Thyroid Ultrasound: State of the Art. Part 2 – Focal Thyroid Lesions

Accurate differentiation of focal thyroid nodules (FTL) and thyroid abnormalities is pivotal for proper diagnostic and therapeutic work-up. In these two part articles, the role of ultrasound techniques in the characterization of FTL and evaluation of diffuse thyroid diseases is described to expand on the recently published World Federation in Ultrasound and Medicine (WFUMB) thyroid elastography guidelines and review how this guideline fits into a complete thyroid ultrasound exam.

Download Full-text

Sonographic criteria for fine-needle aspiration cytology in a korean female population undergoing thyroid ultrasound screening

Acta Radiologica ◽

10.3109/02841851003641834 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 51 (5) ◽

pp. 475-481 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Seung Ja Kim ◽

Woo Kyung Moon ◽

Nariya Cho

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Cancer ◽

Fine Needle Aspiration ◽

Predictive Value ◽

Thyroid Nodules ◽

Needle Aspiration ◽

Ultrasound Screening ◽

Thyroid Ultrasound ◽

Fine Needle ◽

Thyroid Abnormalities ◽

Thyroid Lesions

Background: Thyroid sonography is commonly used as a screening procedure resulting in finding of innumerable benign nodules. It would be necessary to apply strict sonographic criteria for incidentally detected thyroid nodules to avoid unnecessary invasive procedures or further examinations. Purpose: To prospectively evaluate the incidence of diverse thyroid lesions including thyroid cancer detected during thyroid ultrasound (US), and to establish the diagnostic value of sonographic criteria for thyroid nodules. Material and Methods: During 2 years, 2250 patients visited the breast clinic for a breast US examination. In 2079 of these women (mean age 42.6 years, age range 15–77 years) without a history of previous thyroid surgery or thyroid abnormalities, thyroid screening with US was performed as well. The overall findings of all thyroid lesions detected during thyroid US were recorded. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) was performed for all suspicious thyroid lesions and some with probably benign findings. The sonographic features of 113 aspirated nodules were analyzed and classified as either positive or negative findings. Sonographic classifications were correlated with the histological findings. The diagnostic index was calculated for individual sonographic criteria. Results: Of the 2079 patients, 1209 patients (58%) had normal findings. Abnormal findings (42%) included thyroid cancer ( n=53, 2.5%), solid nodules except for thyroid cancer ( n=300, 14.4%), mixed echoic nodules ( n=112, 5.4%), cysts ( n=294, 14%), thyroiditis features without thyroid nodules ( n=106, 5.1%), and parenchymal calcifications ( n=5, 0.2%). Of 113 aspirated nodules, 80 nodules were classified as positive and 33 nodules as negative according to the sonographic criteria in a retrospective analysis. Of 80 lesions classified as positive, 51 lesions were malignant. Of 33 lesions classified as negative, 2 lesions were malignant. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy were 96.2%, 51.7%, 63.8%, 93.9%, and 72.6%, respectively. Conclusion: Thyroid abnormalities were detected in 42% of all screened women. The use of the sonographic criteria showed excellent diagnostic performance for FNA and could be useful to provide practitioners with an objective tool to decide whether to perform a biopsy or not.

Download Full-text

The growing role of structural mass spectrometry in the discovery and development of therapeutic antibodies

The Analyst ◽

10.1039/c8an00295a ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 143 (11) ◽

pp. 2459-2468 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Yuwei Tian ◽

Brandon T. Ruotolo

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Therapeutic Antibodies ◽

Critical Importance ◽

Current State ◽

Measurement Science ◽

Structural Mass Spectrometry ◽

Structural Mass

The comprehensive structural characterization of therapeutic antibodies is of critical importance for the successful discovery and development of such biopharmaceuticals, yet poses many challenges to modern measurement science. Here, we review the current state-of-the-art mass spectrometry technologies focusing on the characterization of antibody-based therapeutics.

Download Full-text

The usefulness of post-genomics tools for characterization of the amine cross-talk in mammalian cells

Biochemical Society Transactions ◽

10.1042/bst0350381 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 381-385 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

F. Sánchez-Jiménez ◽

R. Montañez ◽

F. Correa-Fiz ◽

P. Chaves ◽

C. Rodríguez-Caso ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systems Biology ◽

Mathematical Models ◽

Mammalian Cells ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Molecular Approaches ◽

Amine Metabolism ◽

Genomics Tools ◽

Stored Information

Evidence is growing in favour of a relationship between cancer and chronic inflammation, and particularly of the role of a polyamine and histamine metabolic interplay involved in these physiopathological problems, which are indeed highly complex biological systems. Decodification of the complex inter- and intra-cellular signalling mechanisms that control these effects is not an easy task, which must be helped by systems biology technologies, including new tools for location and integration of database-stored information and predictive mathematical models, as well as functional genomics and other experimental molecular approaches necessary for hypothesis validation. We review the state of the art and present our latest efforts in this area, focused on the amine metabolism field.

