TECHNICALITIES? ROBOTS AND USERS OF HIGH- VS. LOW-TECH PROSTHESES FROM A PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AS WELL AS LEGAL PERSPECTIVE.

New bionic technologies and robots are becoming increasingly common in work spaces and private spheres. It is thus crucial to understand concerns regarding their use in social and legal terms and the qualities they should possess to be accepted as ‘co-workers’. Previous research in these areas used the Stereotype Content Model (SCM) to investigate, for example attributions of warmth and competence towards people who use bionic prostheses, cyborgs, and robots. In the present study, we propose to differentiate the Warmth dimension into the dimensions Sociability and Morality to gain deeper insight in how people with or without bionic prostheses are perceived. In addition, we extend our research to the perception of robots, such as industrial, social, or android robots. Since legal aspects need to be considered if robots are expected to be ‘co-workers’, we also evaluated current perceptions of robots in terms of legal questions. We conducted two studies in which participants rated visual stimuli of individuals with or without disabilities and low- or high-tech prostheses, and robots of different levels of Anthropomorphism (Study 1), or robots of different levels of Anthropomorphism (Study 2), in terms of Competence, Sociability, and Morality, and, for Study 2, Legal Personality and Decision-Making Authority. We also controlled for participants’ personality. Results showed that attributions of Competence and Morality varied as a function of technical sophistication of the prostheses. For robots, competence attributions were negatively related to Anthropomorphism. Sociability, Morality, Legal Personality , and Decision-Making Authority varied as functions of Anthropomorphism. Overall, this study provides a contribution to technological design, which aims at ensuring high acceptance and minimal undesirable side effects, both with regard to the application of bionic instruments and robotics. Additionally, first insights in whether more anthropomorphized robots will need to be considered differently in terms of legal practice are given.

Socio-Economic Impacts of COVID-19 on Working Mothers in France

Beyond its devastating consequences for public health, the COVID-19 pandemic had a major impact on gender inequalities, labour markets and families. Compared to many European countries, the French approach to lockdown was among the more stringent, although the measures taken by the French government to support employment, to some extent, mitigated the worst effects of the crisis on families. This article analyses the implications of COVID lockdown restrictions on gender equality and well-being for couples with children in France. The study adopted a multidimensional approach to gender inequalities associated with paid work and various dimensions of living conditions, involving gender-differentiated access to personal work spaces in the home, personal leisure time outside the home, and local support networks during the first phase of lockdown (March−June 2020). Drawing on data from the COCONEL survey, carried out by the Institut national d’études démographiques on a quota sample of the French adult population in April/May 2020, the authors controlled for variables including socio-economic status, age, family structure and place of residence. The survey data were complemented by a longitudinal set of in-depth interviews enabling the research team to capture the differential effects of the pandemic within couples. The main findings indicate that, despite the frequency of dual-employment arrangements for heterosexual couple households with dependent children, French mothers were nevertheless more likely to reduce their working time and/or withdraw from the labour market. Within the households surveyed, mothers were less likely than fathers to leave the home during the day, particularly for personal leisure activities. The presence of children in households increased gender inequality in both employment and living conditions across all socio-economic categories. In conclusion, the authors consider whether the pandemic might have a long-term impact on gender norms and inequalities within families, and how the findings about changes in gender inequalities could be used to inform public policy development.

Future Work: Exploring the Future of Work Spaces in the Context of Wellington

<p>This research analyses the forces that have led to the design of contemporary offices, examining how these forces are likely to change; with the goal of exploring what the future of workspaces might be. Digital technologies such as artificial intelligence are changing the world of work at a rapid rate, threatening to greatly increase effects of automation. Social changes in the way people work are also taking place, seen in the recent explosion in coworking. This gives rise to the question of what the implications of this are on the design of workspaces. This research uses the local context of Wellington as a vehicle to explore what the future of workspaces could be for the city, as well as wider New Zealand. A process of design led research is utilised, as the topic of work in general is vast, encompassing many different areas. This research also reviews how other designers and architects are responding to current workplace design issues, utilising these different approaches in the iterative design phase. The implications of this research relate directly to the city of Wellington, giving an idea of what the future of the office could be. The broad nature of the initial investigation also allows some conclusions to be applied internationally, as work in general is greatly examined.</p>

