Lipidomics of Brain Tissues in Rats Fed Human Milk from Chinese Mothers or Commercial Infant Formula

Holistic benefits of human milk to infants, particularly brain development and cognitive behavior, have stipulated that infant formula be tailored in composition like human milk. However, the composition of human milk, especially lipids, and their effects on brain development is complex and not fully elucidated. We evaluated brain lipidome profiles in weanling rats fed human milk or infant formula using non-targeted UHPLC-MS techniques. We also compared the lipid composition of human milk and infant formula using conventional GC-FID and HPLC-ELSD techniques. The sphingomyelin class of lipids was significantly higher in brains of rats fed human milk. Lipid species mainly comprising saturated or mono-unsaturated C18 fatty acids contributed significantly higher percentages to their respective classes in human milk compared to infant formula fed samples. In contrast, PUFAs contributed significantly higher percentages in brains of formula fed samples. Differences between human milk and formula lipids included minor fatty acids such as C8:0 and C12:0, which were higher in formula, and C16:1 and C18:1 n11, which were higher in human milk. Formula also contained higher levels of low- to medium-carbon triacylglycerols, whereas human milk had higher levels of high-carbon triacylglycerols. All phospholipid classes, and ceramides, were higher in formula. We show that brain lipid composition differs in weanling rats fed human milk or infant formula, but dietary lipid compositions do not necessarily manifest in the brain lipidome.

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Milk lipid composition and structure; The relevance for infant brain development

OCL ◽

10.1051/ocl/2020001 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 ◽

pp. 5 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Lidewij Schipper ◽

Gertjan van Dijk ◽

Eline M. van der Beek

Keyword(s):

Human Milk ◽

Brain Development ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Dietary Lipid ◽

Milk Formula ◽

Milk Lipid ◽

Lipid Quality ◽

Infant Milk Formula ◽

Infant Brain ◽

Infant Brain Development

The neurocognitive development of infants can be positively associated with breastfeeding exclusivity and duration. Differences in dietary lipid quality between human milk and infant milk formula may contribute to this effect. In this review, we describe some of the known differences between human milk and infant milk formula in lipid quality, including fatty acid composition, complex lipids in the milk fat globule membrane as well as the physical properties of lipids and lipid globules. We describe some of the underlying mechanism by which these aspects of lipid quality are thought to modulate infant brain development such as differences in the supply and/or the bioavailability of lipids, lipid bound components and peripheral organ derived neurodevelopmental signals to the infant brain after ingestion and on longer term.

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Gastroduodenal Motility in Neonates: Response to Human Milk Compared With Cow's Milk Formula

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.80.3.434 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 80 (3) ◽

pp. 434-438

Author(s):

T. Tomomasa ◽

P. E. Hyman ◽

K. Itoh ◽

J. Y. Hsu ◽

T. Koizumi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Human Milk ◽

Infant Formula ◽

High Amplitude ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Milk Formula ◽

Wave Form ◽

Fasting State ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Gastroduodenal Motility

It is known that breast milk empties more quickly from the stomach than does infant formula. We studied the difference in gastroduodenal motility between neonates fed with human milk and those fed with infant formula. Twenty-four five-to 36-day-old neonates were fed with mother's breast milk or with a cow's milk-based formula. Postprandlial gastroduodenal contractions were recorded manometrically for three hours. Repetitive, high-amplitude nonmigrating contractions were the dominant wave form during the postprandial period. The number of episodes, duration, amplitude, and frequency of nonmigrating contractions were not different following the different feedings. The migrating myoelectric complex, which signals a return to the interdigestive (fasting) state, appeared in 75% of breast milk-fed infants but only 17% of formula-fed infants (P < .05) within the three-hour recording period. Because contractions were similar following the two meals, but a fasting state recurred more rapidly in breast-fed infants, we conclude that factors other than phasic, nonpropagated antroduodenal contractions were responsible for the differences in gastric emptying between breast milk and formula.

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Lipid composition of human milk from mediterranean lactating women: interest of polyunsaturated fatty acids vectors and plasmalogen?

