A Note on the Utilization of Radiant Energy from the Sun in Rockets

1954 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 341-341
Author(s):  
William M. Conn
Keyword(s):  
2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 188-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Algimantas Sirvydas ◽  
Vidmantas Kučinskas ◽  
Paulius Kerpauskas ◽  
Jūratė Nadzeikienė ◽  
Albinas Kusta

Solar radiation energy is used by vegetation, which predetermines the existence of biosphere. The plant uses 1–2% of the absorbed radiant energy for photosynthesis. All the remaining share of the absorbed energy, accounting for 99–98%, converts into thermal energy in the plant leaf. At the lowest wind under natural surrounding air conditions, plant leaves change their position with respect to the Sun. An oscillating plant leaf receives a variable amount of solar radiation energy, which causes changes in the balance of plant leaf energies and a changing emission of heat in the leaf. The analysis of solar radiation energy pulsations in the plant leaf shows that when the leaf is in the edge positions of angles 10°, 20° and 30° with respect to the Sun, 1.5%; 6% and 13% less of radiation energy reach the leaf, respectively. During periodic motion, when the amplitude of leaf oscillation is no bigger than 10°, the plant surface receives up to 1.6% less of solar radiation energy within a certain period of time, and when the amplitude of oscillation reaches 30° up to 14% less of solar radiation energy reach the leaf surface. The total amount of radiant energy received during pulsations of solar radiation energy is not dependent on the frequency of oscillation in the same interval of time. Temperature pulsations occur in the leaf due to solar radiation energy pulsations when the plant leaf naturally changes its position with respect to the Sun. Santrauka Saules spinduliuotes energija būtina augalijai, kuri lemia biosferos egzistavima. Augalas 1–2 % absorbuotos spinduliuotes energijos sunaudoja fotosintezei, o 99–98 % absorbuotos energijos augalo lape virsta šilumine energija. Natūraliomis aplinkos salygomis esant mažiausiam vejui augalo lapu padetis Saules atžvilgiu keičiasi. Taigi augalo svyruojančio lapo gaunamas Saules spinduliuotes energijos kiekis yra kintamas, tai sukelia pokyčius augalo lapo energiju balanse ir kintama šilumos išsiskyrima lape. Analizuojant Saules spinduliuotes energijos pulsacijas augalo lape, nustatyta, kad, lapui esant kraštinese 10°, 20° ir 30° kampu padetyse Saules atžvilgiu, i ji atitinkamai patenka 1,5 %; 6 % ir 13 % mažiau spinduliuotes energijos. Augalo lapui periodiškai svyruojant, kai svyravimo amplitude yra iki 10°, per tam tikra laika i lapo paviršiu patenka iki 1,6 % mažiau Saules spinduliuotes energijos, o kai svyravimo amplitu‐de siekia iki 30°, – iki 14 % mažiau. Saules spinduliuotes energijos pulsaciju metu gautas bendras spinduliuotes energijos kiekis nepriklauso nuo to paties laiko intervalo svyravimo dažnio. Del Saules spinduliuotes energijos pulsaciju, natūraliai keičiantis augalo lapo padečiai Saules atžvilgiu, lape kyla temperatūros pulsacijos. Резюме Растения потребляют солнечную лучевую энергию, которая является основой существования биосферы. 1–2% абсорбированной лучевой энергии они используют на фотосинтез. В натуральных условиях при малейшем дуновении ветра листья растений меняют свое положение относительно Солнца. Колеблющийся лист получает переменное количество лучевой энергии, которое вызывает изменения в энергетическом балансе листа растения, что сказывается на переменном выделении тепла в листе. Анализируя пульсации солнечной лучевой энергии в листе растения, установлено, что при крайних положениях листа относительно Солнца на 10, 20 и 30 градусов на лист попадает соответственно на 1,5%, 6% и 13% меньше лучевой энергии. При периодическом колебании листа, когда амплитуда его колебания составляет 10 градусов, за известный промежуток времени солнечная лучевая энергия, попадающая на поверхность листа, уменьшается до 1,6%, а при амплитуде колебания до 30 градусов соответственно количество лучевой энергии на поверхности листа растения уменьшается до 14%. Установлено, что суммарное количество солнечной лучевой энергии во время пульсации не зависит от частоты колебания листа за одинаковый промежуток времени. Пульсации солнечной лучевой энергии при изменении положения листа растения относительно Солнца вызывают температурные пульсации в листе.