Future Work: Exploring the Future of Work Spaces in the Context of Wellington

<p>This research analyses the forces that have led to the design of contemporary offices, examining how these forces are likely to change; with the goal of exploring what the future of workspaces might be. Digital technologies such as artificial intelligence are changing the world of work at a rapid rate, threatening to greatly increase effects of automation. Social changes in the way people work are also taking place, seen in the recent explosion in coworking. This gives rise to the question of what the implications of this are on the design of workspaces. This research uses the local context of Wellington as a vehicle to explore what the future of workspaces could be for the city, as well as wider New Zealand. A process of design led research is utilised, as the topic of work in general is vast, encompassing many different areas. This research also reviews how other designers and architects are responding to current workplace design issues, utilising these different approaches in the iterative design phase. The implications of this research relate directly to the city of Wellington, giving an idea of what the future of the office could be. The broad nature of the initial investigation also allows some conclusions to be applied internationally, as work in general is greatly examined.</p>

Atitudes Diferenciais de Atendimento do Profissional de Secretariado: uma Revisão Sistemática da Literatura

Não existe propaganda melhor para uma empresa do que ter clientes satisfeitos. Diante do contexto, percebe-se que o atendimento com qualidade é uma ferramenta de suma importância para ser colocada em discussão nas pautas administrativas, e conforme uma boa execução, impactará a atuação dos profissionais. Em razão disso, o tema em questão busca sua adequabilidade nas convivências e nos espaços de trabalho onde o profissional de secretariado exerce suas atividades. Neste contexto, o presente artigo teve como problemática as atitudes diferenciais que podem levar a um atendimento de excelência do secretário. Para tanto, o seu objetivo geral foi identificar, a partir de uma Revisão Sistemática da Literatura – RSL, as atitudes que levam a um atendimento de excelência, analisando as práticas secretariais como medidas de atuação e relação com o cliente. Assim, percebeu-se que o profissional de secretariado executivo deve estar constantemente se aprimorando e demanda várias competências, e um atendimento de qualidade é o desejo de qualquer organização bem-sucedida. ABSTRACT There is no better advertisement for a company than having satisfied customers. Given the context, it is clear that quality care is an extremely important tool to be discussed in administrative agendas, and according to a good execution, it will impact the professionals' performance. As a result, the theme in question seeks its suitability in the coexistence and work spaces where the secretarial professional performs their activities. In this context, this article had as problematic the differential attitudes that can lead to an excellent service from the secretary. Therefore, its general objective was to identify, from a Systematic Literature Review – RSL, the attitudes that lead to an excellent service, analyzing the secretarial practices as measures of action and relationship with the client. Thus, it was realized that the executive secretariat professional must be constantly improving and demand several skills, and quality service is the desire of any successful organization.

Re-Assembling Anti-Oppressive Practice (1): The Personal, the Political, the Professional

This essay offers a broken narrative concerning the early history of anti-oppressive practice as an approach in the U.K. to youth and community work and the struggles over this in the context of UK higher education between the 1960′s and the early 2000’s. Educating informal educators as youth and community workers in the UK has been a site of contestation. Aspects of a genealogy of that struggle are presented in ways which link publicly available histories with personal memories and narratives, through the use of a personal archive developed through collective memory work. These are chosen to illuminate the links between theory and practice: on the one hand, the conceptual field which has framed the education of youth and community workers, whose sources lie in the academic disciplines of education and sociology, and, on the other hand, the social movements which have formed the practice of informal educators. Six have been chosen: (1) The long 1968: challenging approaches to authority; (2) the group as a source of learning; (3) The personal and political: experiential learning from discontent; (4) Paolo Freire and Critical Praxis; (5) A critical break in social education and the reality of youth work spaces as defensive spaces; (6) New managerialism: ethics vs. paper trails. The approach taken, of linking memory work with present struggles, is argued to be a generative form for current critical and enlivening practice.

