Pyrolysis and Steam Gasification of Paper and Evaluation of Paper Char Kinetics

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Islam Ahmed ◽  
Ashwani K. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Steam Gasification ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Hydrogen Yield ◽  
Hydrogen Flow Rate ◽  
Hydrogen Flow ◽  
Char Gasification ◽  
Gasification Process ◽  
Reactor Temperature ◽  
Partial Overlap

Main characteristics of gaseous yield from steam gasification have been investigated experimentally. Results of steam gasification have been compared to that of pyrolysis. The temperature range investigated were 600 to 1000°C in steps of 100°C. Results have also been obtained under pyrolysis conditions at same temperatures. For steam gasification runs, steam flow rate was kept constant at 8.0 gr./Min.. Investigated characteristics were evolution of syngas flow rate with time, hydrogen flow rate, chemical composition of syngas, energy yield and apparent thermal efficiency. Residuals from both processes were quantified and compared as well. Material destruction, hydrogen yield and energy yield is better with gasification as compared to pyrolysis. This advantage of the gasification process is attributed mainly to char gasification process. Char gasification is found to be more sensitive to the reactor temperature than pyrolysis. Pyrolysis can start at low temperatures of 400 °C; however char gasification starts at 700 °C. A partial overlap between gasification and pyrolysis exists and is presented here. This partial overlap increases with increase in temperature. As an example, at reactor temperature 800 °C this overlap represents around 27% of the char gasification process and almost 95% at reactor temperature 1000°C.

scholarly journals Variation of the Number of Heat Sources in Methane Dry Reforming: A Computational Fluid Dynamics Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Sunggeun Lee ◽  
Hankwon Lim
Keyword(s):  
Heat Source ◽  
Molten Salt ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Methane Conversion ◽  
Tubular Reactor ◽  
Dry Reforming ◽  
Hydrogen Yield ◽  
Hydrogen Flow Rate ◽  
Hydrogen Flow ◽  
Conversion Performance

To overcome the weak point of the gas type heating (failure in heating uniformly and persistently), liquid type molten salt as a concentration of solar energy was considered as a heat source for dry reforming. This high-temperature molten salt flowing through the center of the tubular reactor supplies necessary heat. The dependence on the number of heat source of the hydrogen production was investigated under the assumption of the fixed volume of the catalyst bed. By changing these numbers, we numerically investigated the methane conversion and hydrogen flow rate to find the best performance. The results showed that the methane conversion performance and hydrogen flow rate improved in proportion to the number of heating tubes. For the one heat source, the reactor surrounded by a heat source rather than that located in the center is the best in terms of hydrogen yield. In addition, this study considered the case in which the system is divided into several smaller reactors of equal sizes and a constant amount of catalyst. In these reactors, we saw that the methane conversion and hydrogen flow rate were reduced. The results indicate that the installation of as many heating tubes as possible is preferable.

Optimization of Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes Using Chemical Vapor Deposition Method

2012 ◽  
Vol 488-489 ◽  
pp. 1535-1539
Author(s):  
Noor Azilah Mohd Kasim ◽  
Siti Hasnawati Jamal ◽  
Shafreeza Sobri ◽  
Nurjahirah Janudin
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Chemical Vapor Deposition ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Hydrogen Flow Rate ◽  
Hydrogen Flow ◽  
Reactor Temperature ◽  
Yield And Purity

Multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were synthesized using floating catalyst-chemical vapor deposition (FC-CVD) with ferrocene and benzene as catalyst and carbon source, respectively. Argon was used as a purging gas while hydrogen was used as a carrier gas. Hydrogen flow rate, reaction time and reactor temperature were varied to obtain high yield and purity of MWCNTs. The morphology and microstructures of MWCNTs produced were studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). It was found that the maximum yield and purity of MWCNTs were produced at hydrogen flow rate of 300 ml/min with reactor temperature of 900°C and reaction time 45 minutes. It was observed that the MWCNTs are film-like, randomly oriented and in some cases entangled with uniform diameter.

