Methodologies for Evaluating and Qualifying External Pipeline Coatings for Northern Pipelines

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Papavinasam ◽  
A. Doiron ◽  
T. Panneerselvam ◽  
Y. Lafrenie`re ◽  
M. Attard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
The North

The design of coatings must be adequate to protect pipelines under long-term, severe environmental conditions, including the extreme climatic conditions that will apply in the North before the pipe is installed and operation begins. Practices and standardised methodologies for evaluating and qualifying pipeline coatings for application in northern pipelines are discussed. Results from laboratory and field experiments, carried out under the conditions to which coatings will be exposed during construction, are presented. Based on 1-year laboratory experiments in which samples were exposed to temperatures as low as −45°C and limited data from the field experiments, it is concluded that Canadian Standards Association (CSA) standards CSA Z662, CSA Z245.20 and CSA Z245.21 adequately cover evaluation of coatings for northern pipelines. However, in order to evaluate the effects of low-temperatures, the specimens should be exposed for at least 4 months. Coatings qualified by CSA Z245.21 (System B1 and B2) are less affected from exposure to low-temperatures than those qualified by CSA Z245.21 (System A1) and CSA Z245.20.

scholarly journals Influence of Climate Conditions on the Temporal Development of Wheat Yields in a Long-Term Experiment in an Area with Pleistocene Loess

Climate ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt Heil ◽  
Anna Lehner ◽  
Urs Schmidhalter
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Climate Indices ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Late Spring Frost

Field experiments were conducted to test different agronomic practices, such as soil cultivation, fertilization, and pest and weed management, in highly controlled plot cultivation. The inter-annual yields and the interpretation of such experiments is highly affected by the variability of climatic conditions and fertilization level. We examined the effect of different climate indices, such as winterkill, late spring frost, early autumn frost, different drought parameters, precipitation-free periods, and heat-related stress, on winter wheat yield. This experiment was conducted in an agricultural area with highly fertile conditions, characterized by a high available water capacity and considerable C and N contents in lower soil depths. Residuals were calculated from long-term yield trends with a validated method (time series autoregressive integrated moving average ARIMA) and these served as base values for the detection of climate-induced, short-term, and inter-annual variations. In a subsequent step, the real yield values were used for their derivations from climate factors. Residuals and real yields were correlated with climate variables in multiple regression of quantitative analyses of the yield sensitivity. The inter-annual variation of yields varied considerably within the observation period. However, the variation was less an effect of the climatic conditions during the main growing time periods, being more of an effect of the prevailing climate conditions in the winter period as well as of the transition periods from winter to the warmer season and vice versa. The high storage capacity of plant available water exerted a remarkable dampening effect on drought-induced effects during the main vegetation periods. Increasing fertilization led to increased susceptibility to drought stress. The results indicate a changed picture of the yield development in these fertile locations.

Reconstructing crop yield variability in Finland: Long-term perspective of the cultivation history on the agricultural periphery since ad 760

The Holocene ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heli Huhtamaa ◽  
Samuli Helama
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Yield Ratio ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Crop Cultivation ◽  
The North ◽  
Long Run ◽  
High Yields

Lack of documentation on past harvest fluctuations limits the exploration of long-term trends in crop production and agricultural adaptation strategies. A long-term perspective is needed, however, to understand the wide spectrum of potential human responses to environment and climate change. Therefore, we used tree-ring density series as proxy data to reconstruct climate-mediated yield ratio (harvested grain in relation to sown) in central and northern Finland over the period ad 760–2000. The reconstruction explains 50% of the variance in recorded yield ratio variability over the calibration period (ad 1866–1921). The reconstruction illustrated several intervals of increased and reduced yield ratio over the past 13 centuries. The long-term development of the agricultural prerequisites is characterized by distinct intervals defined statistically as ad 760–1106 (highest yield ratios), 1107–1451, 1452–1694, 1695–1911 (lowest yield ratios) and 1912 onwards. The results provide insight into the establishment and development of crop cultivation in the agricultural margin. The reconstruction suggests that continuous crop cultivation was established in the study region during a favourable period of climatic conditions supporting high yields. Thereafter, the climate-mediated yield ratio declined in the long run until the turn of the 20th century. Periods of agricultural transformations, those previously demonstrated in pollen data and historical documents, followed the onsets of the low yield ratio phases indicated by our reconstruction. Thus, we suggest that ever since the establishment of crop cultivation, climate can be considered as an important factor contributing to the development of the agricultural history in the north.