1994 ◽  
Vol 143 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
V. Gaizauskas

Recent measurements made from platforms in space prove beyond question that the radiant energy received from the Sun at the Earth, once called the ‘solar constant’, fluctuates over a wide range of amplitudes and time scales. The source of that variability and its impact on our terrestrial environment pose major challenges for modern science. We are confronted with a tangled web of facts which requires the combined ingenuity of solar, stellar, planetary and atmospheric scientists to unravel. This brief overview draws attention to key developments during the past century which shaped our concepts about sources of solar variability and their connection with solar activity.


2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 974-992 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Levy ◽  
L. A. Remer ◽  
J. V. Martins ◽  
Y. J. Kaufman ◽  
A. Plana-Fattori ◽  
...  

Abstract The Chesapeake Lighthouse Aircraft Measurements for Satellites (CLAMS) experiment took place from 10 July to 2 August 2001 in a combined ocean–land region that included the Chesapeake Lighthouse [Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) Ocean Validation Experiment (COVE)] and the Wallops Flight Facility (WFF), both along coastal Virginia. This experiment was designed mainly for validating instruments and algorithms aboard the Terra satellite platform, including the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Over the ocean, MODIS retrieved aerosol optical depths (AODs) at seven wavelengths and an estimate of the aerosol size distribution. Over the land, MODIS retrieved AOD at three wavelengths plus qualitative estimates of the aerosol size. Temporally coincident measurements of aerosol properties were made with a variety of sun photometers from ground sites and airborne sites just above the surface. The set of sun photometers provided unprecedented spectral coverage from visible (VIS) to the solar near-infrared (NIR) and infrared (IR) wavelengths. In this study, AOD and aerosol size retrieved from MODIS is compared with similar measurements from the sun photometers. Over the nearby ocean, the MODIS AOD in the VIS and NIR correlated well with sun-photometer measurements, nearly fitting a one-to-one line on a scatterplot. As one moves from ocean to land, there is a pronounced discontinuity of the MODIS AOD, where MODIS compares poorly to the sun-photometer measurements. Especially in the blue wavelength, MODIS AOD is too high in clean aerosol conditions and too low under larger aerosol loadings. Using the Second Simulation of the Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum (6S) radiative code to perform atmospheric correction, the authors find inconsistency in the surface albedo assumptions used by the MODIS lookup tables. It is demonstrated how the high bias at low aerosol loadings can be corrected. By using updated urban/industrial aerosol climatology for the MODIS lookup table over land, it is shown that the low bias for larger aerosol loadings can also be corrected. Understanding and improving MODIS retrievals over the East Coast may point to strategies for correction in other locations, thus improving the global quality of MODIS. Improvements in regional aerosol detection could also lead to the use of MODIS for monitoring air pollution.


The expression “effective temperature of the sun” has by this time obtained a well-defined meaning, and may be taken (as stated by Violle and other physicists) to be that uniform temperature which the sun would have to possess if it had an emissive power equal to unity, at the same time giving out the same amount of radiant energy as at present. The older estimates of this quantity were little more than guesses, and varied between 1500° C. and 3 to 5, 000, 000° C., or more.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-55
Author(s):  
Yu.M. Matsevytyi ◽  
◽  
M.O Safonov ◽  
Y.M. Bushtets ◽  
◽  
...  

Spherical solar tubular collector (SSTK) was invented in A. Pidgorny IPMash. as an alternative to the solar flat collector to convert the radiant energy of the Sun into heat. To understand the efficiency of a collector, it is important to know how much energy it can take. A methodology for calculating the amount of heat perceived by the collector has been developed. The surface area of a spherical tubular collector illuminated by the Sun using proposed methodology was determined. The amount of heat received by the solar collector for each day of the year was estimated. The total amount of heat received by SSTK in Kharkiv during the year was defined. Keywords: solar energy, spherical solar tubular collector, amount of heat