Amorphous-to-nanocrystalline transition in silicon thin films by hydrogen diluted silane using PE-CVD method

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashok Jadhavar ◽  
Vidya Doiphode ◽  
Ajinkya Bhorde ◽  
Yogesh Hase ◽  
Pratibha Shinde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Defect Density ◽  
Hydrogen Flow Rate ◽  
Spectroscopy Analysis ◽  
Deposition Parameter ◽  
Hydrogen Flow ◽  
Cvd Method ◽  
Silicon Thin Films ◽  
Increasing Trend

: Herein, we report effect of variation of hydrogen flow rate on properties of Si:H films synthesized using PE-CVD method. Raman spectroscopy analysis show increase in crystalline volume fraction and crystallite size implying that hydrogen flow in PECVD promote the growth of crystallinity in nc-Si:H films with an expense of reduction in deposition rate. FTIR spectroscopy analysis indicates that hydrogen content in the film increases with increase in hydrogen flow rate and hydrogen is predominantly incorporated in Si-H2 and (Si-H2)n bonding configuration. The optical band gap determined using E04 method and Tauc method (ETauc) show increasing trend with increase in hydrogen flow rate and E04 is found higher than ETauc over the entire range of hydrogen flow rate studied. We also found that the defect density and Urbach energy also increases with increase in hydrogen flow rate. Photosensitivity (Photo /Dark) decreases from  103 to  1 when hydrogen flow rate increased from 30 sccm to 100 sccm and can attributed to amorphous-to-nanocrystallization transition in Si:H films. The results obtained from the present study demonstrated that hydrogen flow rate is an important deposition parameter in PE-CVD to synthesize nc-Si:H films.

scholarly journals Sliding Mode Control for Stabilizing of Boost Converter in a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 139-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junsheng Jiao
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Sliding Mode Control ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Output Voltage ◽  
Sliding Mode ◽  
Solid Oxide ◽  
Oxide Fuel ◽  
Hydrogen Flow Rate ◽  
Dc Voltage ◽  
Hydrogen Flow

Abstract The output voltage of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) is usually changed with the temperature and hydrogen flow rate. Since the fuel cell can generate a wide range of voltages and currents at the terminals, as a consequence, a constant DC voltage and function cannot be maintained by itself as a DC voltage power supply source. To solve this problem, a simple SOFC electrochemical model is introduced to control the output voltage. The Sliding Mode Control (SMC) is used to control the output voltage of the DC-DC converter for maintaining the constant DC voltage when the temperature and hydrogen flow rate are changed. By the simulation results it can be seen that the SMC technique has improved the transient response and reduced the steady state error of DC voltage.

Boron Hydrolysis at Moderate Temperatures: First Step to Solar Fuel Cycle for Transportation

2008 ◽  
Vol 130 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Vishnevetsky ◽  
Michael Epstein ◽  
Tareq Abu-Hamed ◽  
Jacob Karni
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Hydrolysis Reaction ◽  
Ratio Test ◽  
Hydrogen Yield ◽  
Metal Powders ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen ◽  
Reactor Temperature ◽  
Fast Stage

Boron hydrolysis reaction can be used for onboard production of hydrogen. Boron is a promising candidate because of its low molecular weight and relatively high valence. The oxide product from this process can be reduced and the boron can be recovered using known technologies, e.g., chemically with magnesium or via electrolysis. In both routes solar energy can play a major role. In the case of magnesium, an intermediate product, magnesium oxide, is formed, and its reduction back to magnesium can exploit solar energy. The boron hydrolysis process at moderate reactor temperature up to 650°C, potentially suitable for use in vehicles, has not been sufficiently studied so far. This paper addresses the operational requirements using an experimental setup for investigating the hydrolysis reaction of metal powders exposed to steam containing atmosphere. The output hydrogen is measured as a function of temperature in reaction zone, steam partial pressure, and the different steam to metal ratio. Test results obtained during the hydrolysis of amorphous boron powder in batch experiments (with 0.1–2g of boron, water mass flow rate of 0.1–1g∕min, carrier gas flow rate of 100cm3∕min at total atmospheric pressure with steam partial pressure of 0.55–0.95bar abs) indicate that the reaction occurs in two different stages, depending on the temperature. A slow reaction starts at about 300°C and hydrogen output increases with reactor temperature and steam partial pressure. The fast stage starts as the reactor temperature approaches 500°C. At this temperature, the reaction develops vigorously due to higher reaction rate and its strong exothermic nature. The fast stage is self-restrained when 50–60% of the loaded boron is reacted and 1.5–1.8 SPT L H2 per 1g of boron is produced. Raising the temperature before the steam flow starts during the preheating period above 500°C increases the hydrogen yield at the fast stage. Then, the reaction continues for a long time at slow rate until the hydrogen release is terminated. The duration of the fast step decreases sharply with the increase of the steam to boron ratio.

Disilane addition versus silane-hydrogen flow rate effect on the PECVD of silicon thin films

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 061307
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Dimitrakellis ◽  
Eleftherios Amanatides ◽  
Dimitrios Mataras ◽  
Angelos G. Kalampounias ◽  
Nikolaos Spiliopoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Rate Effect ◽  
Hydrogen Flow Rate ◽  
Hydrogen Flow ◽  
Silicon Thin Films ◽  
Flow Rate Effect
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