Study of Fatigue Strength of Copper Conductor Considering Irregularities Surfaces by Experimental Testings and FE-Analysis

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fachri P. Nasution ◽  
Svein Sævik ◽  
Janne K. Ø. Gjøsteen
Keyword(s):  
Stress Ratio ◽  
Fatigue Behavior ◽  
The Core ◽  
Copper Conductor ◽  
Numerical Studies ◽  
Fatigue Data ◽  
Surface Irregularities ◽  
Bending Stresses ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Tension Loading

The objective of this work was to investigate the fatigue performance of a 95 mm2 copper conductor. The compacting procedure applied during the manufacturing process causes geometrical irregularities in the wires. Specimens from different layers have been tested in tension-tension mode with a stress-ratio, R = 0.1. The irregularities have been measured and through numerical studies applied to assess the resulting bending stresses in tension loading. When this is accounted for, the fatigue behavior of the core, the inner layer and the outer layer seems to be similar. This indicates that the difference in fatigue data observed between different layers of wires can be explained by surface irregularities. However, this needs to be supported by more data.

scholarly journals Fatigue behavior of 590MPa Tensile Strength galvanneal coated sheet steel laser welded blanks

2018 ◽  
Vol 165 ◽  
pp. 21001
Author(s):  
Shrikant P. Bhat ◽  
Ronald Soldaat ◽  
Gagan Tandon
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Behavior ◽  
Sheet Steel ◽  
Automotive Body ◽  
Loading Mode ◽  
Local Stresses ◽  
Fatigue Data ◽  
Durability Assessment ◽  
Substrate Steel ◽  
Tension Loading ◽  
Coated Sheet

The use of Laser Welded Blanks (LWBs) with different grade/gauge combinations in automotive body structures is well established; however, the acceptance of LWBs in fatigue critical chassis and underbody components has been slower because of lack of reliable models for durability assessment of laser welded joints (LWJ). Most prior fatigue studies of LWBs are carried out in tension - tension loading mode, making it difficult to relate it to the cyclic deformation and fatigue behaviors of the substrate steel grade. In contrast, in this study, LWJ is conceptualized as a "notch" to estimate the local stresses from the strain - life data of the parent grade and the fatigue notch concentration factor (Kf) is estimated from the nominal stress values of LWJ. The method is illustrated with strain controlled fatigue data for 1.4 mm galvanneal coated 590 MPa steel and fully reversed, fatigue data for homogeneous and heterogeneous LWB combinations. The results indicate that for both homogeneous and heterogeneous LWJ configurations, Kf increases with fatigue life, but tends to saturate at life levels greater than about million cycles. Considering 105 cycles to failure as an example, Kf is estimated as 1.07 for the homogeneous and 1.25 for the heterogeneous combinations.

Influence of Stress Ratio and Contact Pressure on Fretting Fatigue Behavior of Modified 9Cr-1Mo Steel

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 2822-2831
Author(s):  
V. Shiva ◽  
Sunil Goyal ◽  
N. L. Parthasarathi ◽  
C. R. Das ◽  
R. Kannan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Stress Ratio ◽  
Fatigue Behavior ◽  
Fretting Fatigue

Spatial Convergence in Height in Central Europe, 1890-1910

2009 ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Marek Brabec ◽  
John Komlos
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
The Core ◽  
Military Recruits ◽  
Convergence Clubs ◽  
Spatial Convergence ◽  
Physical Stature ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Peripheral Areas

We examine spatial convergence in biological well-being in the Habsburg Monarchy, circa 1890-1910, on the basis of evidence of the physical stature of 21-year-old military recruits, disaggregated into 15 Districts. We find that the shorter the population in 1890, the faster its height grew thereafter. Hence, there was convergence in physical stature between the peripheral areas of the monarchy (located in today’s Poland/Ukraine, Romania, and Slovakia) and its core (located in today’s Austria, Czech Republic, and Hungary). The difference in trends between the trend in height in the Polish District of Przemysl and in Vienna was about 0.9 cm per decade, in favor of the former. Convergence among the core Districts themselves was minimal or non-existent, whereas the convergence among the peripheral Districts was more pronounced. Spatial convergence also took place between the peripheral regions and the more developed ones. The pattern is somewhat reminiscent of modern findings on convergence clubs in the global economy.

