Comparison of Soil Properties From World-Wide Full-Scale Pipe Testing Facilities

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Rudland ◽  
G. Mannucci ◽  
R. Andrews ◽  
S. Kawaguchi
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Soil Behavior ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Crack Driving Force ◽  
Empirical Correction ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Future Fracture ◽  
Empirical Correction Factor

The dynamic behavior of an axially propagating crack in buried line pipe is dependent not only on the pipe material, and the decompressing gas, but also the surrounding soil. The density and cohesiveness of the soil restrains the forming pipe flaps behind the crack tip and decreases the apparent crack driving force. Traditional fracture analyses, such as the Battelle Two-Curve (BTC) approach, lump the soil behavior into one empirical correction factor that does not differentiate between different soil types. In this effort, soils from the full-scale pipe test facilities in the United States, Italy, United Kingdom, and Denmark, were tested with standard procedures to characterize the soils by type, grain size, density and strength. A comparison of these properties is presented in this archival paper, which can be used in future fracture analysis development efforts.

Full-Scale Reeling Tests of HFI Welded Line Pipe for Offshore Reel-Laying Installation

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Christoph Meiwes ◽  
Susanne Höhler ◽  
Marion Erdelen-Peppler ◽  
Holger Brauer
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Testing ◽  
Mechanical Test ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Deformation Capacity ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Tension And Compression

During reel-laying repeated plastic strains are introduced into a pipeline which may affect strength properties and deformation capacity of the line pipe material. Conventionally the effect on the material is simulated by small-scale reeling simulation tests. For these, coupons are extracted from pipes that are loaded in tension and compression and thermally aged, if required. Afterwards, specimens for mechanical testing are machined from these coupons and tested according to the corresponding standards. Today customers often demand additional full-scale reeling simulation tests to assure that the structural pipe behavior meets the strain demands as well. Realistic deformations have to be introduced into a full-size pipe, followed by aging, sampling and mechanical testing comparable to small-scale reeling. In this report the fitness for use of a four-point-bending test rig for full-scale reeling simulation tests is demonstrated. Two high-frequency-induction (HFI) welded pipes of grade X65M (OD = 323.9 mm, WT = 15.9 mm) from Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe GmbH (MLP) are bent with alternate loading. To investigate the influences of thermal aging from polymer-coating process one test pipe had been heat treated beforehand, in the same manner as if being PE-coated. After the tests mechanical test samples were machined out of the plastically strained pipes. A comparison of results from mechanical testing of material exposed to small- and full-scale reeling simulation is given. The results allow an evaluation of the pipe behavior as regards reeling ability and plastic deformation capacity.

Seamless Linepipe Response Under Small and Full Scale Reeling Simulation

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Israel Marines-Garcia ◽  
Jorge A. Aldana-Díaz ◽  
Philippe P. Darcis ◽  
Hector M. Quintanilla
Keyword(s):  
Lead Time ◽  
Cyclic Strain ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Offshore Pipelines ◽  
Ageing Condition ◽  
Pipe Materials

Offshore pipelines projects, installed by reel-laying operations, are gaining momentum due to the increasing worldwide capacity of Reel Lay Vessels. It is well known that reel-laying installation causes repeated plastic straining (cyclic deformation) and, as a consequence, cyclic strain and ageing test is usually required for qualifying line pipe materials for such installation method. This qualification is typically named reeling simulation. Reeling simulations can be made via full or small scale. In practice, full scale qualification lead time and full scale reeling simulation machines availability could be a constraint, thus, small scale reeling simulation is usually the best alternative. However, the similitude of small scale versus full scale simulations could be questioned. On this basis, an extensive study was carried-out considering tensile, toughness and sour testing, in order to evaluate the material response after reeling simulation, in order to clarify if the line pipe material will behave similarly regardless the straining method (small scale or full scale). Different small scale samples configuration for straining were tested, depending on the posterior mechanical or sour test, and two different full scale reeling simulation machines were used for plain pipes straining. Five seamless plain pipes, X65 line pipe were used for this study, with 3 (three) different outer diameters of 10.75″, 11.67″ & 16″ (273 mm, 296 mm & 406 mm). The current paper will present the main mechanical results of these materials after strain and ageing condition, comparing full and small scale straining methods.

