Potential Impacts of Net-Zero Energy Buildings With Distributed Photovoltaic (PV) Power Generation on the Electrical Grid

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongsu Kim ◽  
Heejin Cho ◽  
Rogelio Luck
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Electricity Demand ◽  
Office Buildings ◽  
Office Building ◽  
Electrical Grid ◽  
Net Zero ◽  
Demand Profile ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pv Power Generation ◽  
The U.S

This study evaluates potential aggregate effects of net-zero energy building (NZEB) implementations on the electrical grid in simulation-based analysis. Many studies have been conducted on how effective NZEB designs can be achieved, however the potential impact of NZEBs have not been explored sufficiently. As significant penetration of NZEBs occurs, the aggregated electricity demand profile of the buildings on the electrical grid would experience dramatic changes. To estimate the impact of NZEBs on the electrical grid, a simulation-based study of an office building with a grid-tied PV power generation system is conducted. This study assumes that net-metering is available for NZEBs such that the excess on-site PV generation can be fed to the electrical grid. The impact of electrical energy storage (EES) within NZEBs on the electrical grid is also considered in this study. Finally, construction weighting factors of the office building type in U.S. climate zones are used to estimate the number of national office buildings. In order to consider the adoption of NZEBs in the future, this study examines scenarios with 20%, 50%, and 100% of the U.S. office building stock are composed of NZEBs. Results show that annual electricity consumption of simulated office buildings in U.S. climate locations includes the range of around 85 kWh/m2-year to 118 kWh/m2-year. Each simulated office building employs around 242 kWp to 387 kWp of maximum power outputs in the installation of on-site PV power systems to enable NZEB balances. On a national scale, the daily on-site PV power generation within NZEBs can cover around 50% to 110% of total daily electricity used in office buildings depending on weather conditions. The peak difference of U.S. electricity demand typically occurs when solar radiation is at its highest. The peak differences from the actual U.S. electricity demand on the representative summer day show 9.8%, 4.9%, and 2.0% at 12 p.m. for 100%, 50%, and 20% of the U.S. NZEB stocks, respectively. Using EES within NZEBs, the peak differences are reduced and shifted from noon to the beginning of the day, including 7.7%, 3.9%, and 1.5% for each percentage U.S. NZEB stock. NZEBs tend to create the significant curtailment of the U.S. electricity demand profile, typically during the middle of the winter day. The percentage differences at a peak point (12 p.m.) are 8.3%, 4.2%, and 1.7% for 100%, 50%, and 20% of the U.S. NZEB stocks, respectively. However, using EES on the representative winter day can flatten curtailed electricity demand curves by shifting the peak difference point to the beginning and the late afternoon of the day. The shifted peak differences show 7.4%, 3.7%, and 1.5% at 9 a.m. for three U.S. NZEB stock scenarios, respectively.

Potential Impacts of Net-Zero Energy Buildings With Distributed Photovoltaic Power Generation on the U.S. Electrical Grid

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongsu Kim ◽  
Heejin Cho ◽  
Rogelio Luck
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Electricity Demand ◽  
Office Building ◽  
Zero Energy ◽  
Electrical Grid ◽  
Net Zero Energy ◽  
Net Zero ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S

This study evaluates the potential aggregate effects of net-zero energy building (NZEB) implementations on the electrical grid in a simulation-based analysis. To estimate the impact of NZEBs on the electrical grid, a simulation-based study of an office building with a grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) power generation system is conducted. This study assumes that net-metering is available for NZEBs such that the excess on-site PV generation can be fed to the electrical grid. The impact of electrical energy storage (EES) within NZEBs on the electrical grid is also considered in this study. Different levels of NZEB adoption are examined: 20%, 50%, and 100% of the U.S. office building stock. Results indicate that significant penetration of NZEBs could potentially affect the current U.S. electricity demand profiles by reducing purchased electricity from the electrical grid and by increasing exported electricity to the electrical grid during peak hours. Annual electricity consumption of simulated office NZEBs in the U.S. climate locations is in the range of around 94–132 kWh/m2 yr. Comparison of hourly electricity demand profiles for the actual U.S. demand versus the calculated net-demand on a national scales indicates that the peak percentage difference of the U.S. net-electricity demand includes about 10.7%, 15.2%, and 9.3% for 100% of the U.S. NZEB stock on representative summer, transition, and winter days, respectively. Using EES within NZEBs, the peak percentage differences are reduced and shifted to the afternoon, including 8.6%, 13.3%, and 6.3% for 100% of the U.S. NZEB stock on each representative day.