The FASEB Journal ◽

10.1096/fasebj.21.5.a688 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 21 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Cyrielle Garcia ◽

Véronique Millet ◽

Séverine Pitel ◽

Myriam Mimoun ◽

Audrey Ridet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Human Milk ◽

Lipid Composition ◽

Lactating Women

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Nutrition and Lactation

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.68.3.435 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 68 (3) ◽

pp. 435-443

Author(s):

Lewis A. Barness ◽

Peter R. Dallman ◽

Homer Anderson ◽

Platon Jack Collipp ◽

Buford L. Nichols ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Human Milk ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Maternal Diet ◽

Fluid Phase ◽

Active Role ◽

Milk Lipid ◽

Comprehensive Survey ◽

Milk Lipids ◽

Breast Fed

Lactation is a continuation of intrauterine gestation. In both processes, maternal diet plays an active role in the provision of nutrients, maternal nutritional stores and endocrine adaptations serve to buffer the short-term variations in maternal nutritional intake, blood flow plays an overriding role in nutrient transfer to the fetus and newborn infant, and the nutrient demands of the recipient are the highest of any stage in human development. Human milk is remarkable in its variability. Recent data suggest that the variability often improves the nutrient composition as part of a complex adaptation to the infant's specific needs. A comprehensive survey of the literature on lactation and human milk is provided in two review articles.1,2 NUTRIENTS Lipids Milk lipids provide the major fraction of calories in human milk, yet they are the most variable constituent.3 Preceding a nursing, the fluid phase of milk stored within the gland resembles skimmed milk. During the course of a nursing, the contraction of smooth muscle launches the fat droplets. This draught reflex is essential for caloric adequacy for the breast-fed infant.2 Women living under unfavorable socioeconomic conditions have reduced total milk lipid.4-6 There is evidence that supplementing the diets of these women leads to increased milk fat. Under controlled metabolic ward conditions, a high-caloric, high-fat diet can be demonstrated to increase milk fat production.7 The distribution of the spectrum of fatty acids in human milk also is responsive to dietary changes.7-13 Women who are malnourished also produce an excess of 12:0 and 14:0 fatty acids.14

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Differences in Vitamin E and C Profile Between Infant Formula and Human Milk and Relative Susceptibility to Lipid Oxidation

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831/a000173 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 83 (5) ◽

pp. 311-319 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ingrid Elisia ◽

David D. Kitts

Keyword(s):

Lipid Peroxidation ◽

Vitamin E ◽

Vitamin C ◽

Human Milk ◽

Lipid Oxidation ◽

Infant Formula ◽

Milk Formula ◽

Infant Formulas ◽

Vitamin E And C ◽

Vit C

The vitamin E isoforms and vitamin (vit) C content of infant formulas were compared to human milk and related to relative susceptibilities to lipid peroxidation. We report that a highly distinct vitamin E and C profile exists between formula and human milk. Whileα-tocopherol (α-Toc) is the dominant vit E isoform in human milk, formula contains a substantial amount of α-Toc and δ-Toc that was greater than the level found in human milk (12- and 32-fold, respectively). Vitamin C was also two- fold higher in infant formula compared to human milk. Despite the higher vitamin E and C content, we also observed higher rates of lipid oxidation in the formula when compared to human milk. Storing human milk for one day at refrigeration temperatures did not produce hexanal in human milk, but this storage resulted in an increase in hexanal in formulas. We conclude that the higher concentrations of γ-Toc and δ-Toc in infant formulas did not provide similar protection from lipid oxidation as human milk. We also observed that vit C content was reduced during storage in both infant formula and human milk, which did not occur with the Toc isoforms.

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Effects of Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Small Intestinal Secretory and Absorptive Function: Studies in Rat Jejunum In Vitro

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0880219 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 88 (2) ◽

pp. 219-224 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

K. J. Lindley ◽

D. P. R. Muller ◽

P. J. Milla

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Short Circuit ◽

Ussing Chamber ◽

Dietary Lipid ◽

Weanling Rats ◽

Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Polyunsaturated Fats ◽

Small Intestinal

1. Recent initiatives which advocate an increase in dietary polyunsaturated fat intake have led to the study of the effects of this upon gastrointestinal function. 2. Weanling rats were for 21 weeks fed diets containing 10% fat that were either high or low in polyunsaturated fats. Jejunal function was studied in vitro in an Ussing chamber. 3. Basal intestinal short-circuit was similar in both groups. 4. A decreased EC50 for the non-neural electrogenic secretory responses to acetylcholine, bethanecol and isobutylmethylxanthine was apparent in the jejuna of rats fed a diet high in polyunsaturated fatty acids. 5. Submaximal electrogenic galactose absorption was increased in the rats fed a diet high in polyunsaturated fatty acids. 6. Changing the composition of dietary lipid resulted in a change in the fatty composition of the apical enterocyte membrane. 7. Diets high in polyunsaturated fatty acids may be both prosecretory and proabsorptive in the small intestine.