Predicting the Fracture Initiation Transition Temperature in High Toughness, Low Transition Temperature Line Pipe With the COD Test

1974 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 330-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Podlasek ◽  
R. J. Eiber
Keyword(s):  
Transition Temperature ◽  
Static Loading ◽  
Crack Opening ◽  
Fracture Initiation ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Opening Displacement ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
High Toughness ◽  
Critical Flaw

This paper describes the use of the crack opening displacement (COD) test to predict the fracture initiation transition temperature of high toughness, low-transition temperature in line pipe. A series of COD tests using t × t and t × 2t specimens made from this line pipe material. The COD test was conducted over a range of temperatures and the point where the upper shelf COD values began to decrease with decreasing temperature was defined. To verify the full-scale significance of this temperature, a series of three experiments was conducted on 48-in. (1.22m) dia line pipe to bracket the transition temperature defined in the COD Test. The results suggest that the COD transition temperature can ve used to define the fracture initiation temperature for static loading in pipe. In addition, in the transition temperature region, the full-scale results, while limited in number, suggest that the COD values could possibly be used to predict the critical flaw sizes in the pipe material.

Full Scale Application of Thermal Ageing in Line Pipe Material Selection for Deepwater Pipelines

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels Kerstens ◽  
Ping Liu ◽  
Duane DeGeer
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Thermal Ageing ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
The South ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Material Development ◽  
South Stream

Comprising 4 pipelines over 900 km in length, with 32-in diameter and traversing water depths over 2200 m, the South Stream project requires a step-out in technology application. Following several years of preparation, the project is now approaching its implementation. In order to document the reliability of the collapse resistance for South Stream, an extensive material development program was initiated and executed, including small scale, medium scale, and full scale testing on over one hundred purposely manufactured pipe joints by world’s 5 leading mills. Testing performed included plate tests, full scale collapse tests on various combinations of plate sources, steel grades, and thermal ageing condition, pressure-bend tests, and reverse bending tests. A large number of medium and small scale tests were performed to allow the development of a suitably reliable statistical database for the probabilistic wall thickness design. In addition, programs were developed and executed for weldability tests, performing over one hundred trial welds, and for H2S resistance tests. This material development program was built on INTECSEA’s extensive experience with deep water large diameter pipelines (i.e. Oman-India, Blue Stream, Medgaz, Mardi Gras, IGI, etc.). Due to its extent and rigorous approach the South Stream material development program was able to conclusively prove the feasibility of the selected technological approach at an industrial scale. This paper provides an overview of the key design issues that were successfully addressed and the major technological advances that have been implemented as part of the linepipe material development process for deepwater pipelines in an H2S containing environment. The practical significance of this program is to optimize the wall thickness to a level that is manufacturable by the industry and hence enables the South Stream Project to proceed with its unprecedented depth and diameter combination.

Relation of Statistically Significant, Abnormal, and Typical WAIS-R VIQ-PIQ Discrepancies to Full Scale IQs

2000 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis M. Hsu ◽  
Judy Hayman ◽  
Judith Koch ◽  
Debbie Mandell
Keyword(s):  
Graphical Method ◽  
The United States ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
True Score ◽  
Absolute Value ◽  
Normative Population ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Quadratic Models

Summary: In the United States' normative population for the WAIS-R, differences (Ds) between persons' verbal and performance IQs (VIQs and PIQs) tend to increase with an increase in full scale IQs (FSIQs). This suggests that norm-referenced interpretations of Ds should take FSIQs into account. Two new graphs are presented to facilitate this type of interpretation. One of these graphs estimates the mean of absolute values of D (called typical D) at each FSIQ level of the US normative population. The other graph estimates the absolute value of D that is exceeded only 5% of the time (called abnormal D) at each FSIQ level of this population. A graph for the identification of conventional “statistically significant Ds” (also called “reliable Ds”) is also presented. A reliable D is defined in the context of classical true score theory as an absolute D that is unlikely (p < .05) to be exceeded by a person whose true VIQ and PIQ are equal. As conventionally defined reliable Ds do not depend on the FSIQ. The graphs of typical and abnormal Ds are based on quadratic models of the relation of sizes of Ds to FSIQs. These models are generalizations of models described in Hsu (1996) . The new graphical method of identifying Abnormal Ds is compared to the conventional Payne-Jones method of identifying these Ds. Implications of the three juxtaposed graphs for the interpretation of VIQ-PIQ differences are discussed.

