scholarly journals Linking brain activation to topological organization in the frontal lobe as a synergistic indicator to characterize the difference between various cognitive processes of executive functions

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhishan Hu ◽  
Juan Zhang ◽  
Lingyan Zhang ◽  
Yu-Tao Xiang ◽  
Zhen Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Topological Organization ◽  
The Difference

Time-Based Measures of Monitoring in Association With Executive Functions in Kindergarten Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 228 (4) ◽  
pp. 244-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja Kälin ◽  
Claudia M. Roebers
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Kindergarten Children ◽  
Metacognitive Monitoring

Abstract. Repeatedly, the notion has been put forward that metacognition (MC) and executive functions (EF) share common grounds, as both describe higher order cognitive processes and involve monitoring. However, only few studies addressed this issue empirically and so far their findings are rather inconsistent. Addressing the question whether measurement differences may in part be responsible for the mixed results, the current study included explicitly reported as well as time-based measures of metacognitive monitoring and related them to EF. A total of 202 children aged 4–6 years were assessed in terms of EF (inhibition, working memory, shifting) and monitoring. While there was no significant link between explicitly reported confidence and EF, latencies of monitoring judgments were significantly related to time- and accuracy-based measures of EF. Our findings support the association between EF and MC and the assumption that better inhibition abilities help children to engage in more thorough monitoring.

scholarly journals Checking Behaviours, Prospective Memory and Executive Functions

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorna Elise Palmer ◽  
Kevin Durkin ◽  
Sinéad M. Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
State University ◽  
Washington State University ◽  
Symptom Profile ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Memory Questionnaire

Explanations implicating memory in the causes and severity of checking symptoms have focused primarily on retrospective memory, and relatively little attention has been paid to prospective memory. Limited research has examined the relationship between prospective memory and executive functions. We assessed whether impairments in prospective memory and executive function predict checking symptoms in a sample of 106 adults. Checking symptoms were assessed using the Padua Inventory Washington State University Revision (PI-WSUR). All participants completed the prospective memory questionnaire (PMQ) and four computerised executive function tasks from the CANTAB, measuring inhibition, planning, attention set-shifting and working memory. Prospective memory and inhibition predicted checking symptom severity. Importantly, there were no correlations between internally cued prospective memory and inhibition or between prospective memory aiding strategies and inhibition. These variables appear to have an independent role in checking. The current findings highlight prospective memory and inhibition as key contributors to the checking symptom profile and provide the first evidence that these cognitive processes may independently contribute to checking symptoms. These findings have implications for a model in which memory performance is thought to be secondary to impairments in executive functions.

Auditory and Visual Executive Functions in Children and Response to Methylphenidate: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-245
Author(s):  
Yaffa Hadar ◽  
Shraga Hocherman ◽  
Oren Lamm ◽  
Emanuel Tirosh
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Crossover Design ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Visually Based ◽  
And Control

Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess auditory and visually based executive functions (EFs) and the effect of methylphenidate (MPH) in children with ADHD. Methods: Thirty-six boys between the ages of 8.3 and 9.7 years with ADHD and 36 matched controls were included. The study group was randomized into MPH and placebo for 7 days each in a crossover design. A Cued Choice Reaction Time (CCRT) test that included incongruent cuing was administered at baseline and following 1 and 2 weeks. Results: The difference between the study and control groups was more evident with visual cues and incongruent cuing. Increased gains by children with predominantly hyperactive–impulsive\combined (HI\C) type of ADHD were observed under MPH. Conclusions: The differences between children with ADHD and typical children are more pronounce under incongruent auditory cuing . The gains attributable to MPH are more specific to tasks involving auditory and visual EFs and in children with HI\C type ADHDs.

scholarly journals Dream Generation and Recall in Daytime NREM Sleep of Patients With Narcolepsy Type 1

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Cipolli ◽  
Fabio Pizza ◽  
Claudia Bellucci ◽  
Michela Mazzetti ◽  
Giovanni Tuozzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Multiple Sleep Latency

The less rigid architecture of sleep in patients with narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) compared with healthy subjects may provide new insights into some unresolved issues of dream experience (DE), under the assumption that their DE frequencies are comparable. The multiple transition from wakefulness to REM sleep (sleep onset REM period: SOREMP) during the five trials of the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) appears of particular interest. In MSLT studies, NT1 patients reported a DE after about 80% of SOREMP naps (as often as after nighttime REM sleep of themselves and healthy subjects), but only after about 30% of NREM naps compared to 60% of daytime and nighttime NREM sleep of healthy subjects. To estimate accurately the “real” DE frequency, we asked participants to report DE (“dream”) after each MSLT nap and, in case of failure, to specify if they were unable to retrieve any content (“white dream”) or DE did not occur (“no-dream”). The proportions of dreams, white dreams, and no dreams and the indicators of structural organization of DEs reported after NREM naps by 17 adult NT1 patients were compared with those reported by 25 subjects with subjective complaints of excessive daytime sleepiness (sc-EDS), who take multiple daytime NREM naps. Findings were consistent with the hypothesis of a failure in recall after awakening rather than in generation during sleep: white dreams were more frequent in NT1 patients than in sc-EDS subjects (42.86 vs 17.64%), while their frequency of dreams plus white dreams were similar (67.86 and 61.78%) and comparable with that of NREM-DEs in healthy subjects. The longer and more complex NREM-DEs of NT1 patients compared with sc-EDS subjects suggest that the difficulty in DE reporting depends on their negative attitude toward recall of contents less vivid and bizarre than those they usually retrieve after daytime SOREMP and nighttime REM sleep. As this attitude may be reversed by some recall training before MSLT, collecting wider amounts of DE reports after NREM naps would cast light on both the across-stage continuity in the functioning of cognitive processes underlying DE and the difference in content and structural organization of SOREM-DEs preceded by N1 or also N2 sleep.

