Articular Cartilage Wear Characterization With a Particle Sizing and Counting Analyzer

The primary function of articular cartilage is to serve as the bearing material in diarthrodial joints, transmitting loads while minimizing friction and wear. The friction coefficient of cartilage has been characterized extensively in the literature, using standard measurements of normal and tangential forces acting across a sliding interface [1]. However, quantitative measurements of cartilage wear have proven to be more challenging, with only a few studies having reported such measurements. The primary quantitative approaches proposed to date include biochemical assaying of cartilage and test solutions [2], and characterization of changing articular layer thickness [3] and surface roughness [4]. One study examining polyethylene wear debris in hip arthroplasty reported the use of an automated particle analyzer [5]. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that latest-generation particle analyzers are capable of detecting cartilage wear debris generated during in vitro loading experiments that last 24 h or less, by producing measurable content significantly above background noise levels. The longer-term objective of our studies is to test the hypothesis that elevated interstitial fluid pressurization, which is known to reduce the friction coefficient of cartilage [6], also reduces cartilage wear.

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Permeability of Human Glenohumeral Joint Cartilage

10.1115/imece1999-0462 ◽

1999 ◽

Author(s):

Anna Stankiewicz ◽

Gerard A. Ateshian ◽

Louis U. Bigliani ◽

Van C. Mow

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Articular Cartilage ◽

Interstitial Fluid ◽

Glenohumeral Joint ◽

Solid Matrix ◽

Joint Cartilage ◽

Frictional Drag ◽

Diarthrodial Joints ◽

Flow Through ◽

Fluid Pressurization

Abstract The nearly frictionless lubrication in diarthrodial joints and load support within articular cartilage depends on its mechanical properties. It has been shown that the majority of applied loads on cartilage are supported by interstitial fluid pressurization (Ateshian et al., 1994) which results from the frictional drag of flow through the porous permeable solid matrix. The duration and magnitude of this pressurization are a function of the permeability of cartilage (Lai et al., 1981).

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Tribological Rehydration and Its Role on Frictional Behavior of PVA/GO Hydrogels for Cartilage Replacement Under Migrating and Stationary Contact Conditions

Tribology Letters ◽

10.1007/s11249-020-01371-0 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 69 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yan Shi ◽

Dangsheng Xiong ◽

Jianliang Li ◽

Long Li ◽

Qibin Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Articular Cartilage ◽

Friction Coefficient ◽

Creep Resistance ◽

Frictional Coefficient ◽

Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽

Friction Behavior ◽

Frictional Behavior ◽

Fluid Pressurization ◽

Stationary Contact

AbstractGraphene oxide (GO) was incorporated into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel to improve its mechanical and tribological performances for potential articular cartilage replacement application. The compressive mechanical properties, creep resistance, and dynamic mechanical properties of PVA/GO hydrogels with varied GO content were studied. The frictional behavior of PVA/GO hydrogels under stationary and migrating contact configurations during reciprocal and unidirectional sliding movements were investigated. The effects of load, sliding speed, diameter of counterface, and counterface materials on the frictional coefficient of PVA/GO hydrogels were discussed. PVA/0.10wt%GO hydrogel show higher compressive modulus and creep resistance, but moderate friction coefficient. The friction coefficient of PVA/GO hydrogel under stationary and migratory contact configurations greatly depends on interstitial fluid pressurization and tribological rehydration. The friction behavior of PVA/GO hydrogels shows load, speed, and counterface diameter dependence similar to those observed in natural articular cartilage. A low friction coefficient (~ 0.03) was obtained from PVA/0.10wt%GO hydrogel natural cartilage counter pair. Graphical Abstract

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Articular Cartilage Wear Characterization With a Particle Sizing and Counting Analyzer

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.4023456 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 135 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Sevan R. Oungoulian ◽

Stephany Chang ◽

Orian Bortz ◽

Kristin E. Hehir ◽

Kaicen Zhu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Background Noise ◽