scholarly journals Biological Security of Polish Military Contingents Outside the Country

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-67
Author(s):  
Beata Osiak
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Cultural Barriers ◽  
Tropical Diseases ◽  
Biological Safety ◽  
The North ◽  
The World ◽  
North And South ◽  
The Eu

Polish soldiers have been participating in peacekeeping and stabilization missions around the world for several decades under the auspices of the UN, OSCE, NATO and the EU. They were first sent to Korea in 1953 to oversee a ceasefire between the North and South Koreas. Since then, nearly 70,000 Polish troops have taken part in 58 peace and humanitarian multinational missions on different continents (SKMP ONZ, 2019), which required from them great skills to cooperate with soldiers from other countries, to overcome cultural barriers,  as well as adaptation to difficult, often completely different than in Europe, climatic conditions,  and to create a system of safeguards and procedures against dangerous tropical diseases. Due to these reasons, biological safety, i.e.,  medical, sanitary-hygienic, and anti-epidemic security of the contingent, plays a significant role in every mission because it allows the soldiers and civilian personnel stay healthy in an unfavorable and different climate and environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Potash regime for restoration of disturbed lands in the Far North

2020 ◽  
Vol 215 ◽  
pp. 03006
Author(s):  
Anatoly Iglovikov
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Far North ◽  
The North ◽  
Disturbed Soils

Disturbed soils of the Far North, underlain by permafrost, have extremely low fertility and were formed according to natural and climatic conditions. These soils and the vegetation cover formed on them are very vulnerable to destructive anthropogenic impacts associated with the industrial development of the North. To restore vegetation cover, agrotechnical techniques are used, including the use of various fertilizers. This article will address issues related to changes in the content of potassium in various agricultural techniques at the biological stage of recultivation in the Far North. Agromeliorative techniques increased the accumulation of potassium in the herbage, therefore, perennial grasses consume a large amount of potassium, strengthening their ecological plasticity. It is established that agromeliorative techniques play a crucial role in providing long-term grasses with available potassium. Potassium is consumed by perennial herbs throughout life. This fact should be taken into account when determining the rates of potash fertilization to maintain a stable herbage at the biological stage of reclamation and accelerate the restoration of natural cover.

External Corrosion Control of Northern Pipelines

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Papavinasam ◽  
A. Doiron ◽  
T. Panneerselvam
Keyword(s):  
Cathodic Protection ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Copper Sulphate ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Corrosion Control ◽  
External Corrosion ◽  
One Year

Based on one-year laboratory experiments in which samples were exposed to temperatures as low as −45°C and two-year data from field experiments, it is concluded that Canadian Standards Association (CSA) standards CSA Z662, CSA Z245.20 and CSA Z245.21 adequately address evaluation of coatings for northern pipelines. However, in order to evaluate the effects of low temperatures, specimens should be exposed for at least four months. Coatings qualified by CSA Z245.21 (System B1 and B2) are less affected by exposure to low temperatures than those qualified by CSA Z245.21 (System A1) and CSA Z245.20. Corrosion potentials measured at lower temperatures are in the range of potentials to use the cathodic protection (CP) potential criteria of −0.85 V vs. copper-copper sulphate for northern pipelines.

scholarly journals Balance of potassium in two long-term field experiments with different fertilization treatments

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 225-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiří Balík ◽  
Jindřich Černý ◽  
Martin Kulhánek ◽  
Ondřej Sedlář ◽  
Pavel Suran
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Exchangeable K ◽  
Negative Balance

