Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Systems and Applications

Atmospheric-pressure plasmas have a wide variety of potential industrial applications. They are used in extractive metallurgy; metal recovery; novel nanomaterial synthesis; refractory and wear-resistant coatings deposition; chemical synthesis; energy conversion; industrial, medical, and nuclear waste destruction; engine combustion enhancement; and exhaust gas pollutants clean up. Atmospheric plasmas are produced by applying DC or AC high voltage between two electrodes designed as cylindrical in shape for jets and planar for the dielectric barrier discharge systems. This review presents an overview of the use of atmospheric-pressure plasma devices and industrial processes carried out in several of these areas.

Design Of Portable Injection Waste Destruction Machine With Sterilization System

The Community Health Center (Puskesmas) does not yet have special facilities for treating medical waste such as hospitals. Hospital/Puskesmas waste and waste generated by hospital activities and other supporting activities. Make a machine that destroys waste injection equipment equipped with a knife made of SKD as a plastic syringe destroyer. Design of a syringe crushing machine in the form of needles and syringes, Analyze the von misses stress received by the frame structure of the syringe crusher, Analyze the displacement by the load received by the frame structure of the syringe crusher, Analyze the safety factor of the frame structure of the crusher syringe. Analyzing using solidworks 2016 software, the results obtained are the maximum value of von misses, displacement, and safety of factor from the lower frame of the syringe waste crusher machine. Von misses stress obtained in the analysis using Solidworks 2016 gets a value of 48.54 Mpa in software calculations, while in theoretical calculations it is 48.01 Mpa. The percentage of errors calculated by software and theory is 1%. The displacement obtained in the analysis using Solidworks 2016 software is 0.34 mm in theoretical calculations of 0.35 mm. The percentage of errors calculated by software and theory is 2%. The safety factor obtained in the solidwork analysis gets a value of 4.7 ul (upper limit), while the theoretical calculation is 5.2 ul (upper limit) which means this frame is declared safe when the engine is operating.

Methodological Support for Applying the Method of Majority Reservation in Measuring Channels

Introduction. For hazardous industries, the reliability of information and measuring equipment must ensure an almost complete absence of failure events, with their probability as low as 10-6. This requirement can be satisfied using various approaches, one of which is reservation. Reservation methods are classified into several types depending on such factors, as the operating mode of an object, failure types, frequency rate, etc. Majority redundancy schemes are rarely used in measuring equipment, particularly in measuring channels, largely because this method was initially aimed at improving the reliability of discrete digital devices. Thus far, no mathematical support for applying the method of majority reservation in measuring channels of analogue values has been developed. This gap determined the relevance of this study.Aim. To develop a methodological support for applying the method of majority reservation with the purpose of improving the level of measurement accuracy.Materials and methods. Both Russian and foreign sources published over the past 40 years on the topic of processing small samples when designing measuring channels for information and measuring systems were reviewed. The nonparametric Mann-Whitney rank test was applied to process small samples. Other research methods included mathematical modelling, as well as the mathematical apparatus of measurement theory andтsystems theory.Results. A measuring module with a redundant structure was simulated. Parametric and nonparametric rank criteria were considered. An algorithm allowing identification of the failure of a channel in a measuring module with a redundant structure was developed. The computational complexity of the developed algorithm is estimated by a polynomial of the second degree.Conclusion. The use of nonparametric rank criteria for processing small samples, as well as diagnostic situations for various combinations of these criteria, supports statistically grounded decision on the state of measuring channels. In the future, this method will be applied for diagnostic control of the serviceability of technological equipment used in fuel combustion, namely in boiler plants and installations for thermal waste destruction.