scholarly journals Preserving executive functions in nondominant frontal lobe glioma surgery: an intraoperative tool

2019 ◽  
Vol 131 (2) ◽  
pp. 474-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guglielmo Puglisi ◽  
Tommaso Sciortino ◽  
Marco Rossi ◽  
Antonella Leonetti ◽  
Luca Fornia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Brain Mapping ◽  
Tumor Resection ◽  
Awake Surgery ◽  
Tumor Removal ◽  
Motor Functions ◽  
Inferior Margin ◽  
Functional Integrity ◽  
The Impact

OBJECTIVEThe goal of surgery for gliomas is maximal tumor removal while preserving the patient’s full functional integrity. At present during frontal tumor removal, this goal is mostly achieved, although the risk of impairing the executive functions (EFs), and thus the quality of life, remains significant. The authors investigated the accuracy of an intraoperative version of the Stroop task (iST), adapted for intraoperative mapping, to detect EF-related brain sites by evaluating the impact of the iST brain mapping on preserving functional integrity following a maximal tumor resection.METHODSForty-five patients with nondominant frontal gliomas underwent awake surgery; brain mapping was used to establish the functional boundaries for the resection. In 18 patients language, praxis, and motor functions, but not EFs (control group), were mapped intraoperatively at the cortical-subcortical level. In 27 patients, in addition to language, praxis, and motor functions, EFs were mapped with the iST at the cortical-subcortical level (Stroop group). In both groups the EF performance was evaluated preoperatively, at 7 days and 3 months after surgery.RESULTSThe iST was successfully administered in all patients. Consistent interferences, such as color-word inversion/latency, were obtained by stimulating precise white matter sites below the inferior and middle frontal gyri, anterior to the insula and over the putamen, and these were used to establish the posterior functional limit of the resection. Procedures implemented with iST dramatically reduced the EF deficits at 3 months. The EOR was similar in Stroop and control groups.CONCLUSIONSBrain mapping with the iST allows identification and preservation of the frontal lobe structures involved in inhibition of automatic responses, reducing the incidence of postoperative EF deficits and enhancing the further posterior and inferior margin of tumor resection.

Beyond the Homunculus: The Executive Brain: Frontal Lobe and the Civilized Mind, by Elkhonon Goldberg. 2001. New York: Oxford University Press. 251 pp., $29.95 (HB).

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 498-499
Author(s):  
William B. Barr
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Frontal Lobes ◽  
Mental Activity ◽  
Good News ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
Frontal Lobe Functions ◽  
The Brain

There is an old saying that one of mankind's biggest challenge will be to fully understand the functioning of the human brain. Some point out the ultimate irony of needing to utilize all 1400 grams of this organ to understand itself. When confronted with the riddle of frontal lobe functions, this argument can be extended further: the part of the brain that is considered to be most responsible for the highest forms of mental activity is likely to be pushed to its own limits in an effort to understand its own functions. While this might seem like an endless loop to some, the good news is that our field has been making serious advances in understanding the executive functions, those abilities we commonly attribute to the frontal lobes. Many of these successes are presented in a clear and engaging manner in this monograph.

fMRI Brain Activation in a Finnish Family With Specific Language Impairment Compared With a Normal Control Group

2004 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 162-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Hugdahl ◽  
Hilde Gundersen ◽  
Cecilie Brekke ◽  
Tormod Thomsen ◽  
Lars Morten Rimol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Language Impairment ◽  
Specific Language Impairment ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Intact Control ◽  
Specific Language

The aim of the present study was to investigate differences in brain activation in a family with SLI as compared to intact individuals with normally developed language during processing of language stimuli. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to monitor changes in neuronal activation in temporal and frontal lobe areas in 5 Finnish family members with specific language impairment (SLI) and 6 individuals in an intact control group. Magnetic resonance (MR) image acquisitions were made while the participants listened to series of isolated vowel sounds, pseudowords, and real words. The stimuli were digitized single Finnish vowel sounds, 3-phoneme pseudowords, and 3- and 4-phoneme real words. MR scanning was made with a 1.5 T Siemens Vision Plus scanner, and the auditory stimuli were presented according to an event-related fMRI design. The results showed significant differences between the family with SLI and the intact control group with regard to brain activation in areas in the temporal and frontal lobes. Temporal lobe activation differences were most pronounced in the middle temporal gyrus bordering the superior temporal sulcus. The control participants also activated an area in the inferior frontal lobe in BA 44. It is concluded that individuals with SLI showed reduced activation in brain areas that are critical for speech processing and phonological awareness. The present functional brain imaging data fit well with other recent imaging data that also showed structural abnormalities in the same and neighboring areas.

Chronic alcoholism and the frontal lobe: which executive functions are imparied?

2002 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 276-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Ratti ◽  
P. Bo ◽  
A. Giardini ◽  
D. Soragna
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Chronic Alcoholism

Truth and Certainty in Peter Auriol

Vivarium ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Bolyard
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Scientific Certainty ◽  
Epistemological Position ◽  
The Difference

This paper investigates the nature of truth and certainty according to the French Franciscan theologian Peter Auriol (1280-1322). In the first section, I attempt to harmonize a few different sections of Auriol’s Scriptum on book i of the Sentences: the accounts of truth as conformity in question 2 of the Prologue and question 10 of distinction 2, and the account of truth as quiddity in question 3 of distinction 19. In the second section, I explore the notion of certainty in question 1 of the Prologue. Here, Auriol’s taxonomy of propositions is explained, and the difference between scientific certainty and the certitude of faith is outlined. God works in the background in the context of both truth and certainty, and the fact that our cognitive processes are generally trustworthy makes Auriol’s epistemological position into a species of reliabilism.

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