Gebruiksaspecten van het uitroeppartikel wat in het Nederlands en Fries

2020 ◽  
Vol 136 (4) ◽  
pp. 189-209
Author(s):  
Henk Wolf
Keyword(s):  
The Core ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lexical Phrase ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Lexical Phrases

Abstract Both Dutch and (West) Frisian make use of the exclamative particle wat (‘how’), that adds an element of surprise about a high degree of something to the semantics of the sentence. In this paper I will first show the similarities between the use of the particle in the two languages. I will demonstrate that, in Dutch, its use is largely confined to constructions that are semantically scalable, whereas in Frisian this restriction is far less strict. I will explain the difference by showing that Dutch wat is a syntactic amplifier of lexical phrases, whereas Frisian wat has developed into a pragmatic amplifier of the core predicate. I will try to account for that difference by showing how homophonous words absent in Dutch are likely to have influenced the use of Frisian wat, and how Dutch prosody strengthens the connection between wat and the amplified lexical phrase, whereas Frisian prosody weakens it. Finally, I will show that the system described as ‘Frisian’ is occasionally found in varieties of Dutch too

Ballistic response of 12.7 mm armour piercing projectile against perforated armour developed from structural steel

2018 ◽  
Vol 233 (10) ◽  
pp. 1993-2005
Author(s):  
A Mubashar ◽  
Emad Uddin ◽  
S Anwar ◽  
N Arif ◽  
S Waheed Ul Haq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Method ◽  
Structural Steel ◽  
Perforated Plate ◽  
High Hardness ◽  
The Core ◽  
Numerical Studies ◽  
Ballistic Protection ◽  
Asymmetric Impact ◽  
Impact Side ◽  
The Impact

This study investigates ballistic response of a developed perforated armour plate against 12.7 mm armour piercing tracer projectile. Experimental as well as numerical studies were carried out and the penetration of the projectile through a base aluminium plate was determined with and without the perforated armour plate. The armour piercing projectiles were able to penetrate the base armour plate in successive impacts. However, the combination of the perforated and base armour plates was able to stop the penetration of the armour piercing projectile. A finite element method-based numerical model was developed to investigate the defeating phenomenon of perforated and base armour plate combination. It was observed that the asymmetric impact of the projectile core did not produce large enough bending to fracture the core. However, the high hardness of the developed perforated plate was able to shatter the projectile core in multiple fragments which were then unable to penetrate the base armour plate. Craters of varying depths were observed on the impact side of the base armour plate. The research showed that the selected structural steel can be successfully used for ballistic protection.

scholarly journals A comparative analysis of differentially expressed mRNAs, miRNAs and circRNAs provides insights into the key genes involved in the high-altitude adaptation of yaks