Tissue Sample ◽

Time Points ◽

Quantitative Measurements ◽

Compression Creep ◽

Biochemical Assays ◽

Cartilage Wear ◽

Contamination Levels ◽

Bovine Cartilage

Quantitative measurements of cartilage wear have been challenging, with no method having yet emerged as a standard. This study tested the hypothesis that latest-generation particle analyzers are capable of detecting cartilage wear debris generated during in vitro loading experiments that last 24 h or less, by producing measurable content significantly above background noise levels otherwise undetectable through standard biochemical assays. Immature bovine cartilage disks (4 mm diameter, 1.3 mm thick) were tested against glass using reciprocal sliding under unconfined compression creep for 24 h. Control groups were used to assess various sources of contamination. Results demonstrated that cartilage samples subjected to frictional loading produced particulate volume significantly higher than background noise and contamination levels at all tested time points (1, 2, 6, and 24 h, p < 0.042). The particle counter was able to detect very small levels of wear (less than 0.02% of the tissue sample by volume), whereas no significant differences were observed in biochemical assays for collagen or glycosaminoglycans among any of the groups or time points. These findings confirm that latest-generation particle analyzers are capable of detecting very low wear levels in cartilage experiments conducted over a period no greater than 24 h.

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Finite Element Modelling of In Vitro Articular Cartilage Wear in the Patellofemoral Joint

ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference, Parts A and B ◽

10.1115/sbc2012-80043 ◽

2012 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lingmin Li ◽

Shantanu Patil ◽

Nick Steklov ◽

Won Bae ◽

Darryl D. D’Lima ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Articular Cartilage ◽

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Computational Simulation ◽

Knee Kinematics ◽

Cartilage Degradation ◽

Knee Oa ◽

Cartilage Wear ◽

Anterior Cruciate ◽

A Site

The mechanism by which altered knee joint motions and loads (e.g., following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury) contribute to the development of knee osteoarthritis (OA) is not well understood. One mechanobiological hypothesis is that articular cartilage degradation is initiated when altered knee kinematics increase loading on certain regions of the articular surfaces and decrease loading on other regions [1]. If homeostatic loading conditions vary from region to region, then load changes induced by altered kinematics could initiate cartilage degradation in a site-specific manner. This hypothesis is attractive from a computational simulation perspective since it is based on mechanical factors that lend themselves well to physical modeling. If computational simulations could predict the knee OA development process, then they could potentially be used to facilitate the design of new or improved treatments for the disease.

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A novel method for the prediction of functional biological activity of polyethylene wear debris

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part H Journal of Engineering in Medicine ◽

10.1243/0954411011533599 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 215 (2) ◽

pp. 127-132 ◽

Cited By ~ 95

Author(s):

J Fisher ◽

J Bell ◽

P S M Barbour ◽

J L Tipper ◽

J B Mattews ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Activity ◽

Wear Debris ◽

Polyethylene Wear ◽

Particle Analysis ◽

Wear Volume ◽

Volumetric Concentration ◽

Particle Size Range ◽

Comparative Performance

The comparative performance of artificial hip joints has been extensively investigated in vitro through measurements of wear volumes. in vivo a major cause of long-term failure is wear-debris-induced osteolysis. These adverse biological reactions are not simply dependent on wear volume, but are also controlled by the size and volumetric concentration of the debris. A novel model is presented which predicts functional biological activity; this is determined by integrating the product of the biological activity function and the volumetric concentration function with the wear volume over the whole particle size range. This model combines conventional wear volume measurements with particle analysis and the output from in vitro cell culture studies to provide a new indicator of osteolytic potential. The application of the model is demonstrated through comparison of the functional biological activity of wear debris from polyethylene acetabular cups articulating under three different conditions in a hip joint simulator.