Potential Aggregate Effects of Net-Zero Energy Homes (NZEHs) With Distributed Energy Generation on the U.S. Electrical Grid

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongsu Kim ◽  
Heejin Cho ◽  
Rogelio Luck ◽  
Pedro Mago
Keyword(s):  
Residential Building ◽  
Electricity Demand ◽  
Maximum Point ◽  
Electrical Grid ◽  
Building Model ◽  
Net Zero Energy ◽  
Net Zero ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Aggregate Effects ◽  
The U.S

This study evaluates potential aggregate effects of net-zero energy home (NZEH) implementations on the U.S. electrical grid in a simulation-based analysis. The aggregate impact of large-scale NZEH implementations on the U.S. electrical grid is evaluated through a simulation-based study of prototype residential building models with distributed photovoltaic (PV) generation systems. An EnergyPlus residential prototype building model (i.e., a multi-family low-rise apartment building) is used to determine the detailed electricity consumption of each residential building model using U.S. climate weather files. This study assumes that net-metering is available on the electrical grid so that the surplus on-site electricity generation can be fed to the electrical grid. This study also considers the impact of electrical energy storage (EES) within NZEHs to effectively use on-site generated electricity on the electrical grid. Finally, surveyed residential building permits in 2017 are used to estimate net-electricity demand profiles of NZEHs on a national scale. Results indicate that adding distributed PV systems to enable annual multi-family NZEH performance can significantly increase changes in imported and exported electricity demand from and to the electrical grid during the daytime. However, using the EES within NZEHs helps reduce the peak electricity demand during the daytime. The stored electricity in the EES can also be used during the evening time. The peak net-electricity differences on the U.S. electrical grid-level could potentially be reduced during the daytime and shifted to the evening. Comparison of hourly electricity demand profiles for the actual U.S. demand versus the calculated net-demand on a national scale indicates that the percentage differences of U.S. net-electricity demand include about 4.5% and 4.8% for the multi-family NZEH without the EES on representative winter and summer days, respectively, at a maximum point. In addition, when the EES is added within the multi-family NZEH, the peak percentage differences could be reduced to about 3.4% and 4.3% on representative winter and summer days, respectively, at a maximum point.

scholarly journals The Impact of Aspect Ratio on External Heat Gain of Multi-storey Office Buildings in Jakarta

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-31
Author(s):  
Wasiska Iyati ◽  
◽  
Eryani Nurma Yulita ◽  
Jusuf Thojib ◽  
Heru Sufianto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Building Design ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
External Heat ◽  
Office Buildings ◽  
Office Building ◽  
Cooling Load ◽  
Heat Gain ◽  
The Impact

The narrow land in big cities such as Jakarta, increases the amount of high rise building, especially multi-storey office building. Office building consumes much energy to provide air conditioning to meet the thermal comfort inside the building. On the other hand, the building shape, building envelope, and building orientation to the sun's position are the main factors in building design aspects that affect the amount of cooling load. This study aims to investigate the impact of the aspect ratio or the ratio of the longer dimension of an oblong plan to the shorter, on external heat gain of multi-storey office building. Variables examined include the transparent and solid area of building envelope, the total area of the surface of the building envelope in any orientation, and the volume of the building, as well as the influence of those proportion on the external heat gain. This study uses mathematical calculations to predict the cooling load of the building, particularly external heat gain through the walls, roof and glass, as well as comparative analysis of models studied. The study also aims to generate the design criteria of building form and proportion of multi-storey office buildings envelope with lower external heat gain. In Jakarta climatic conditions, the result on rectangular building plan with aspect ratio of 1 to 4 shows that the external heat gain did not differ significantly, and the smallest heat gain is found on the aspect ratio of 1.8. Results also showed that the greater aspect ratio, the greater reduction of external heat gain obtained by changing the orientation of the longest side facing east-west into the north-south, about 2.79% up to 42.14% on the aspect ratio of 1.1 to 4. In addition, it is known that in same building volume, changing the number of floors from 10 to 50 can improve the external heat gain almost twice.