Balance of potassium (K) was observed in long-term stationary field experiments (21 years) at two sites with different soil and climatic conditions (Luvisol, Cambisol). The following crops were rotated within the trial: potatoes- winter wheat-spring barley. All three crops were grown each year. The trial comprised 6 treatments: (1) no fertilization; (2) farmyard manure; (3) half dose of farmyard manure + nitrogen (N) in mineral nitrogen fertilizers; (4) mineral nitrogen fertilizers; (5) NPK in mineral fertilizers; (6) straw of spring barley + N in mineral nitrogen fertilizers. The recovery rate of potassium from farmyard manure by crops was 24–26%, from mineral fertilizers it was 27–52%. Different fertilization intensities were manifested by significant differences in the content of exchangeable K in soil. Changes in non-exchangeable K (K<sub>ne</sub>) were recorded only at the Luvisol site (850 mg K<sub>ne</sub>/kg), but not at the Cambisol site (3000 mg K<sub>ne</sub>/kg). The maximum negative balance (–2376 kg K/ha/21 years) was recorded at the mineral nitrogen fertilization treatment.

Ways to improve the accuracy of hatching tests for Globodera spp. with special emphasis on nematicide trials

Nematology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
pp. 773-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corrie Schomaker ◽  
Thomas Been
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Model ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Test Duration ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Logistic Curve ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Hatching Process ◽  
Significant Underestimation

AbstractHatching tests are laborious and yield variable results. In this paper, sources of variability have been identified and analysed, and solutions are presented. A method was developed to conduct hatching tests using inert materials to minimise the total variation at the end of the test. Hatching tests were carried out to increase reliability, optimise the method and limit the amount of work. Thus, it was possible to obtain a coefficient of variation (cv) of the hatching process, which was in accordance with the combined errors expected when a certain number of cysts are treated and eggs are used. An Appendix is provided listing the different errors and ways to calculate and cope with them. The results indicate that the hatching process is no longer an important source of variation for the end result. All variation greater than expected could be explained by variation between batches with the same treatment, indicating that small differences in nematicide application cause major differences in the end result. The treatment effect was more important in field experiments than in laboratory experiments. The hatching curve could be described adequately by a log-logistic curve with three parameters (λ, final number of hatched juveniles; α, time; t when cumulative hatch equals 0.5 × λ; β, slope parameter). Addition of a fourth parameter (γ, incubation time) improved the fit significantly. Using the log-logistic model, final hatch could be predicted with a certain error, but in general final hatch was underestimated. When an error of 5% was accepted, the duration of hatching tests using laboratory reared cysts could be reduced by 80% for untreated batches and by 40 to 80% for batches treated with nematicides. The acceptable reduction in hatching test duration was negatively correlated with the concentration of the fumigant used. Hatching tests with cysts originating from field experiments are unsuitable for prediction using a time-limited data set. Compound hatching curves were distinguished in four of six fields, indicating that the soil samples contained at least two proportions of cysts with different hatching responses. Prediction would cause a significant underestimation of final hatch and consequently an overestimation of mortality.

scholarly journals Future developments and advances in disinfectants and application modes for use in departments, military units and medical facilities in a climate of the Arctic and Extreme North

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 149-155
Author(s):  
A A Ivanov ◽  
A B Seleznev ◽  
N V Komissarov ◽  
E V Ivchenko ◽  
A B Yudin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Electric Power Station ◽  
The North ◽  
Medical Facilities ◽  
Chemical Solutions ◽  
Operational Criteria ◽  
Extreme North