Author(s):  
Hewitt Crane ◽  
Edwin Kinderman ◽  
Ripudaman Malhotra

We briefly discuss our income resources, or renewables, as they are often referred to, in chapters 1 and 3. These resources differ from our inherited resources in that they can potentially last for as long as civilization exists and beyond. We would be better off if we could live off our income, instead of relying on our inheritance that will some day be exhausted. While historically we survived on income resources for many millennia, those sources cannot support our current lifestyle, and they contribute only a very small portion to our total annual energy budget. Given the overall desirability of switching to income sources, in this chapter we review the status of different technologies for using them and what it would take for each one to become a substantial contributor. As we shall see, none of these technologies is currently economic, and they are not free from being potentially damaging to the environment when grown to the required scale. Income resources can offer a path toward sustainability if we are able to engineer the systems correctly without creating other problems along the way. With that in mind, we begin by enumerating our principal energy income resources: . . . Radiant energy from the sun, which also drives the wind and the water cycle, and provides the energy for plants to grow Heat energy from Earth Tidal energy derived from the moon’s gravitational attraction Wave and ocean-current energy . . . The radiant energy derived from the sun is by far the largest contributor (see chapter 3, box titled “Total Solar Flux”). It comes from a series of solar reactions that result in the fusion of hydrogen into helium. The sun’s radiant energy directly or indirectly spawns biomass, photovoltaic electricity, solar-thermal, and wind energy. It also results in derivative energy sources such as wave energy (from wind), ocean-current energy, and hydropower. In chapter 3 we briefly introduced these income resources and noted that the amount of solar radiation reaching the surface of Earth is around 23,000 CMO/yr.


1958 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 217 ◽  
Author(s):  
WV Macfarlane ◽  
RJH Morris ◽  
B Howard

The relation between environment and the water intake and output of young Merino sheep living in the hot dry tropics on lat. 21° S. has been studied for 3 years. The tip wool of sheep standing in the sun heats to 189°F by absorption of radiant energy, most of which is re-radiated. Wool, especially when it is more than 3 cm long, assists in protecting sheep from radiant energy. The respiratory rates of sheep shorn during summer were more than twice those of unshorn sheep standing in the sun. On the open plains summer shearing appears to add to the thermal strain. Acclimatizing sheep respired more rapidly in the sun than tropical sheep. Evaporative cooling, by panting, increases water demand, and in summer merinos drank on the average 12 times as much water as in winter, when they took 7.3 ml/kg/day. Water intake is related closely to respiratory rate. Urine output was lower in summer than in winter.


1960 ◽  
Vol 92 (10) ◽  
pp. 728-731
Author(s):  
E. Argyle ◽  
J. Chapman

Richards (1955) detected insects in flight while studying changes in the amount of radiant energy from the sun. His report stimulated our consideration of a method specificallv intended to record insect flight activity. We wished, by means of a prtabic and relativelv simple apparatus, to detect and count insects flying throush a given space. The method developed differs somewhat in principle from that of Richards. In his apparatus the effect of an insect was to decrease slightly a large amount of energy continually falling on a photoelectric cell. Our method utilizes light reflected from an insect to a photoelectric cell which otherwise views a black background.


2021 ◽  
Vol 937 (4) ◽  
pp. 042042
Author(s):  
A Abdurakhmanov ◽  
Yu Sabirov ◽  
S Makhmudov ◽  
D Pulatova ◽  
T Jamolov ◽  
...  

Abstract Our paper presents a method for producing green hydrogen by electrolysis of water using solar energy. The required electrical energy for electrolysis of water is obtained from the radiant energy of the sun using a 10 kW photovoltaic station, assembled from individual photovoltaic panels with dimensions 1x2 m in the amount of 30 pcs. FES consists of 30 modules and each of them is checked with an infrared camera during operation in order to check the operability of each element. Comparative characteristics of the current of formation in the electrolyzer of aqueous solutions of sodium and potassium alkalis are given.


2020 ◽  
Vol 216 ◽  
pp. 01145
Author(s):  
Sirozhiddin Makhmudov ◽  
Yuldash Sobirov ◽  
Abdujabbor Abdurakhmanov

The paper presents a remote method for measuring heated bodies up to 3000 °C under a concentrated flow of radiant energy from the sun. The article discusses the issue of improving the accuracy of temperature measurement by refining the emissivity of materials during irradiation with a highly concentrated radiant flux.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document