Systematic approaches to fragility fracture prevention

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (01) ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
D. B. Lee ◽  
P. J. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Fragility Fracture ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Fragility Fractures ◽  
Fracture Prevention ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fracture Liaison Service ◽  
Reimbursement Mechanisms ◽  
Future Fracture ◽  
National Coalition ◽  
Fracture Liaison

SummaryIndividuals who have suffered fractures caused by osteoporosis – also known as fragility fractures – are the most readily identifiable group at high risk of suffering future fractures. Globally, the majority of these individuals do not receive the secondary preventive care that they need. The Fracture Liaison Service model (FLS) has been developed to ensure that fragility fracture patients are reliably identified, investigated for future fracture and falls risk, and initiated on treatment in accordance with national clinical guidelines. FLS have been successfully established in Asia, Europe, Latin America, North America and Oceania, and their widespread implementation is endorsed by leading national and international osteoporosis organisations. Multi-sector coalitions have expedited inclusion of FLS into national policy and reimbursement mechanisms. The largest national coalition, the National Bone Health Alliance (NBHA) in the United States, provides an exemplar of achieving participation and consensus across sectors. Initiatives developed by NBHA could serve to inform activities of new and emerging coalitions in other countries.

Fatigue Crack Growth at Electrical Resistance Welding Seam of API 5L X-70 Steel Line Pipe at Varied Orientations

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Taylor ◽  
Sreekanta Das ◽  
Laurie Collins ◽  
Muhammad Rashid
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Crack ◽  
Fatigue Crack Growth ◽  
Crack Growth ◽  
Base Metal ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Weld Seam ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Resistance Welding ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Full Scale Testing

Very few studies have been conducted concerning fatigue in steel line pipe and fewer using full-scale testing. Further, at the time of this study, no research on full-scale testing was available in open literature regarding fatigue behavior of line pipe with longitudinal cracks, despite being considered more critical than the line pipe with cracks oriented in the circumferential direction. In the current research work, fatigue crack growth was investigated in NPS 20, API 5L X-70 grade, electrical resistance welding (ERW) straight-seam steel line pipes in the base metal and at the weld seam for various orientations. It was found that there was no significant difference between fatigue crack growth in the base metal and at the weld seam for the tested stress ratio. Increasing the angle of inclination of the crack with respect to the weld line was found to decrease the rate of fatigue crack growth due to a decrease in the mode I stress component. Finally, it was observed that despite the difference in fatigue crack growth rates, the crack aspect ratios were nearly identical for all cracks at the same crack depth.

Girth Weld Strength Matching Effect on Tensile Strain Capacity of Grade X70 High Strain Line Pipe

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hisakazu Tajika ◽  
Takahiro Sakimoto ◽  
Tsunehisa Handa ◽  
Rinsei Ikeda ◽  
Joe Kondo
Keyword(s):  
High Strain ◽  
Limit State ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Strain Capacity ◽  
Pipeline Project ◽  
Pipe Bending

Recently high grade pipeline project have been planned in hostile environment like landslide in mountain area, liquefaction in reclaimed land or the frost heave in Polar Regions. Geohazards bring large scale ground deformation and effect on the varied pipeline to cause large deformation. Therefore, strain capacity is important for the pipeline and strain based design is also needed to keep gas transportation project in safe. High grade steel pipe for linepipe tends to have higher yield to tensile (Y/T) ratio and it has been investigated that the lower Y/T ratio of the material improves strain capacity in buckling and tensile limit state. In onshore pipeline project, pipe usually transported in 12 or 18m each and jointed in the field. Girth weld (GW) is indispensable so strength matching of girth weld towards pipe body is important. In this study strain capacity of Grade X70 high strain pipes with size of 36″ OD and 23mm WT was investigated with two types of experiments, which are full scale pipe bending tests and curved wide plate tests. The length of the specimen of full scale bending tests were approximately 8m and girth weld was made in the middle of joint length. A fixed internal pressure was applied during the bending test. Actual pipe situation in work was simulated and both circumferential and longitudinal stress occurred in this test. Test pipes were cut and welded, GTAW in first two layer and then finished by GMAW. In one pipe, YS-TS over-matching girth weld (OVM) joint was prepared considering the pipe body grade. For the other pipe, intentionally under-matching girth weld (UDM) joint was prepared. After the girth welding, elliptical EDM notch were installed in the GW HAZ as simulated weld defect. In both pipe bending tests, the buckling occurred in the pipe body at approximately 300mm apart from the GW and after that, deformation concentrated to buckling wrinkle. Test pipe breaking locations were different in the two tests. In OVM, tensile rupture occurred in pipe body on the backside of buckling wrinkle. In UDM, tensile rupture occurred from notch in the HAZ. In CWP test, breaking location was the HAZ notch. There were significant differences in CTOD growth in HAZ notch in these tests.

