An Operator’s Perspective on Fracture Control in Dense Phase CO2 Pipelines

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Barnett ◽  
Russell Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Carbon Capture And Storage ◽  
Fracture Propagation ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Dense Phase ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Fracture Arrest ◽  
Semi Empirical ◽  
Pipeline Design

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is an approach to mitigate global warming by capturing and storing carbon dioxide (CO2) from large industrial emitters. Pipelines will play a significant role in the transportation of CO2 in CCS projects. National Grid has an interest in this, and has carried out research to investigate the requirements for the safe design and operation of CO2 pipelines. CO2 pipelines are susceptible to long running fractures which are prevented by specifying an adequate pipe body toughness to arrest the fracture. There is no existing, validated methodology for setting pipe body toughness for pipelines transporting dense phase CO2 with impurities. The methods for estimating the pipe body toughness are semi-empirical so full scale fracture propagation tests are required to validate and extend these methods. As part of a major research programme into pipeline transportation of dense phase CO2, National Grid conducted two full scale fracture propagation tests using 900 mm diameter pipe in 2012. The tests demonstrated that the current natural gas practices for setting pipe body toughness was incorrect and non-conservative for dense phase CO2 pipelines. National Grid recognises the importance of understanding fracture arrest as it required to ensure design code compliance, impacts on pipeline design and provides reassurance to stakeholders. As the results of the two tests cannot be used directly to set the toughness requirements for a specific project pipeline, a third full scale test was necessary to confirm the fracture arrest capability of the pipe for the proposed pipelines. A third full scale fracture propagation test was conducted in July 2015. A propagating ductile fracture was initiated and successfully arrested in linepipe representative of that to be used on the proposed project.

Behaviour of Releases of Carbon Dioxide From Pipelines and Vents

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Allason ◽  
Keith Armstrong ◽  
Julian Barnett ◽  
Phil Cleaver ◽  
Ann Halford
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Fluid Dynamic ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Carbon Capture And Storage ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
The European Union ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

A large Research and Development programme has been executed by National Grid to determine the feasibility of transporting carbon dioxide (CO2) by pipeline. Such pipelines would be required to form a transportation system to take the CO2 from its place of capture at an emitter’s site to a place of safe storage within a Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) scheme. This programme received financial support from the European Union. As part of this programme, National Grid commissioned a series of experimental studies to investigate the behaviour of releases of CO2 mixtures in the gaseous and the liquid (or dense) phase. This has included simulating accidental releases in the form of punctures or ruptures of a buried pipeline and deliberate releases through different venting arrangements. This work is required, as CO2 has the potential to cause some harm to people if they are exposed to it for long enough at high concentrations. This paper gives an overview of the findings from this work and shows how the data has been used to help develop a number of the more pragmatic, predictive models for outflow and dispersion. This work complements the more theoretical studies carried out using state of the art advanced computational fluid dynamic models, employed by other UK based participants (University College London, University of Leeds, Kingston University and the University of Warwick) in the research programme.

Analysis of Two Dense Phase Carbon Dioxide Full-Scale Fracture Propagation Tests

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Cosham ◽  
David G. Jones ◽  
Keith Armstrong ◽  
Daniel Allason ◽  
Julian Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Saturation Pressure ◽  
Fracture Propagation ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Battelle Memorial Institute ◽  
Dense Phase ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Curve Model ◽  
Rich Mixtures

Two full-scale fracture propagation tests have been conducted using dense phase carbon dioxide (CO2)-rich mixtures at the Spadeadam Test Site, United Kingdom (UK). The tests were conducted on behalf of National Grid Carbon, UK, as part of the COOLTRANS research programme. The semi-empirical Two Curve Model, developed by the Battelle Memorial Institute in the 1970s, is widely used to set the (pipe body) toughness requirements for pipelines transporting lean and rich natural gas. However, it has not been validated for applications involving dense phase CO2 or CO2-rich mixtures. One significant difference between the decompression behaviour of dense phase CO2 and a lean or rich gas is the very long plateau in the decompression curve. The objective of the two tests was to determine the level of ‘impurities’ that could be transported by National Grid Carbon in a 914.0 mm outside diameter, 25.4 mm wall thickness, Grade L450 pipeline, with arrest at an upper shelf Charpy V-notch impact energy (toughness) of 250 J. The level of impurities that can be transported is dependent on the saturation pressure of the mixture. Therefore, the first test was conducted at a predicted saturation pressure of 80.5 barg and the second test was conducted at a predicted saturation pressure of 73.4 barg. A running ductile fracture was successfully initiated in the initiation pipe and arrested in the test section in both of the full-scale tests. The main experimental data, including the layout of the test sections, and the decompression and timing wire data, are summarised and discussed. The results of the two full-scale fracture propagation tests demonstrate that the Two Curve Model is not (currently) applicable to liquid or dense phase CO2 or CO2-rich mixtures.

scholarly journals Carbon Capture and Storage: A Review of Mineral Storage of CO2 in Greece

