and previous research that push factors are more important than pull factors in developing countries. Furthermore, the study found that pull factors are positively related to firm, whereas push factors are negatively related to firm growth. Research limitations/implications – It should be noted that while this paper makes a number of contributions, there are some limitations that should be considered when interpreting the results. For instance, the data for this study were collected from only one type of business, i.e. the furniture industry (in Tanzania). Accordingly, we do not know the applicability of these findings to other businesses in other sectors. Therefore, future research should include businesses in other sectors to ascertain if the present findings are specific to the furniture business only or are applicable to other businesses as well. Practical implications – Our findings indicate that there are differences in motivations among owner-managers in starting the business and subsequent firm performance. Therefore, individuals need different forms of support depending on the level of development of their business, as well as their motivation. For example, we have seen that the presence of role models has a significant effect on business growth. Therefore, the government might consider using the media and other mechanisms to feature stories about successful entrepreneurs. Originality/value – The authors extend the findings of previous studies that investigate the owner-manager motives and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) growth in developed economy settings, but neglected emerging economies. The study also contradicts the common opinion and previous research that push factors are more important than pull factors in developing countries.

Trademarks in Developing Countries

1976 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Industrial Property ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

The concern with the impact of industrial property legislation and practices on the developing countries, at both the national and international levels, has so far been confined almost entirely to patents and patent-related transactions. This focus on the protection of knowledge concerning production processes reflects, on the one hand, a preoccupation with the terms and conditions which owners of technology may be able to obtain for its sale or lease, when their proprietary position is reinforced by legal instruments; and on the other hand, a recognition that unless the developing countries can themselves control the generation of a significant proportion of the technology they employ, it is unlikely either that appropriate technology will be produced, or that good use will be made of what is already available and relevant.

scholarly journals MEDIA MASSA ISLAM DALAM TATANGAN GLOBAL (Analisis Dakwah dan Cyber Media di Indonesia)

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 200
Author(s):  
Mokhamad Abdul Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Thinking ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

<p><em>Gl</em><em>obalization requires people to be wise. Because, globalization has two different sides, can even contradict each other. On the one hand, globalization offers convenience and promises progress. However, on the other hand, globalization can be destructive, even destructive if one rejects it. Admittedly or not, the impac t of globalization  is  very  influential  on  the behavior  and  culture  of  people  in  developing countries, especially Indonesia. World globals and challenges must be addressed with wisdom and positive thinking, because globalization and modernization are indispensable and beneficial for progress.</em></p><p>----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</p><p>Globalisasi menuntut manusia bersikap bijak. Sebab, globalisasi memiliki dua sisi yang berbeda, bahkan bisa saling bertentangan. Di satu sisi, globalisasi menawaran kemudahan dan menjanjikan kemajuan. Namun, pada sisi yang lain, globalisasi bisa merusak, bahkan bisa menghancurkan jika salah menyikapinya. Diakui atau tidak, dampak globalisasi kenyataannya sangat berpengaruh terhadap prilaku dan budaya masyarakat di negara berkembang, khususnya Indonesia. Pengglobalan dunia dan tantangannya harus disikapi dengan arif dan  positive thinking, karena globalisasi dan modernisasi sangat diperlukan dan bermanfaat bagi kemajuan.</p>

Numerical Study of Carbon Dioxide Gas Emission From an Urban Residential Kitchen in Developing Countries

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hamidur Rahman ◽  
A. K. M. Sadrul Islam ◽  
M. Ruhul Amin
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Oxygen Deficit ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Breathing Zone ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Co2 Gas

Lack of proper ventilation of exhaust fumes from gas fired stoves in residential kitchens is a major health concern for some populations. It could even cause destruction of property, and reduce quality of life and lifespan. In this study, a typical kitchen having a standard dimension of 2.13 m × 2.43 m × 3.05 m was modeled with single open door exit. Two heat sources were used for modeling the kitchen that resembles the double burner gas stove of an urban residential kitchen in developing countries. Steady-state simulations were performed using a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (cfd) code with appropriate boundary conditions. The present numerical method was validated by comparing with the experimental data reported by Posner et al. (2003, “Measurement and Prediction of Indoor Air Flow in a Model Room,” J. Energy Build., 35(5), pp. 515–526). The comparison showed very reasonable agreement. A grid independence test was also performed to determine the optimum grid resolution reflecting the accuracy of the numerical solution. The results are presented for carbon dioxide (CO2) gas emission from the stove exhaust and dispersion within the kitchen space. A comparative analysis between the ventilation (natural and forced) and no ventilation conditions is also reported in this study. The location of the breathing zone was at a height of 73 cm and at a distance of 33 cm from the center of the two burners. Very high concentration (above 5000 ppm) of CO2 gas was observed at the plane passing the breathing zone. Exposure to this environment for longer time may cause serious health damage of the occupants (http://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/eh/chemfs/fs/carbondioxide.htm). As per the Wisconsin Department of Health Services of USA, over 5000 ppm exposures to CO2 lead to serious oxygen deficit resulting in permanent brain damage, coma, and even death.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document