The Use of Data Quality Objective Procedures: To Control Complex Inter-Related Environmental Problems for Metal Matrix Encapsulation Fly Ash Management

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Robertson ◽  
Rod Barratt
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Data Quality ◽  
Metal Matrix ◽  
Waste Incineration ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Fly Ashes ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
Quality Objective ◽  
Energy Plants ◽  
The Eu

The Data Quality Objective Procedure (DQOP) method aids implementing environmental polices, as engineering solutions. Pollution control issues identified and addressed through new environmental legislation need to be implemented. The metal matrix encapsulation (MME) treatment works as a toxicity reduction exercise that can legally control disposal of fly ashes from waste-to-energy plants. The MME process aids with the implementation of European Union (EU) legislation such as the Waste Incineration Directive by allowing fly ashes to be disposed of in landfill sites. By using the DQOP, as shown with the MME fly ash treatment, complex issues can be clearly identified and effectively controlled. The method considers various steps into which different activities can be addressed, agreed upon and allows engineering, financial and legal teams to cooperate. The EU is the world’s second largest economy with many waste management requirements. The DQOP can aid entry into this complex but rich economic opportunity.

Ash Recycling: Just a Dream?

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heiner Zwahr
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Waste Incineration ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Incineration Plant ◽  
Material Recovery ◽  
Concrete Production ◽  
Scrap Iron ◽  
Energy Plants

Waste to energy is only one way of handling waste, material recovery is another aspect of sustainable waste management. This is actually nothing new and has always been part of the operation of WTE (Waste to Energy) plants in Hamburg. In descriptions of the first waste incineration plant in Hamburg, which started operation in 1896, it was stated that “the fly ash” collected in the ash chambers was used as filler material for the insulation of ceiling cavities. Its use in the sandwich walls of money safes was expressly recommended by the members of the urban refuse collection authority. Another lucrative trade was the sorting of scrap iron. It was separated from the incineration slag with magnets. The slag itself was said to be as sterile as lava, as hard as glass, as useful as bricks, and it was a profitable side product of waste incineration. The crushed incinerator slag was evidently so much in demand in road construction and as an aggregate in concrete production that demand could often not be met in the building season, even though it was stored through the winter, [1,2,3].

Ways to Improve the Efficiency of Waste to Energy Plants for the Production of Electricity, Heat and Reusable Materials

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heiner Zwahr
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Waste Incineration ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Gas Treatment ◽  
The Public ◽  
Green Power ◽  
Emission Limits ◽  
Energy Plants

Up to now the emissions of waste-to-energy plants have been of major concern for the operators of waste incineration plants and the public. In Germany the emission standards for waste incineration plants have been very strict for more than 10 years, more stringent than for coal fired power plants, for example. Now the member states of the European Union are following suit with the same standards in accordance with European directive 2000/76/EC on the incineration of waste. Within a couple of years all European waste incineration plants will have to comply with the emission limits of directive 2000/76/EC. There is also legislation in the pipeline restricting landfilling of untreated waste. In view of the discussions about CO2 reductions the efficiency of today’s Waste to Energy (WTE) plants should be improved, even though — or rather because — waste is regarded to some extent as “green power”. With the same goal in mind the recovery rate of reusable materials from the incineration of waste or flue gas treatment should be improved. This will make it possible to reduce the amount of CO2 generated by the production of these materials from natural resources and to conserve natural resources.

Problems with Solidification of Fly Ashes from the Municipal Solid Waste Incineration

2016 ◽  
Vol 832 ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
Andrea Miškufová ◽  
Alexandra Medvecová ◽  
Anna Kochmanová ◽  
Dušan Olčák ◽  
Viktor Hronský
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Solidification Process ◽  
Waste Incineration ◽  
Organic Substances ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste Incineration ◽  
Fly Ashes ◽  
Effective Stabilization ◽  
Leaching Procedure

One of the negative aspects of MSW (municipal solid waste) incineration is production of hazardous fly ashes. MSW fly ash usually contains heavy metals like for example chromium, lead, cadmium and organic substances (dioxins, furans), soluble compounds (salts) and other harmful substances. According to environmental legislative and with respect to the environment fly ash as a hazardous waste should be stabilized before landfilling. This work deals with certain problems occurring at solidification process of MSW fly ash by cementation. This work also describes efficiency of stabilization by two different binders (slag cement and waste containing alumina and silica). Leachability tests by TCLP (toxicity characteristic leaching procedure) and compressive strength of original and solidified samples by use of uniaxial pressing were studied in order to find suitable parameters for effective stabilization.

scholarly journals Heavy Metals Removing from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ashes by Electric Field-Enhanced Washing

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Tian ◽  
Rong Wang ◽  
Zhenggang Luo ◽  
Rui Wang ◽  
Feihua Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Waste Incineration ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste Incineration ◽  
Fly Ashes ◽  
Mswi Fly Ash ◽  
Metals Removal

Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash contains chlorides, heavy metals, and organic pollutants, which requires appropriate disposal to eliminate this risk. In this study, the effects of agents on heavy metals removal from MSWI fly ash by electric field-enhanced washing were systematically studied. The results show that when these fly ashes were washed at a current density of 35 mA/cm2, polarity switching frequency of 40 Hz, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) dosage of 0.5 mol/L, and a pH of 2 for 4 h, almost all of the Cd and Ni could be were removed, with a removal efficiency of 100.00% and 99.59%, respectively. Meanwhile, it also shows a significant effect on Cu and Zn, with a removal efficiency higher than 85%. After washing, the results of the sequential extraction procedure showed that the residual forms of Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, and As increased obviously. According to GB5085.3-2007, the toxicity of the treated MSWI fly ash were below their thresholds of 5 and 1 mg/L for Pb and Cd, respectively. Thus, a novel technology for heavy metals removal from MSWI fly ash is proposed.