scholarly journals Sustainability of Steel Office Buildings

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 3723
Author(s):  
Filip Broniewicz ◽  
Miroslaw Broniewicz
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Office Buildings ◽  
Office Building ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
Sustainable Buildings ◽  
Steel Construction ◽  
Informed Decisions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Design And Construction

Sustainable construction is an important part of sustainable development because of its contribution to the economy as well as the environmental and social impact of buildings on our lives. Steel is one of the most basic materials, both in the structures and for the finishes. It enables efficiency, durability, and recyclability, especially for office buildings. All these features of steel show its sustainable potential. Consumers are becoming increasingly concerned about the environment. They need to be able to make informed decisions about the impact of their actions. This publication is aimed at setting out key themes for the design and construction of sustainable buildings. Examples of office building environmental analyses are presented to illustrate how this is being achieved in steel construction.

The Study on a Simplified Model of Photovoltaic Power System

2013 ◽  
Vol 860-863 ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Xin Shu ◽  
Shi Ping Zhou ◽  
Yong Jun Xia ◽  
Gang Hu ◽  
Yang Lei
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Power System ◽  
Flow Model ◽  
Simplified Model ◽  
Generation System ◽  
Photovoltaic Power ◽  
Power Generation System ◽  
Pv Generation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pv Power Generation

As the proportion of photovoltaic power increasing, the impact on the power system is evident. An accurate mathematical model for PV power generation system is necessary. This paper demonstrates the detailed mathematic models for PV power generation system consisted of PV cell, converters, flow model are summarized. This work might provide a generic PV power system models for the research of characteristics of PV generation system and its grid-connected operation.

scholarly journals Energy self-consumption from PV systems: estimations for two office buildings in Krakow (Poland)

2019 ◽  
Vol 100 ◽  
pp. 00030
Author(s):  
Magdalena Jurasz ◽  
Jerzy Mikulik
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Generation ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Office Buildings ◽  
Office Building ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
System Operator ◽  
Pv Generation ◽  
The Impact

The analysis presented in this paper focuses on the energetic aspects of the use of photovoltaic (PV) systems in office buildings. Energy generation from PV system has been simulated on an hourly time scale and compared with the energy demand of two office buildings located in Krakow (southern Poland). The buildings’ annual load exceeded 1 GWh in both cases. The analysis dealt with estimating how much energy generated by a PV system can be utilized on-site (self-consumption) and how big the energy surpluses will be (energy generation greater than demand). Capacities of PV systems ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 MW have been considered. Also, the impact of PV generation on the residual load parameters and changes in the maximal monthly and hourly energy demand were investigated. The results show that although the building energy demand is similar (in terms of annual volume of energy consumed) the potential of PV systems to cover it is different. The 100-kW PV system can reduce the observed hourly peak energy demand by 1% in December but by over 30% in June (respectively, from 171 kWh to 169 kWh, and from 333 kWh to 255 kWh). Considering the annual patterns of the office buildings’ energy demand and PV generation (both have their respective peaks in summer), the application of a PV system changes the office building energy demand pattern significantly from the perspective of the power system operator. After installing 500 kW PV in an office building consuming 1 GWh annually, the months with highest demand are no longer in summer but in winter.

scholarly journals Deep RNN-Based Photovoltaic Power Short-Term Forecast Using Power IoT Sensors

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 436
Author(s):  
Hyung Keun Ahn ◽  
Neungsoo Park
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Forecast Model ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Short Term Forecast ◽  
Term Forecast ◽  
Weather Changes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pv Power Generation

Photovoltaic (PV) power fluctuations caused by weather changes can lead to short-term mismatches in power demand and supply. Therefore, to operate the power grid efficiently and reliably, short-term PV power forecasts are required against these fluctuations. In this paper, we propose a deep RNN-based PV power short-term forecast. To reflect the impact of weather changes, the proposed model utilizes the on-site weather IoT dataset and power data, collected in real-time. We investigated various parameters of the proposed deep RNN-based forecast model and the combination of weather parameters to find an accurate prediction model. Experimental results showed that accuracies of 5 and 15 min ahead PV power generation forecast, using 3 RNN layers with 12 time-step, were 98.0% and 96.6% based on the normalized RMSE, respectively. Their R2-scores were 0.988 and 0.949. In experiments for 1 and 3 h ahead of PV power generation forecasts, their accuracies were 94.8% and 92.9%, respectively. Also, their R2-scores were 0.963 and 0.927. These experimental results showed that the proposed deep RNN-based short-term forecast algorithm achieved higher prediction accuracy.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF DAYLIGHT APERTURES AND REFLECTIVE SURFACES ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NATURAL LIGHTING AT THE RUMAH KINDAH OFFICE IN JAKARTA