There were performed test and development review concerning disinfection procedures in a climate of the Arctic and Extreme North, an assessment of their sophistication, and determination of possible ways to enhancement of efficiency. It was found that long-term low temperatures, geographical distance and hard-to-reach territories, weak natural self-regeneration mechanism of biocenosis, development of human hypersensitivity to infectious agents, congestion of personnel at camping and operation places define the urgency of creation of modern chemical and technical disinfectants which are effective in the north. The basic requirements to these disinfectants were formulated. Thus, process chemical solutions should not become frozen over a period that biocide effect takes; disinfectants to use in human presence should meet the operational criteria for sealable inhabited objects. Engineering tools should be equipped with productive snowmelters, heat-insulated rooms, all-terrain running gear, liquid fuel -powered cauldrons, heaters, electric power station. Promising directions of new disinfectants advancing and development were determined. It’s necessary to study infectious and parasitic morbidity in the Arctic and Extreme North, the causes and conditions governing its structure and dynamics, specificity of epidemic process. The establishment of special climate chambers with variable capacities for materials and goods disinfection mode development, including the use of engineering tools; it is essential to choose or develop the study methods of arctic climatic factors influence on test microorganisms, operating procedure behavior of disinfection, worked objects’ properties. The studies of microbial contamination specifics seemed perspective, both in the environment and within inhabited objects, under long-term exposure of low temperatures; the search of biocidic technologies and factors for making disinfectants, modes and methods of application; substantiation of disinfection procedures tactics. Instructional and methodological base preparing will allow to perform perspective studies and disinfection procedures in a climate of the Arctic and Extreme North in accordance with contemporary requirements.

scholarly journals Long Term Post-Fire Vegetation Dynamics in North-East Mediterranean Ecosystems. The Case of Mount Athos Greece

Fire ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Panteleimon Xofis ◽  
Peter G. Buckley ◽  
Ioannis Takos ◽  
Jonathan Mitchley
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Dynamics ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Mediterranean Ecosystems ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
East Mediterranean ◽  
Northern Greece ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Disturbance Factor

Fire is an ecological and disturbance factor with a significant historical role in shaping the landscape of fire-prone environments. Despite the large amount of literature regarding post-fire vegetation dynamics, the north-east Mediterranean region is rather underrepresented in the literature. Studies that refer to the early post fire years and long term research are rather scarce. The current study is conducted in the socially and geographically isolated peninsula of Mount Athos (Holly Mountain) in northern Greece, and it studies vegetation dynamics over a period of 30 years since the last fire. Field data were collected 11 years since the event and were used to identify the present plant communities in the area, using TWINSPAN, and the factors affecting their distribution using CART. Four Landsat (TM, ETM, OLI) images are employed for the calculation of NDVI, which was found effective in detecting the intercommunity variation in the study area, and it is used for long term monitoring. The study includes four communities, from maquis to forest which are common in the Mediterranean region covering a wide altitudinal range. The results suggest that fire affects the various communities in a different way and their recovery differs significantly. While forest communities recover quickly after fire, maintaining their composition and structure, the maquis communities may need several years before reaching the pre-fire characteristics. The dry climatic conditions of the study area are probably the reason for the slow recovery of the most fire prone communities. Given that climate change is expected to make the conditions even drier in the region, studies like this emphasize the need to adopt measures for controlling wildfires and preventing ecosystem degradation.

scholarly journals Seabird Tissue Archival and Monitoring Project (STAMP) Data from 1999-2010

2021 ◽  
Vol 126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan A. Mahynski ◽  
Vincent K. Shen ◽  
Jared M. Ragland ◽  
Stacy S. Schuur ◽  
Rebecca Pugh
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Nesting Behavior ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Health Implications ◽  
The North ◽  
Similar Appearance ◽  
Marine Laboratory

The multi-entity, long-term Seabird Tissue Archival and Monitoring Project (STAMP) has collected eggs from various avian species throughout the North Pacifc Ocean for over 20 years to create a geospatial and temporal record of environmental conditions. Over 2,500 samples are currently archived at the NIST Biorepository at Hollings Marine Laboratory in Charleston, South Carolina. Longitudinal monitoring efforts of this nature provide invaluable data for assessment of both wildlife and human exposures as these species often consume prey (e.g., fish) similar to, and from sources (e.g., oceanic) comparable to, human populations nearby. In some areas, seabird eggs also comprise a signifcant part of subsistence diets providing nutrition for indigenous peoples. Chemometric profles and related health implications are known to differ across species. Eggs, however, can be diffcult to assign to a species unless the bird is observed on the nest from which the sample was collected due to similar appearance within a genus and sympatric nesting behavior. This represents a large point of uncertainty for both wildlife managers and exposure researchers alike.

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