Beyond Bloom’s Taxonomy: Emergence of Entrepreneurial Education

Twenty years have elapsed since the publication of the Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy (RBT) in 2001, which has established itself as a major tool for defining the objectives of educational programs worldwide. It is, however, high time to revisit the efficacy of RBT in defining educational objectives of the digital natives. The current article initiates a discussion on an entrepreneurial mode of education, which requires learners to venture beyond the paradigms of RBT. The article is meant to catalyze educational reforms in tune with the anticipated life and work spaces of the age of information and digitalization. It follows a visionary approach and project future scenarios, accounting for the rationale behind those predictions. The article concludes that the digital natives will have to develop a new set of skills that equip them to venture into a holistic and integrated thinking style, which it names as grey/fuzzy thinking and white/fractal thinking, respectively. The conclusions drawn in the article require further validations from field experiments. With those validations, the insights of this article could pave way for a radical transformation of education sector worldwide, bringing about an entrepreneurial paradigm shift in its conception and conduct.

City and Industry: How to Cross Borders? Learning From Innovative Company Site Transformations

While working and living coexisted in the historical city, the functions are separated in the Modernist city. Recently, the idea of connected urban districts with short distances and attractive work spaces have received renewed attention from companies and planners alike, as soft site factors, tacit knowledge, and local production are gaining importance. In this article we focus on the development of multi-national company sites and the economic and spatial conditions that encourage them to transform existing sites, improve placemaking, and cross borders. We also have a look at their interactive influence on the neighbourhood. We talked to the real estate managers of BASF, BMW, Bosch, Siemens, and Trumpf about site development strategies and approaches for connecting and mixing functions, and therefore crossing borders and, where it is necessary, separating. The professional discourse on “productive cities” and “urban manufacturing” is concerned with reintegrating production into the city. Reurbanisation is especially instrumental in overcoming a major guiding principle or dogma of the Modernist city: the separation of functions. Nevertheless, reurbanisation results in price rises and increases the competition for land. Therefore, planning has to pay attention to industrial areas, as well as housing or the inner-city. An important thesis of the article is that multi-national companies are pioneers in transforming their priority sites to suit future development. For cities, it is an upcoming communal task to ensure that all existing industrial areas develop into “just, green and productive cities,” as pointed out in the New Leipzig Charter. To a certain extent, it is possible to adapt the urban planning and design strategies of multi-national companies for existing industrial areas. This is especially true regarding the question of how borders and transition zones between industrial areas of companies and the surrounding neighbourhood can be designed to be spatially and functionally sustainable or how they can be transformed to suit future urban needs. However, urban planning has to balance many concerns and therefore the article concludes with a synopsis of the importance of strategic planning for transforming existing industrial areas.