Development of X90 and X100 Steel Grades for Seamless Linepipe Products

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Toma ◽  
Silke Harksen ◽  
Dorothee Niklasch ◽  
Denise Mahn ◽  
Ashraf Koka
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Materials Development ◽  
Additional Tool ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Steel Grades

The general trend in oil and gas industry gives a clear direction towards the need for high strength grades up to X100. The exploration in extreme regions and under severe conditions, e.g. in ultra deep water regions also considering High Temperature/High Pressure Fields or arctic areas, becomes more and more important with respect to the still growing demand of the world for natural resources. Further, the application of high strength materials enables the possibility of structure weight reduction which benefits to materials and cost reduction and increase of efficiency in the pipe line installation process. To address these topics, the development of such high strength steel grades with optimum combination of high tensile properties, excellent toughness properties and sour service resistivity for seamless quenched and tempered pipes are in the focus of the materials development and improvement of Vallourec. This paper will present the efforts put into the materials development for line pipe applications up to grade X100 for seamless pipes manufactured by Pilger Mill. The steel concept developed by Vallourec over the last years [1,2] was modified and adapted according to the technical requirements of the Pilger rolling process. Pipes with OD≥20″ and wall thickness up to 30 mm were rolled and subsequent quenched and tempered. The supportive application of thermodynamic and kinetic simulation techniques as additional tool for the material development was used. Results of mechanical characterization by tensile and toughness testing, as well as microstructure examination by light-optical microscopy will be shown. Advanced investigation techniques as scanning electron microcopy and electron backscatter diffraction are applied to characterize the pipe material up to the crystallographic level. The presented results will demonstrate not only the effect of a well-balanced alloying concept appointing micro-alloying, but also the high sophisticated and precise thermal treatment of these pipe products. The presented alloying concept enables the production grade X90 to X100 with wall thickness up to 30 mm and is further extending the product portfolio of Vallourec for riser systems for deepwater and ultra-deep water application [1, 3, 4].

TurkStream Collapse Test Program

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Timms ◽  
Doug Swanek ◽  
Duane DeGeer ◽  
Arjen Meijer ◽  
Ping Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Ageing ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Test Program ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
Collapse Resistance ◽  
Full Scale Tests ◽  
The Impact

The TurkStream pipeline project is designed to transport approximately 32 billion cubic meters of natural gas annually from Russia to Turkey under the Black Sea, with more than 85% of the deep-water route being deeper than 2000 m. The offshore section is intended to consist of two parallel lines, each approximately 900 km long. The preliminary stages of the front end engineering design (pre-FEED) phase was managed by INTECSEA. To support the analyses and design of the deepest portions, a full scale collapse test program was performed by C-FER Technologies (C-FER). This collapse test program, which included 62 full-scale collapse and pressure+bend tests, 54 medium-scale ring collapse tests, and hundreds of small-scale tests, was primarily aimed at measuring, quantifying and documenting the increase in pipe strength and collapse resistance resulting from the thermal induction heat treatment effect (thermal ageing) that arises during the pipe coating process. Two grades of 32-inch (813 mm) outside diameter (OD) line-pipe, SAWL450 and SAWL485 with wall thicknesses of 39.0 mm or 37.4 mm, respectively, were supplied from various mills for testing. The collapse test program objectives were as follows: • Determine the collapse resistance of line pipes originating from various pipe mills; • Determine the pressure+bend performance of line pipes originating from various pipe mills; • Measure the effect of thermal ageing on material and collapse testing results, including the impact of multiple thermal cycles; and • Evaluate the results of medium-scale ring collapse tests as compared to full-scale tests. This paper presents selected results of this work, along with some comparisons to predictive equations.

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