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qianyun Ge ◽  
Yongbo Guo ◽  
Wangshan Zheng ◽  
Yuan Cai ◽  
Xuebin Qi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
The Core ◽  
Processing Pathways ◽  
Genetic Information Processing ◽  
Altitude Adaptation ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Background Yaks that inhabit the Tibetan Plateau exhibit striking phenotypic and physiological differences from cattle and have adapted well to the extreme conditions on the plateau. However, the mechanisms used by these animals for the regulation of gene expression at high altitude are not fully understood. Results Here, we sequenced nine lung transcriptomes of yaks at altitudes of 3400, 4200 and 5000 m, and low-altitude Zaosheng cattle, which is a closely related species, served as controls. The analysis identified 21,764 mRNAs, 1377 circRNAs and 1209 miRNAs. By comparing yaks and cattle, 4975 mRNAs, 252 circRNAs and 75 miRNAs were identified differentially expressed. By comparing yaks at different altitudes, we identified 756 mRNAs, 64 circRNAs and 83 miRNAs that were differentially expressed (fold change ≥2 and P-value < 0.05). The pathways enriched in the mRNAs, circRNAs and miRNAs identified from the comparison of yaks and cattle were mainly associated with metabolism, including ‘glycosaminoglycan degradation’, ‘pentose and glucuronate interconversions’ and ‘flavone and flavonol biosynthesis’, and the mRNAs, circRNAs and miRNAs identified from the comparison of yaks at different altitude gradients were significantly enriched in metabolic pathways and immune and genetic information processing pathways. The core RNAs were identified from the mRNA-miRNA-circRNA networks constructed using the predominant differentially expressed RNAs. The core genes specific to the difference between yaks and cattle were associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and fat deposition, but those identified from the comparison among yaks at different altitude gradients were associated with maintenance of the normal biological functions of cells. Conclusions This study enhances our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in hypoxic adaptation in yaks and might contribute to improvements in the understanding and prevention of hypoxia-related diseases.

scholarly journals Territorial organization of the restaurant facilities of Kyiv agglomeration

2015 ◽  
pp. 79-82
Author(s):  
K. Dmytriieva
Keyword(s):  
Restaurant Industry ◽  
The Core ◽  
Industry Standards ◽  
The Status ◽  
Territorial Organization ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Concentration Ratios

The article outlines the factors of development of the restaurant facilities in Kyiv and surrounding areas. The status of the territorial organization of the restaurant facilities of Kyiv and Kyiv region through the review of the main indicators of the industry by districts in 2013 has been analyzed. Comparison of the industry standards due to availability of these services to population needs has been performed. The result of the difference of efficiency of the restaurant industry through calculation of concentration ratios turnover has been received. Area that can be considered as the core of the restaurant industry of Kyiv agglomeration and area with the potential of growth has been identified. The article visualized by maps.

Effect of stress ratio on tension and delamination fatigue behavior in CF/epoxy laminates

1991 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 261-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideki Sembokuya ◽  
Masaki Hojo ◽  
Chohachiro Nagasawa ◽  
Takahira Aoki ◽  
Kiyoshi Kemmochi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Ratio ◽  
Fatigue Behavior

RELATIONSHIP OF MAXIMUM DEFLECTIONS AND NATURAL FREQUENCIES VIBRATIONS OF ISOTROPIC CIRCULAR PLATES WITH INHOMOGENEOUS RESISTANCE CONDITIONS ON THE OUTER AND INNER CONTOUR

2021 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 36-42
Author(s):  
A.V. TURKOV ◽  
◽  
S.I. POLESHKO ◽  
E.A. FINADEEVA ◽  
K.V. MARFIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Variable Thickness ◽  
Constant Thickness ◽  
Circular Plates ◽  
Outer Contour ◽  
Numerical Studies ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Hinged Support ◽  
Natural Transverse

The relationship between the maximum deflections from a static uniformly distributed load W0 and the fundamental frequency of natural transverse vibrations of a round isotropic plate of linearly variable thickness with thickening to the edge under homogeneous conditions of support along the outer contour, depending on the ratio of the thickness of the plate in the center to the thickness along the edge, is considered. According to the results of the study, graphs of the dependence of the maximum deflection and the frequency of natural vibrations of the plate on the ratio t1 / t2 are constructed. It is shown that for round plates of linearly variable thickness at t1/t2<1.1 coefficient K with an accuracy of 5.9% coincides with the analytical coefficient for round plates of constant thickness. Numerical studies shows that when the ratio of the thicknesses on the contour and in the center is equal to two, the difference in the coefficient K, which depends on the relationship between the static and dynamic characteristics of the platinum, is about 25% for hinged support along the contour and up to 37% for rigid support. This indicates a more significant effect of uneven mass distribution for such boundary conditions.

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