Customized e-floras: How to develop your own project on the Pl@ntNet platform

Pl@ntnet is a citizen observatory that relies on artificial intelligence (AI) technologies to help people identify plants with their smartphones (Joly 2014). Over the past few years, Pl@ntNet has become one of the largest plant biodiversity observatories in the world with several million contributors (Bonnet 2020b). Based on user demands, a set of tools and services following the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) principles (Wilkinson 2016) were implemented to allow the development of e-floras. After a short description of the platform (see Joly (2015) and Joly (2016) for details), we present three complementary services dedicated to the customization of e-floras. The general workflow of Pl@ntNet can be divided into three main components. First, the Pl@ntNet mobile Android and iOS apps, dedicated to plant identification, allow both anonymous and authenticated users to take a picture of a plant, and to send it to a server for recognition at the species level. This recognition, which is performed by a convolutional neural network (Affouard 2017), allows the user to get a list of candidate species, each associated with a confidence score. The second component of Pl@ntNet's workflow is the enrichment of the database to improve the observation quality of the data collected. Because of the huge volume of data (over four million observations shared in 2020, Pl@ntNet statistics), this enrichment cannot be done solely by expert botanists. This is why various crowdsourcing mechanisms have been put in place allowing the collaborative curation of the data. The third part of the Pl@ntNet workflow is the exploitation of the database, which is made available for the needs of stakeholders such as researchers. For example, the recent sharing of Pl@ntNet data on GBIF's (Global Biodiversity Information Facility) platform, through two complementary datasets, has increased the benefit to the scientific community (examples are available here). To support the development of customized e-floras, three complementary concepts have been developed: micro-projects, groups, and monitoring work spaces, whose services are detailed below: (a) Micro-projects allow full adaptation of all the interfaces of the Pl@ntNet apps to a species list of interest. This e-flora can be linked to a specific geographical area, which allows it to be automatically selected according to the user's location. When several specific geographical areas overlap for a given geolocation, the smallest one is automatically selected. This adaptation increases the accuracy of the identification, as the number of potential species for a given identification request is reduced to the checklist of the micro-project (e.g., Bonnet (2020a)). Up to now, 12 micro-projects adapted to European, African or Asian contexts are running on the platform. A full description of this service is provided in Bonnet (2020c). The API (Application Programming Interface) for the identification service of each e-flora is available on My-Pl@ntNet. (b) Groups allow any user to create a private or public space on the platform (https://identify.plantnet.org/groups), to permit everyone to aggregate a part or all of their observations in the group. A group is "observation-centered" as opposed to a micro-project, which is species-centered. If the group is public, any authenticated user can join and contribute to it; if it is private, only users validated by the group's moderators can become members. When a group is restricted to a specific geographical zone (such as a school, city, or natural area), only observations found in that area are displayed in the group, contrary the micro-project. As all the group's observations can be downloaded (as tabbed or comma separated values) by any of the group's members, group features can be used to conduct statistical analyses on the data in order to study plant plots, plant phenology or user profiles. These groups are used by people who want to structure the activity of a group of people interested in monitoring the biodiversity of a given area, a taxonomical group, or a type of plant habitat. Over 260 groups have already been created by e.g., professional land managers, educators, and plant enthusiasts. (c) Monitoring work spaces allows a given stakeholder to access all the observations and identification requests of a given species list in a particular area. Micro-projects and Groups only allow exploration of plant observations explicitly shared by the authenticated users. However, Pl@ntNet's database contains hundreds of millions of plant identification requests submitted by anonymous users. Monitoring work spaces was set up to allow access by land managers to this rich and important material. These work spaces provide the maps, the list of plant observations, and identification requests (with a very high confidence score on the species identification), for all the species of interest to a given partner. For example, this service has been mobilized to follow the recent development of an invasive species (i.e., Hakea sericea Schrad. &amp; J.C. Wendl.) in and around a natural reserve on the Mediterranean coast. All of these on-demand e-floras and monitoring services accelerate the use of daily-produced data, and inform land managers and scientists of the changes in the floristic composition of monitoring areas.

CONNECTING BY DIFFERENCES: CREATING SPATIAL CONTINUITY FROM DIFFERENT LEVELS OF MEDIATIONS

<p class="DidefaultA">The area is located in Città studi, on the edge of the dense complex of Politecnico di Milano and the large green space Giuriati Sports Field: two areas have no spatial continuity. The design intention is to establish a mutual relationship between campus and the urban context. By working on the concept of the threshold space as an opportunity for mediation, we were able to envision public and open spaces that interact with the city. The design of the new complex is based on a principle of balance between horizontality (public sphere) and verticality (private sphere), taking into consideration how, according to the principle of urban mixité, the relationship between public, social, working and private life will take on a new shape. The complex will therefore represent a transition between the urban setting and the rest of the campus. Its interior is based on the use of different threshold and mediation levels: these are configured as a gradual sequence starting from the more urban context of the work space, which is connected to the residence through the underground, to the exhibition and archive centre, which embodies the reciprocal relationship between city and campus, to the more private sphere of the residential complex, envisioned as a mix of domestic and work spaces that is reflected in each individual housing unit as well as the common areas. The dissertation was built upon a research on the formation of the threshold space, paying particular attention to the spatial continuity between indoors and outdoors.</p>