OPTIMAL MILK DISPOSAL EQUIPMENT DESIGN IN BOTTLE WITH ERGONOMICS APPROACH

The results of the observation conducted by the research team at the milk processing company in the waste, the phase of waste destruction through the stage of one of them is the disposal of milk from the bottle is still using the manual tool when the bottle hole and pour the milk fluid into the tub. The milk disposal time in the bottle can be optimised with ergonomic tool design process. The meaning of ergonomic design is the design of a tool that generates a working system using the size of Anthropometri, while the research is focused on ergonomic tool design that can be used by the operator with the effective efficient, safe and comfortable result. With the stage conducted by the research team was conducting surveys, study of literture, data collection, formulating problems, analyzing and outdoor that is targeted is optimal model design tool using size anthropometri with height of shoulders when standing along the 138.5 cm, reach of the fore hands 72cm, the range of the side hand of 71cm, the height of the elbow when standing 104 cm and the knee height when standing 49 cm by saving the discharge time by 37%.

BIOREMOVAL OF COPPER(II) VIA HYDROGEN FERMENTATION OF ECOLOGICALLY HAZARDOUS MULTICOMPONENT FOOD WASTE

The environmental pollution by copper and the increasing amount of environmentally hazardous organic waste destroy natural ecosystems and have negative and even lethal effect on living organisms. The chemical techniques of metal containing waste detoxification are expensive and hazardous being the advanced problem today. The aim was to justify theoretically and confirm experimentally the possibility of toxic Cu2+ removal by hydrogen producing microbiome (HPM) via dark hydrogen fermentation of solid multicomponent food waste (MFW). Colorimetric and potentiometric methods were used for pH and redox potential measurement. Volumetric and chromatographic methods were applied to control volume and composition of synthesized gas. Fermentation parameters were calculated with the use of mathematical and statistical ones. The high effectiveness of solid waste destruction and Cu2+ removal was shown by spore forming HPM. The MFW were fastly and effectively digested by the microbiome at the absence of Cu2+. The weight of MFW was 90 times decreased (Kd = 90). The maximum concentration of H2 was 35% and biohydrogen yield was 76 L/kg of MFW counting on absolutely dry weight (ADW). The fermentation process was inhibited by Cu2+ in the form of citrate complex. The biohydrogen yield and efficiency of waste destruction were decreased on 41% (45 L/kg of waste) and 37% (Kd = 57) consequently after addition of 50 ppm Cu2+ to the culture liquid of the bioreactor during the beginning of final phase (50 hours) of MFW fermentation. The effect of complete inhibition of H2 synthesis was obtained in the case of adding 100 ppm Cu2+ to the culture liquid sampled from bioreactor during the final phase (80 hours) of fermentation. Nonetheless, the Cu2+ was bioremoved by HPM with high efficiency up to 99.0 % and 99.5% after 5 hours and 30 hours of fermentation where initially the concentrations of Cu2+ were consequently 50 and 100 ppm. The synthesis of gas was not significantly restored after the addition of Cu2+ in both variants of the experiment. Obtained patterns will be used as a basis for the development of novel universal biotechnologies of metal-containing sewage purification with simultaneous destruction of MFW.

High Efficiency of Food Waste Fermentation and Biohydrogen Production in Experimental-industrial Anaerobic Batch Reactor

Background: Multicomponent organic waste is a significant environment hazard. Natural mechanisms can no longer ensure the processing of increasing volumes of such waste. The accumulation of multicomponent organic waste to environment pollution with toxic gases and leachate. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop cost-effective technologies for the rapid treatment of huge volumes of toxic waste. Moreover, multicomponent organic waste can be used as the substrate for the production of green energy - biohydrogen. Objective: To scale up the technology of biohydrogen production from multicomponent organic waste in experimental-industrial anaerobic batch reactor and to establish fermentation parameters of its operation. Methods: An experimental-industrial anaerobic batch reactor was designed and the method of thermodynamic prognosis was applied to determine the most effective microbial pathway for hydrogen synthesis. The efficiency of the fermentation was evaluated by the pH and redox potential (Eh, mV) of culture medium, the concentration and volume of synthesized gas. Results: The experimental-industrial anaerobic batch reactor with a volume of 240 L was successfully applied to scale up the process of obtaining hydrogen via fermentation of organics. The duration of the technological cycle (T) was 1.5-4 days. The coefficient of waste destruction (Kd) that is the ratio between the initial and final weight of waste was high and ranged from 86 to 140. Hydrogen yield was 45-90 L/kg of dry weight of waste. The maximum concentration of hydrogen (H2max) was 50-58%. Conclusion: The developed approach and scaling of the biotechnology is promising for industrial application for effective hydrogen production via dark fermentation of multicomponent organic waste. Its industrial application might help to solve the problem of toxic multicomponent organic waste destruction and simultaneously to produce green energy H2.