Download Full-text

3213 Unraveling the role of Phospholamban (PLN) in humans via the characterization of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Cardiomyocytes (CM) derived from carriers of a lethal PLN mutation

Journal of Clinical and Translational Science ◽

10.1017/cts.2019.62 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (s1) ◽

pp. 26-26

Author(s):

Maria Giovanna Trivieri ◽

Francesca Stillitano ◽

Delaine Ceholski ◽

Irene Turnbull ◽

Kevin Costa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cell ◽

Pluripotent Stem Cell ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell ◽

Relevant Model ◽

Study Population ◽

Induced Pluripotent ◽

Ca Homeostasis

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: To study the biology of Phosholamban (PLN) in a human relevant model. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: State of the art stem-cell technologies using iPSC-CMs derived from carriers of a lethal PLN mutation. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Our preliminary data demonstrate that this particular PLN mutation (L39) results in reduced expression and mis-localization of PLN as well as increased incidence of early after depolarization in isolated iPSC-CMs. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Phospholamban (PLN) is a critical regulator of Ca++ homeostasis yet many uncertainties still remain regarding its role in humans. Our study will provide unique insights into the pathophysiology of this protein in HF.

Download Full-text

Thyroid Nodules in the Follow-Up of Irradiated Individuals: Comparison of Thyroid Ultrasound with Scanning and Palpation1

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jcem.82.12.4428 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 82 (12) ◽

pp. 4020-4027 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Arthur B. Schneider ◽

Carlos Bekerman ◽

Joel Leland ◽

Jeffrey Rosengarten ◽

Hyewon Hyun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Examination ◽

Thyroid Nodules ◽

False Negative ◽

Thyroid Ultrasound ◽

Thyroid Ultrasonography ◽

Serum Thyroglobulin ◽

Neck Irradiation ◽

A Prospective Study

In 1974 we began a prospective study of a cohort of 4296 individuals exposed to therapeutic head and neck irradiation during childhood for benign conditions. To define the role of thyroid ultrasonography in following irradiated individuals, we studied a subgroup of 54 individuals. They all had been screened between 1974–1976 and had normal thyroid scans and no palpable nodules at that time. Thyroid ultrasonography, thyroid scanning, physical examination, and serum thyroglobulin measurements were performed. One or more discrete ultrasound-detected nodules were present in 47 of 54 (87%) subjects. There were a total of 157 nodules, 40 of which were 1.0 cm or larger in largest dimension. These 40 nodules occurred in 28 (52%) of the subjects. Thirty (75%) of these 1.0-cm or larger nodules matched discrete areas of diminished uptake on corresponding thyroid scans. The 10 that did not match (false negative scans for ≥1.0-cm nodules) were the only nodules of this size in 7 subjects. Of 11 nodules 1.5 cm or larger, only 5 were palpable. Serum thyroglobulin correlated to the number (P = 0.04; r2 = 0.10), but not the volume of the thyroid nodules (P = 0.07; r2 = 0.08). We conclude that thyroid nodules are continuing to occur and are exceedingly common in this irradiated cohort of individuals. The results confirm that thyroid ultrasonography is more sensitive than physical examination and scanning. However, thyroid ultrasound is so sensitive and nodules so prevalent that great caution is needed in interpreting the results.

Download Full-text

The Role of Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) in the Diagnosis and Characterization of Thyroid Nodules when Combined with Conventional Ultrasound: A Literature Review

Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences ◽

10.1016/j.jmir.2019.06.040 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 50 (3) ◽

pp. S15

Author(s):

Noor Hesson

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

Thyroid Nodules ◽

Computer Aided Diagnosis ◽

Computer Aided ◽

Conventional Ultrasound ◽

Aided Diagnosis

Download Full-text

Role of thyroid ultrasound in the diagnostic evaluation of thyroid nodules

Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1016/j.beem.2008.09.016 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 22 (6) ◽

pp. 913-928 ◽

Cited By ~ 81

Author(s):

Teresa Rago ◽

Paolo Vitti

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Nodules ◽

Diagnostic Evaluation ◽

Thyroid Ultrasound

Download Full-text

Thyroid Ultrasound Findings and Its Associated Parameters in Saudi People

10.26420/annalsthyroidres.2021.1078 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Mogahed MM ◽