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Theory of Fluid Lubrication of Hydrogels and Articular Cartilage during Compression Under an Applied Load

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/opl.2012.99 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 1418 ◽

Author(s):

J. B. Sokoloff

Keyword(s):

Articular Cartilage ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Solid Material ◽

Interface Region ◽

Fluid Viscosity ◽

Asperity Height ◽

Coated Surfaces ◽

Fluid Pressurization ◽

Almost All

ABSTRACTA fluid lubrication model for articular cartilage was put forward by Mc Cutchen, in which a high percentage of the load is supported by fluid pressurization in the interface region separating the two cartilage coated surfaces as the cartilage is compressed under load. This reduces the friction by reducing the percentage of the load which is carried by solid material in the cartilage. For two bones which are in contact in a healthy joint, which are each coated by a layer of cartilage whose thickness is much smaller than its lateral dimensions, it will be argued that since the bone is impervious to fluid flow in healthy joints, almost all of the fluid that is expressed from the cartilage under load flows through the interface region, where it supports part of the load. This is in contrast to previous theoretical and in vitro experimental studies of this problem, in which most of the fluid does not flow into the interface. It is shown that for mean asperity height small compared to a length scale (which depends on the cartilage or hydrogel permeability, the fluid viscosity and the dimensions of the cartilage or hydrogel) a large percentage of the load is supported by fluid pressurization.

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The Role of Interstitial Fluid Pressurization and Surface Porosities on the Boundary Friction of Articular Cartilage

Journal of Tribology ◽

10.1115/1.2834416 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 120 (2) ◽

pp. 241-248 ◽

Cited By ~ 133

Author(s):

G. A. Ateshian ◽

Huiqun Wang ◽

W. M. Lai

Keyword(s):

Articular Cartilage ◽

Friction Coefficient ◽

Interstitial Fluid ◽

Mathematical Formulation ◽

Friction Model ◽

Experimental Results ◽

Boundary Friction ◽

Confined Compression ◽

Theoretical Formulation ◽

Fluid Pressurization

Articular cartilage is the remarkable bearing material of diarthrodial joints. Experimental measurements of its friction coefficient under various configurations have demonstrated that it is load-dependent, velocity-dependent, and time-dependent, and it can vary from values as low as 0.002 to as high as 0.3 or greater. Yet, many studies have suggested that these frictional properties are not dependent upon the viscosity of synovial fluid. In this paper, a theoretical formulation of a boundary friction model for articular cartilage is described and verified directly against experimental results in the configuration of confined compression stress-relaxation. The mathematical formulation of the friction model can potentially explain many of the experimentally observed frictional responses in relation to the pressurization of the interstitial fluid inside cartilage during joint loading, and the equilibrium friction coefficient which prevails in the absence of such pressurization. In this proposed model, it is also hypothesized that surface porosities play a role in the regulation of the frictional response of cartilage. The good agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental results of this study provide support for the proposed boundary friction formulation.

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Computational Simulation of Articular Cartilage Wear in the Patellofemoral Joint During In Vitro Testing

ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference, Parts A and B ◽

10.1115/sbc2010-19636 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

Lingmin Li ◽

Shantanu Patil ◽

Nick Steklov ◽

Won Bae ◽

Michele Temple-Wong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Articular Cartilage ◽

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Computational Simulation ◽

Knee Kinematics ◽

Cartilage Degradation ◽

Knee Oa ◽

Cartilage Wear ◽

Anterior Cruciate ◽

A Site

The mechanism by which altered knee joint motions and loads (e.g., following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury) contribute to the development of knee osteoarthritis (OA) is not well understood. One mechanobiological hypothesis is that articular cartilage degradation is initiated when altered knee kinematics increase loading on certain regions of the articular surfaces and decrease loading on other regions [1,2]. If homeostatic loading conditions vary from region to region, then load changes induced by altered kinematics could initiate cartilage degradation in a site-specific manner. This hypothesis is attractive from a computational simulation perspective since it is based on mechanical factors that lend themselves well to physical modeling. If computational simulations could reproduce the knee OA development process, then they potentially could be used to facilitate the design of new or improved treatments for the disease.

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