Estimasi Potensi Energi Listrik dari Sampah di Tempat Pemrosesan Akhir Sampah Talang Gulo Kota Jambi

Garbage is something of the residual material of production, which is generally not desirable owner. Therefore garbage is discarded and ends at the end of waste processing (TPA) to be managed to be destroyed. Waste destruction in TPA has always caused problems such as the problem of negative waste impact on the environment, and the difficulty of finding new TPA location when the TPA that is being used has expired. Indeed, garbage still has resources to be processed. One of the technology that can process garbage is a waste power plant (PLTSa) produces electrical energy. This technology has been widely used in Indonesia. The principle is the garbage that pollutes the environment utilized for power generation. Jambi City has TPA in Talang Gulo, but the destruction of garbage in TPA still uses a natural process, which is to block garbage with the method of destruction of garbage in the soil. Indeed, garbage in TPA Talang Gulo can be used as a source of power on PLTSa technology that produces electrical energy. From data of garbage volumes from 2018 to 2030, it has been worth utilizing garbage through PLTSa. The large electrical energy produced was 355,126.78 in the year 2030.

DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL UNIVERSAL BIOTECHNOLOGIES FOR OBTAINING VALUABLE PRODUCTS FROM A WIDE RANGE OF WASTES

Despite the achievements in development of environmental biotechnologies, the total amount of waste is continuously increasing. Development of novel methodological approach is the only possible effective solution of problems. The aim was to develop the base of universal biotechnologies for effective treatment of all four classes of waste and obtain valuable products. To obtain biotechnologically promising results the method of thermodynamic prognosis of microbial interaction with toxic compounds (multi component food waste and filtrate, metal containing wastewater, radioactive waste) was developed. The following results of food waste degradation were obtained: time detention T=6 days, coefficient of waste destruction Kd=90; biohydrogen yield – 120 L from 1 kg of waste. Wastewater treatment provided purification from 10020 to 20 ppm of total Carbon and toxic metals. Purification of liquid radioactive waste allowed several orders decreasing its activity within 4-5 days. These biotechnologies are promising for their industrial implementation in order to stop pollution of environment and preserve ecosystems.

Introduction of the trapezoidal thermodynamic technique method for measuring and mapping the efficiency of waste-to-energy plants: A potential replacement to the R1 formula

Waste-to-energy plants have the peculiarity of being considered both as energy production and as waste destruction facilities and this distinction is important for legislative reasons. The efficiency of waste-to-energy plants must be objective and consistent, independently if the focus is the production of energy, the destruction of waste or the recovery/upgrade of materials. With the introduction of polygeneration technologies, like gasification, the production of energy and the recovery/upgrade of materials, are interconnected. The existing methodology for assessing the efficiency of waste-to-energy plants is the R1 formula, which does not take into consideration the full spectrum of the operations that take place in waste-to-energy plants. This study introduces a novel methodology for assessing the efficiency of waste-to-energy plants and is defined as the 3T method, which stands for ‘trapezoidal thermodynamic technique’. The 3T method is an integrated approach for assessing the efficiency of waste-to-energy plants, which takes into consideration not only the production of energy but also the quality of the products. The value that is returned from the 3T method can be placed in a tertiary diagram and the global efficiency map of waste-to-energy plants can be produced. The application of the 3T method showed that the waste-to-energy plants with high combined heat and power efficiency and high recovery of materials are favoured and these outcomes are in accordance with the cascade principle and with the high cogeneration standards that are set by the EU Energy Efficiency Directive.