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 70-88
Author(s):  
Diva Melina Panjaitan ; Mira D. Pangestu
Keyword(s):  
Office Buildings ◽  
Office Building ◽  
Lighting System ◽  
Natural Form ◽  
Natural Lighting ◽  
Work Spaces ◽  
Office Rooms ◽  
The Impact ◽  
East West ◽  
Reflective Surfaces

Abstract - Illumination forms an important factor in a building. Lighting, and especially its natural form, is an important element to be considered in an office building. Proper natural lighting in an office can create a way to economize on energy. Besides, it may create a conducive atmosphere, affecting the work spirit and inspire the zest of the employees, so a lighting system must be designed to reach the highest possible degree of effectiveness. The effectiveness of natural lighting can be regarded from the quantitative and qualitative angle. Attaining the purpose of naturadaylight is influenced by various factors, including the daylight apertures that let daylight or sunlight seep in, along with surfaces or panels that reflect light so that it bounces back. Therefore, we must find out how these daylight apertures and reflective surfaces influence the effectiveness of lighting in office buildings. The Rumah Kindah office in Jakarta happens to be one of the office buildings that make use of natural lighting with daylight apertures that are unique, along with several kinds of reflective surfaces. This type of research can be classified as descriptive-evaluative, making use of the quantitative-qualitative approach. The Rumah Kindah office as the object of rsearch consists of three work spaces displaying the characteristics of daylight apertures that are uniform but not exactly the same, and the same applies to the reflective surfaces, so the research was conducted in these three office rooms. The relevant set of data was collected by way of observation, taking measurements and through the medium of interviews held at the object of research as well as using software to support simulation for the sake of acquiring the data required. These data can be analyzed by employing the theories that are available. The analysis results indicate that the daylight apertures oriented to the East-West but differing in terms of type, position, dimension and material produce a quantity and quality that varies from space to space. Besides, the reflective surfaces inside and outside the rooms play an important role in attaining the desired effectiveness of natural lighting in each of the work spaces at the Rumah Kindah office in Jakarta. Keywords : Light Apertures, Reflective Surfaces, Effectiveness of Natural Lighting

scholarly journals The Impact of Archetype Patterns in Office Buildings on the Annual Cooling, Heating and Lighting Loads in Hot-Humid, Hot-Dry and Cold Climates of Iran

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jalil Shaeri ◽  
Mahmood Yaghoubi ◽  
Amin Habibi ◽  
Ata Chokhachian
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Linear Form ◽  
Office Buildings ◽  
Office Building ◽  
Building Industry ◽  
Natural Light ◽  
Cold Climates ◽  
Reduce Energy Consumption ◽  
Lighting Loads ◽  
The Impact

Extensive cost in the building industry comes from cooling and heating to create thermal comfort. Hence, it is necessary to utilize passive solutions, in addition to suitable design, in order to reduce energy consumption. This research attempts to investigate the impact of archetype patterns in office buildings on annual energy consumption for cooling, heating and daylight loads. For this purpose, the DesignBuilder software was used to compare the forms. In this study, four conventional construction forms were considered, including the single and dense form, central courtyard buildings, U form and linear form, and each was considered with two, four and six-stories. Forms were simulated in the three cities of Bushehr, Shiraz and Tabriz, with hot-humid, hot-dry and cold climates, respectively. The results revealed that the office building with a linear form in Bushehr had the lowest energy consumption in the two and four-story forms, and also in the six-story form, the central courtyard form had the lowest energy consumption. Additionally, the central courtyard forms in Tabriz and Shiraz had the lowest energy consumption in all cases. Finally, the linear form possessed the most natural daylight through all of the studied cases for the three cities in terms of natural light gain.

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