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Fatty acids of human milk – a review

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831/a000651 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rafał Bobiński ◽

Jagna Bobińska

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Human Milk ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Milk Formula ◽

Milk Fatty Acids ◽

Intrauterine Development ◽

Physiological Importance ◽

Fat Deposits ◽

Milk Fat Globules

Abstract. The composition of human milk is the result of the evolution of mammals over millions of years. Among the most important components of milk are fatty acids. Approximately 85% are saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids – the rest are polyunsaturated one. Their role is to provide energy and immunity and to serve as buildings blocks, as well as assisting the hormonal system and the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates and proteins. The structural differences between fatty acids determine their biodiversity and give them particular physiological importance. Correct development of the nervous system, retina and other structures depend on an adequate supply of both these fatty acids during intrauterine development and in the newborn and infant stages. The fats present in milk form milk fat globules – structures that do not appear in milk formula prepared using vegetable oils. Apart from the mother’s diet, other sources of fatty acids are endogenous biosynthesis in the mammary gland and the fat deposits from which the fatty acids are released. Evolution of the mother’s body has also created adaptive mechanisms that adjust the amount of fatty acids in milk to the state of health and needs of the child. These mechanisms go some way to creating a buffer with regard to dietary shortages experienced by pregnant/breastfeeding women, and optimalise the composition of milk fatty acids depending on the age of the pregnant woman, the birth weight of the infant and the efficiency of the placenta during pregnancy.

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Changes in human milk lipid composition and conformational state during a single breastfeed

10.1117/12.2615815 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Johanna R. de Wolf ◽

Anki Lenferink ◽

Aufried T. M. Lenferink ◽

Cees Otto ◽

Nienke Bosschaart

Keyword(s):

Human Milk ◽

Lipid Composition ◽

Conformational State ◽

Milk Lipid

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Focusing on fatty acid profile in milk from different species after in vitro digestion

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029918000274 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 85 (2) ◽

pp. 257-262 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Antonella Santillo ◽

Lucia Figliola ◽

Maria G Ciliberti ◽

Mariangela Caroprese ◽

Rosaria Marino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Human Milk ◽

Fatty Acid Profile ◽

In Vitro Digestion ◽

Milk Formula ◽

Formula Milk ◽

Caprine Milk ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

We report the fatty acid profile of raw milk and of the corresponding digested milk from different sources (human milk, formula milk and donkey, bovine, ovine and caprine milk) to gain information on the nutritional quality of different milk sources in infant nutrition.Short chain fatty acids (SC-FA) were higher in bovine and caprine milk, intermediate in ovine and donkey and lower in human and formula milk. Medium chain fatty acids (MC-FA) showed the highest values for bovine and caprine milk and the lowest for donkey and formula milk, whereas long chain fatty acids (LC-FA) were the highest in donkey and formula milk and intermediate in human milk.The percentage distribution of fatty acids liberated after in vitro digestion did not reflect the patterns found in the corresponding milk sources. In particular, MC free fatty acids (MC-FFA) showed the highest and the lowest values in donkey and in formula milk, LC-FFA showed the highest value in human milk. The total FFA was highest in human milk, lowest in formula milk and intermediate in donkey, bovine, ovine, and caprine milk.

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Arachidonic Acid in Human Milk

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12030626 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 626 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Norman Salem ◽

Peter Van Dael

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Arachidonic Acid ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Human Milk ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ◽

Milk Lipid ◽

Membrane Phospholipids ◽

Long Chain

Breastfeeding is universally recommended as the optimal choice of infant feeding and consequently human milk has been extensively investigated to unravel its unique nutrient profile. The human milk lipid composition is unique and supplies specifically long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), in particular, arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n–6) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n–3). Arachidonic acid (ARA) is the most predominant long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid in human milk, albeit at low concentrations as compared to other fatty acids. It occurs predominantly in the triglyceride form and to a lesser extent as milk fat globule membrane phospholipids. Human milk ARA levels are modulated by dietary intake as demonstrated by animal and human studies and consequently vary dependent on dietary habits among mothers and regions across the globe. ARA serves as a precursor to eicosanoids and endocannabinoids that also occur in human milk. A review of scientific and clinical studies reveals that ARA plays an important role in physiological development and its related functions during early life nutrition. Therefore, ARA is an important nutrient during infancy and childhood and, as such, appropriate attention is required regarding its nutritional status and presence in the infant diet. Data are emerging indicating considerable genetic variation in encoding for desaturases and other essential fatty acid metabolic enzymes that may influence the ARA level as well as other LC-PUFAs. Human milk from well-nourished mothers has adequate levels of both ARA and DHA to support nutritional and developmental needs of infants. In case breastfeeding is not possible and infant formula is being fed, experts recommend that both ARA and DHA are added at levels present in human milk.

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