A Toxicity Reduction Exercise for Municipal Solid Waste to Energy Fly-Ash Utilising a Separation, Isolation and Treatment Process

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Robertson ◽  
Rod Barratt
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Metal Matrix ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Legal Compliance ◽  
Gas Treatment ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Toxicity Reduction ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Flue Gas Treatment

The current situation for fly ash management and policy regulation in the United Kingdom / European Union, has developed the need for new toxicity reduction exercises. New EU wide policies are changing the type of treatment methods that can be legally used for the residues from waste-to-energy plants. In particular the disposal of flue gas treatment residues, which are classified as a hazardous waste, will not be acceptable to landfill according to the Waste Acceptance Criteria without a pre-treatment by 2007. This has raised a number of interesting engineering questions that need to be addressed. The novel TRE of metal matrix encapsulation has been designed based upon the principles of separation, isolation and treatment to meet these new criteria. Metal matrix encapsulation is a treatment program that employs existing industrial infrastructure to improve its usability and legal compliance.

Introduction of the trapezoidal thermodynamic technique method for measuring and mapping the efficiency of waste-to-energy plants: A potential replacement to the R1 formula

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 810-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stergios Vakalis ◽  
Konstantinos Moustakas ◽  
Maria Loizidou
Keyword(s):  
Power Efficiency ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Efficiency Map ◽  
Waste Destruction ◽  
Energy Plants ◽  
The Eu

Waste-to-energy plants have the peculiarity of being considered both as energy production and as waste destruction facilities and this distinction is important for legislative reasons. The efficiency of waste-to-energy plants must be objective and consistent, independently if the focus is the production of energy, the destruction of waste or the recovery/upgrade of materials. With the introduction of polygeneration technologies, like gasification, the production of energy and the recovery/upgrade of materials, are interconnected. The existing methodology for assessing the efficiency of waste-to-energy plants is the R1 formula, which does not take into consideration the full spectrum of the operations that take place in waste-to-energy plants. This study introduces a novel methodology for assessing the efficiency of waste-to-energy plants and is defined as the 3T method, which stands for ‘trapezoidal thermodynamic technique’. The 3T method is an integrated approach for assessing the efficiency of waste-to-energy plants, which takes into consideration not only the production of energy but also the quality of the products. The value that is returned from the 3T method can be placed in a tertiary diagram and the global efficiency map of waste-to-energy plants can be produced. The application of the 3T method showed that the waste-to-energy plants with high combined heat and power efficiency and high recovery of materials are favoured and these outcomes are in accordance with the cascade principle and with the high cogeneration standards that are set by the EU Energy Efficiency Directive.

scholarly journals What is Required for the Viability of Metal Recovery from Municipal Solid-Waste Incineration Fly Ash?

2017 ◽  
pp. 463-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sten Karlsson ◽  
Patrik Carlsson ◽  
Daniel Åberg ◽  
Karin Karlfeldt Fedje ◽  
Joakim Krook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Waste Incineration ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Recycling Rate ◽  
Fly Ashes ◽  
Overall Design ◽  
Hazardous Waste Landfill

The incineration of municipal solid waste produces large amounts of fly ashes, today in Sweden around 200 000 tons/yr. The ashes normally contain a considerable amount of valuable and hazardous metals. To fulfil the environmental regulations, most of these fly ashes can be deposited only in specific sites. This handling costs, requires energy and leads to emissions in the transportation to the deposit site. This work, taking departure in laboratory experiments for crucial steps, discusses possible chemical processing schemes and from this develops an overall design of a plant for the extraction and production of copper from the fly ash generated in a fluidized bed waste incineration plant. It also addresses the economic viability and environmental impact of the suggested processing in comparison to current handling, which involves transport to and disposal of the fly ash in Norway. The proposed process involves a leaching step, a solvent extraction process, a stripping step where the copper is transferred to an aqueous phase and finally electrolysis. By quantitative modelling and cost estimates of the processing steps of the proposed plant we identify the most important factors for the economics and environmental impact of the plant. In addition, we quantify the necessary recycling rates of the different process chemicals for achieving profitability. We conclude that a crucial factor is the recycling rate of the used organic solvent. Important parameters are also the handling costs and transportation needs of the rest products. For instance, a major benefit of the process is if treated fly ash can be reclassified such that it is allowed to be disposed into the own close-up hazardous waste landfill thus lowering the costs and environmental impacts. An extension of the process to include also the extraction of metals other than copper, for instance zinc, should be an interesting further development to consider.

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