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyriaki Kelektsoglou
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Sequestration ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Carbon Capture And Storage ◽  
Mineral Carbonation ◽  
Current State ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Carbonate Materials ◽  
And Storage

As the demand for the reduction of global emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) increases, the need for anthropogenic CO2 emission reductions becomes urgent. One promising technology to this end, is carbon capture and storage (CCS). This paper aims to provide the current state-of-the-art of CO2 capure, transport, and storage and focuses on mineral carbonation, a novel method for safe and permanent CO2 sequestration which is based on the reaction of CO2 with calcium or magnesium oxides or hydroxides to form stable carbonate materials. Current commercial scale projects of CCS around Europe are outlined, demonstrating that only three of them are in operation, and twenty-one of them are in pilot phase, including the only one case of mineral carbonation in Europe the case of CarbFix in Iceland. This paper considers the necessity of CO2 sequestration in Greece as emissions of about 64.6 million tons of CO2 annually, originate from the lignite fired power plants. A real case study concerning the mineral storage of CO2 in Greece has been conducted, demonstrating the applicability of several geological forms around Greece for mineral carbonation. The study indicates that Mount Pindos ophiolite and Vourinos ophiolite complex could be a promising means of CO2 sequestration with mineral carbonation. Further studies are needed in order to confirm this aspect.

Greener Solvent Selection and Solvent Recycling for Carbon Dioxide Capture

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Hachem ◽  
J. Salazar ◽  
U. Dixekar
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Simulated Annealing ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Capture ◽  
Carbon Capture And Storage ◽  
Aspen Plus ◽  
Solvent Selection ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
And Storage

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) constitutes an extremely important technology that is constantly being improved to minimize the amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) entering the atmosphere. According to the Global CCS Institute, there are more than 320 worldwide CCS projects at different phases of progress. However, current CCS processes are accompanied with a large energy and efficiency penalty. This paper models and simulates a post-combustion carbon capture system, that uses absorption as a method of separation, in Aspen Plus V7.2. Moreover, the CAPE-OPEN Simulated Annealing (SA) Capability is implemented to minimize the energy consumed by this system, and allow coal-fired power plants to use similar carbon capture systems without losing 20 to 40 % of the plant's output.

Mechanical and Metallurgical Aspects of the Resistance to Ductile Fracture Propagation in the New Generation of Gas Pipelines

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Pyshmintsev ◽  
Alexey Gervasyev ◽  
Victor Carretero Olalla ◽  
Roumen Petrov ◽  
Andrey Arabey
Keyword(s):  
Ductile Fracture ◽  
Mechanical Test ◽  
Fracture Propagation ◽  
Rolling Plane ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Charpy Test ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Surface Separation ◽  
Fracture Arrest ◽  
New Generation

The microstructure and fracture behavior of the base metal of different X80 steel line pipe lots from several pipeline projects were analyzed. The resistance of the pipes to ductile fracture propagation was determined by the full-scale burst tests. The high intensity of fracture surface separation (secondary brittle cracks parallel to the rolling plane of the plate) appeared to be the main factor reducing the specific fracture energy of ductile crack propagation. A method for quantitative analysis of microstructure allowing estimation of the steel’s tendency to form separations is proposed. The procedure is based on the EBSD data processing and results in Cleavage Morphology Clustering (CMC) parameter evaluation which correlates with full-scale and laboratory mechanical test results. Two special laboratory mechanical test types utilizing SENT and Charpy test concepts for prediction of ductile fracture arrest/propagation in a pipe were developed and included into Gazprom specifications.

Ruptures in Gas Pipelines, Liquid Pipelines and Dense Phase Carbon Dioxide Pipelines

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Cosham ◽  
David G. Jones ◽  
Keith Armstrong ◽  
Daniel Allason ◽  
Julian Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Large Diameter ◽  
Saturation Pressure ◽  
Fracture Propagation ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Thick Wall ◽  
Dense Phase ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Rich Mixture ◽  
High Toughness