◽

El-Awady MA ◽

Samih TA ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Uric Acid ◽

Thyroid Gland ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Thyroid Nodules ◽

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽

Thyroid Ultrasound ◽

Height Measurement ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Ultrasound Findings ◽

Thyroid Lesions

Background: Thyroid abnormalities are the most common endocrine abnormalities in Saudi Arabia (KSA). Ultrasonography (USG) is the commonest method of thyroid gland imaging. Thyroid lesions prevalence depends on factors such as sex, age, iodine intake, and other metabolic parameters. Objectives: Investigating different thyroid lesions and their associated clinical parameters. Subjects and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of adult residents who visited Internal Medicine Clinic in Riyadh, KSA. 206 participants were subjected to thyroid USG, weight and height measurement, laboratory investigations including FBG, HbA1C, ALT, AST, creatinine, uric acid, lipid profile, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and FT4. Results: Thyroid nodules were found in 27.2%, 30.1% had thyroiditis, and 6.8% had pure cysts. There was a significant prevalence of thyroid ultrasound findings within different age groups, (P = 0.002). The highest BMI was found in subjects with nodular size ≤1cm. Subjects with thyroid nodules had higher level of FBG, HbA1c, ALT, AST, uric acid, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C and TSH. The most frequent thyroid status was euthyroid, followed by subclinical hypothyroidism which had higher frequency in subjects with nodular size ≤1cm (30.8%). Conclusion: Imaging, particularly USG, plays an important role in classifying thyroid gland abnormalities. We found that thyroid lesions, including nodules, pure cysts, and thyroiditis, were non-significantly positively associated with disturbed metabolic profile such as high FBS, HBA1C, ALT, AST, total cholesterol, and LDL levels. Our results for biochemical parameters do not allow inferences on whether they are independent factors associated with thyroid lesions or not.

Download Full-text

Synthesis and characterization of chlorophyll a enol derivatives: Chlorophyll a tert-butyldimethylsilyl-enol ether and 131-deoxo-131, 132-didehydro-chlorophyll a

Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines ◽

10.1142/s1088424616500486 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 20 (05) ◽

pp. 590-601

Author(s):

Paavo H. Hynninen ◽

Markku Mesilaakso

Keyword(s):

Chlorophyll A ◽

Mass Spectra ◽

Electronic Absorption Spectra ◽

Enol Ether ◽

Sterically Hindered ◽

Work Up ◽

Derivatives Of ◽

C Nmr

Using the sterically hindered base, 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene, for enolization and tert-butyldimethylsilyl-trifluoromethanesulfonate for silylation, chlorophyll (Chl) [Formula: see text] produced after 15 min at 0 [Formula: see text]C in deaerated pyridine solution under argon, after work-up and chromatographic purification on a sucrose column, tert-butyldimethylsilyl-enol ether of Chl [Formula: see text] in a yield of 77%. The 131-deoxo-131,132-didehydro-chlorophyll [Formula: see text], was obtained in a yield of 23% through a reaction sequence, where Chl [Formula: see text] was first reduced with sodium borohydride to 13[Formula: see text]-hydroxy-Chl [Formula: see text], which via demetalation yielded 13[Formula: see text]-hydroxypheophytin [Formula: see text]. In the presence of the sterically hindered base, 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene, trifluoroacetylimidazole dehydrated 13[Formula: see text]-hydroxypheophytin [Formula: see text] to 131-deoxo-131,132-didehydro-pheophytin [Formula: see text], which after metalation yielded 131-deoxo-131,132-didehydro-Chl [Formula: see text]. Using 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene and trifluoroacetylimidazole, the straight conversion of 13[Formula: see text]-hydroxy-Chl [Formula: see text] to 131-deoxo-131,132-didehydro-Chl [Formula: see text] was found unsuccessful. The major products were characterized by electronic absorption spectra (UV-vis) and practically completely assigned 1H and [Formula: see text]C NMR spectra. Some intermediates of the syntheses were also characterized by ESI-TOF mass spectra. Compared with Chl [Formula: see text], the macrocyclic ring-current in the synthesized Chl [Formula: see text] enol derivatives was found weakened by the expansion of the [Formula: see text]-system to include the isocyclic ring E. Nevertheless, these enol derivatives were still considered to be diamagnetic and aromatic. The possibility of the functional role of the enol derivatives of chlorophyll in photosynthesis is discussed.

Download Full-text