Changes in human milk lipid composition and conformational state during a single breastfeed

Holistic benefits of human milk to infants, particularly brain development and cognitive behavior, have stipulated that infant formula be tailored in composition like human milk. However, the composition of human milk, especially lipids, and their effects on brain development is complex and not fully elucidated. We evaluated brain lipidome profiles in weanling rats fed human milk or infant formula using non-targeted UHPLC-MS techniques. We also compared the lipid composition of human milk and infant formula using conventional GC-FID and HPLC-ELSD techniques. The sphingomyelin class of lipids was significantly higher in brains of rats fed human milk. Lipid species mainly comprising saturated or mono-unsaturated C18 fatty acids contributed significantly higher percentages to their respective classes in human milk compared to infant formula fed samples. In contrast, PUFAs contributed significantly higher percentages in brains of formula fed samples. Differences between human milk and formula lipids included minor fatty acids such as C8:0 and C12:0, which were higher in formula, and C16:1 and C18:1 n11, which were higher in human milk. Formula also contained higher levels of low- to medium-carbon triacylglycerols, whereas human milk had higher levels of high-carbon triacylglycerols. All phospholipid classes, and ceramides, were higher in formula. We show that brain lipid composition differs in weanling rats fed human milk or infant formula, but dietary lipid compositions do not necessarily manifest in the brain lipidome.

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FATTY ACID PROFILE OF NON-CONFORMING POOLED HUMAN MILK AS AFFECTED BY THE PROCESSING AND STORAGE CONDITIONS

International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH ◽

10.29121/granthaalayah.v9.i2.2021.3276 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 46-54

Author(s):

Otávio A. S. Ribeiro ◽

Kely P. Correa ◽

Mauricio O. Leite ◽

Marcio A. Martins ◽

Jane S. R. Coimbra

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Human Milk ◽

Fatty Acid Profile ◽

Storage Period ◽

Storage Conditions ◽

Milk Lipid ◽

Fatty Acid Profiles ◽

Operational Conditions ◽

Processing And Storage ◽

And Storage

The fatty acid's contents of non-conform pooled human milk can be affected by different processing and storage operational conditions. Besides, the knowledge of changes in the human milk fatty acid profile can help indicate its use in a given storage period, according to each newborn's specific need. Thus, in the present work, changes in the fatty acid profiles of three types of human milk (raw; pasteurized at 62.5 °C for 30 min; homogenized at 40 oC for 30 s followed by pasteurization) were studied during storage for six months in a freezer at -18 oC. Large variations were observed in the concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly of docosahexaenoic acid, with a reduction of almost 50% of its total. Palmitic and stearic acid contents also changed according to the conditions of processing and storage. Correlations between the decrease of long fatty acid chains and the increase of medium and short chains were verified. Thus, we observe that operational conditions of processing and storing change human milk lipid profile, with some nutritional losses.

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Lipid composition of human milk from mediterranean lactating women: interest of polyunsaturated fatty acids vectors and plasmalogen?

The FASEB Journal ◽

10.1096/fasebj.21.5.a688 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 21 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Cyrielle Garcia ◽

Véronique Millet ◽

Séverine Pitel ◽

Myriam Mimoun ◽

Audrey Ridet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Human Milk ◽

Lipid Composition ◽

Lactating Women

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Nutrition and Lactation

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.68.3.435 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 68 (3) ◽

pp. 435-443

Author(s):

Lewis A. Barness ◽

Peter R. Dallman ◽

Homer Anderson ◽

Platon Jack Collipp ◽

Buford L. Nichols ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Human Milk ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Maternal Diet ◽

Fluid Phase ◽

Active Role ◽

Milk Lipid ◽

Comprehensive Survey ◽

Milk Lipids ◽

Breast Fed

Lactation is a continuation of intrauterine gestation. In both processes, maternal diet plays an active role in the provision of nutrients, maternal nutritional stores and endocrine adaptations serve to buffer the short-term variations in maternal nutritional intake, blood flow plays an overriding role in nutrient transfer to the fetus and newborn infant, and the nutrient demands of the recipient are the highest of any stage in human development. Human milk is remarkable in its variability. Recent data suggest that the variability often improves the nutrient composition as part of a complex adaptation to the infant's specific needs. A comprehensive survey of the literature on lactation and human milk is provided in two review articles.1,2 NUTRIENTS Lipids Milk lipids provide the major fraction of calories in human milk, yet they are the most variable constituent.3 Preceding a nursing, the fluid phase of milk stored within the gland resembles skimmed milk. During the course of a nursing, the contraction of smooth muscle launches the fat droplets. This draught reflex is essential for caloric adequacy for the breast-fed infant.2 Women living under unfavorable socioeconomic conditions have reduced total milk lipid.4-6 There is evidence that supplementing the diets of these women leads to increased milk fat. Under controlled metabolic ward conditions, a high-caloric, high-fat diet can be demonstrated to increase milk fat production.7 The distribution of the spectrum of fatty acids in human milk also is responsive to dietary changes.7-13 Women who are malnourished also produce an excess of 12:0 and 14:0 fatty acids.14

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