Ruptures in gas and liquid pipelines are different. A rupture in a gas pipeline is typically long and wide. A rupture in a liquid pipeline is typically short and narrow, i.e. a slit or ‘fish-mouth’ opening. The decompression of liquid (or dense) phase carbon dioxide (CO2) immediately after a rupture is characterised by a rapid decompression through the liquid phase, and then a long plateau. At the same initial conditions (pressure and temperature), the initial speed of sound in dense phase CO2 is greater than that of natural gas and less than half that of water. Consequently, the initial decompression is more rapid than that of natural gas, but less rapid than that of water. A question then arises … Does a rupture in a liquid (or dense) phase CO2 pipeline behave like a rupture in a liquid pipeline or a gas pipeline? It may exhibit behaviour somewhere in-between the two. A ‘short’ defect that would rupture at the initial pressure might result in a short, narrow rupture (as in a liquid pipeline). A ‘long’ defect that would rupture at the (lower) saturation pressure might result in a long, wide rupture (as in a gas pipeline). This is important, because a rupture must be long and wide if it is to have the potential to transform into a running fracture. Three full-scale fracture propagation tests (albeit shorter tests than a typical full-scale test) published in the 1980s demonstrate that it is possible to initiate a running ductile fracture in a CO2 pipeline. However, these tests were on relatively small diameter, thin-wall line pipe with a (relatively) low toughness. The results are not applicable to large diameter, thick-wall line pipe with a high toughness. Therefore, in advance of its full-scale fracture propagation test using a dense phase CO2-rich mixture and 914×25.4 mm, Grade L450 line pipe, National Grid has conducted three ‘West Jefferson Tests’. The tests were designed to investigate if it was indeed possible to create a long, wide rupture in modern, high toughness line pipe steels using a dense phase CO2-rich mixture. Two tests were conducted with 100 mol.% CO2, and one with a CO2-rich binary mixture. Two of the ‘West Jefferson Tests’ resulted in short ruptures, similar to ruptures in liquid pipelines. One test resulted in a long, wide rupture, similar to a rupture in a gas pipeline. The three tests and the results are described. The reasons for the different behaviour observed in each test are explained. It is concluded that a long, wide rupture can be created in large diameter, thick-wall line pipe with a high toughness if the saturation pressure is high enough and the initial defect is long.

scholarly journals Carbon Capture and Sequestration: A comprehensive Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 578-594
Author(s):  
Naimish Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Carbon Capture And Storage ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Co2 Emission Reduction ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
And Storage

Abstract: More than ever, the fate of anthropogenic CO2 emissions is in our hands. Since the advent of industrialization, there has been an increase in the use of fossil fuels to fulfil rising energy demands. The usage of such fuels results in the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases, which result in increased temperature. Such warming is extremely harmful to life on Earth. The development of technology to counter the climate change and spreading it for widespread adoptions. We need to establish a framework to provide overarching guidance for the well-functioning of technology and mechanism development of Carbon Capture and Storage. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is widely regarded as a critical approach for achieving the desired CO2 emission reduction. Various elements of CCS, such as state-of-the-art technology for CO2 collection, separation, transport, storage, politics, opportunities, and innovations, are examined and explored in this paper. Carbon capture and storage is the process of capturing and storing carbon dioxide (CO2) before it is discharged into the environment (CCS). The technology can capture high amounts of CO2 produced by fossil fuel combustion in power plants and industrial processes. CO2 is compressed and transferred by pipeline, ship, or road tanker once it has been captured. CO2 can then be piped underground, usually to depths of 1km or more, and stored in depleted oil and gas reservoirs, coalbeds, or deep saline aquifers, depending on the geology. CO2 could also be used to produce commercially marketable products. With the goal of keeping world average temperatures below 1.5°C (2.7°F) and preventing global average temperature rises of more than 2°C (3.6°F) over pre-industrial levels, CCS model should be our priority to be implemented with the proper economical map

scholarly journals Global Warming and Technologies for Carbon Capture and Storage

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1671-1686
Author(s):  
O.S. Bull ◽  
I. Bull ◽  
G.K. Amadi
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Carbon Capture And Storage ◽  
Ice Caps ◽  
Metal Organic ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
And Storage

Global concern about climate change caused by anthropogenic activities, such as the large scale use of fossil fuels as major energy sources for domestic and industrial application, which on combustion give off carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. Deforestation is also reducing one of the natural sinks for CO2. These anthropogenic activities have led to an increase in the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere and have thus resulted in the warming of the earth’s surface (Global Warming), droughts, melting of ice caps, and loss of coral reefs. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) and other variety of emerging technologies and methods have been developed. These technologies and methods are reviewed in this article. Keywords: Global warming, carbon capture and storage, amine-based absorbents, Metal-Organic Frameworks

CO2 Underground Storage and Wellbore Integrity

2014 ◽  
pp. 322-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nediljka Gaurina-Medjimurec ◽  
Borivoje Pasic
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Co2 Storage ◽  
Carbon Capture And Storage ◽  
Injection Wells ◽  
Geological Co2 Storage ◽  
Wellbore Integrity ◽  
Geologic Storage ◽  
Injection Zone ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Confining Unit

Geologic storage is the component of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) in which the carbon dioxide (CO2) is disposed in the appropriate underground formation. To successfully inject CO2 into the subsurface to mitigate greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the CO2 must to be trapped in the subsurface and must not be allowed to leak to the surface or to potable water sources above the injection zone. For the purposes of risk assessment, a priority is to evaluate what would happen if CO2 migrated unexpectedly through the confining unit(s), potentially resulting in undesirable impacts on a variety of potential receptors. One of the main risks identified in geological CO2 storage is the potential for CO2 leakage through or along wells. To avoid leakage from the injection wells, the integrity of the wells must be maintained during the injection period and for as long as free CO2 exists in the injection zone.

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