An improved method for determining the total energy intensity of goods for multi-product productions

The total energy intensity of goods, labour and services as an indicator of energy efficiency is introduced in DSTU 3682-98 "Methods of determination of total energy cost of goods, labour and services", but some of its components listed in the standard still do not have clear algorithms for determining them. The article provides an overview of changes and extensions to the methodology presented in the articles of scientists of the Institute of General Energy of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, who develop this methodology for more than 20 years. Authors propose such extensions and advancements to the methodology: the calculation algorithm of direct and technological energy intensity of goods production was advanced by the use of proportions for each product for multi-productive technologies, new calculation algorithm is proposed to assess energy intensity of labour and technological assets, also a set of hazardous pollutions was accounted in the method of assessments of abatement technologies energy intensity. The proposed advanced methodology could be used both for existing single- and multi-products technologies retrofit planning and for the design of new technological facilities taking into account a wide range of production factors including impact on the environment. Keywords: energy intensity of products, technology, direct energy intensity, total energy intensity, distribution of common energy costs

Determination of the amount of solar energy perceived by a spherical tubular collector

Spherical solar tubular collector (SSTK) was invented in A. Pidgorny IPMash. as an alternative to the solar flat collector to convert the radiant energy of the Sun into heat. To understand the efficiency of a collector, it is important to know how much energy it can take. A methodology for calculating the amount of heat perceived by the collector has been developed. The surface area of a spherical tubular collector illuminated by the Sun using proposed methodology was determined. The amount of heat received by the solar collector for each day of the year was estimated. The total amount of heat received by SSTK in Kharkiv during the year was defined. Keywords: solar energy, spherical solar tubular collector, amount of heat

The Modelling of Power System of Ukraine Development for Assessment of Nationally Determined Contribution of Ukraine to the Paris Agreement

Ukraine is obligated to adopt Nationally Determined Contribution to the Paris Agreement (NDC2) in 2021 for a period up to 2030 as a percent of 1990, requiring correct projection of green-houses gases (GHG) emissions first of all in key categories, one of that is heat and electricity production by thermal power plants (TPP) and combined heat and electricity production (CHP) which are burning organic fuel. The Ministry of environment protection and natural resources of Ukraine (MEP) proposed GHG reduction of 65% compared to 1990 which is about 3.2% lower compared to 2018, and there is a very ambitious goal taking into account desired rapid Ukrainian economic growth. To assess the reliability of this proposal the appropriate modeling GHG emission reduction from TPP and CHP was made and presented in the article. The modelling was made taking into account methodological approaches of TIMES-Ukraine modeling system, which is the basic tool for assessment of GHG reduction potential in Ukraine for MEP, and also alternative one used in BACS-RVE modeling tool, which was used for calculations for "Generation Adequacy report" which was developed by Ukrainian transmission system operator "Ukrenergo". The analysis of the modeling results showed that neglecting in the methodology used in TIMES-Ukraine the operation modes of generation and required levels of power grid balance reliability indicators does not allow fully adequately project power system development. The modeling results using BACS-RVE modeling tool showed that the reference case scenario of generation development (according to the TIMES-Ukraine) could be feasible under the condition that GHG emission tax should not be less than 100 EUR per tonne of CO2eqv, and potentially will cause the increase of electricity price. Another important result obtained using BACS-RVE is that GHG emission level for 2030 is higher compared to the reference case scenario, hence additional modeling and discussion of results are required to ensure well-grounded GHG emission projection which will allow reviewing NDC obligation for the power sector of Ukraine. Keywords: power system, greenhouse gases, modeling, load profiles, grid balance reliability

Levelised cost of hydrogen production in Ukraine

The overview of decarbonization technologies of the gas industry, particularly Power-to-Gas technologies using renewable or excess electricity to produce hydrogen via water electrolysis is presented. Also, a comparative analysis of the main types of electrolyzers for hydrogen production – alkaline and with proton exchange membrane (PEM) is presented, and the conclusion that the PEM electrolyzers using renewable electricity is advisable for implementation in Ukraine. A comparative analysis of available most reasonable data sources regarding estimates of "green" hydrogen production cost is presented. The article also presents the mathematical formulations for levelised hydrogen production cost calculation and input data for calculation. The input data were obtained based on cited sources and own estimations taking into account Ukrainian specific conditions, i.e. PEM electrolyzer operating conditions. The results of the own calculation and ones performed by the cited authors are given. The results of the calculations showed that the key initial parameters that affect the cost of hydrogen production in Ukraine, as in other countries, are capital costs, the cost of electricity, and the electrolyzer load factor. The increase of load factor decreasing levelised cost of hydrogen production, which is important to account for the design of hydrogen production facility. In particular, the production cost of hydrogen using PEM electrolyzer could be reduced from 15.73 $ US/kg H2 to 7.34 $ USA/kg H2 if electricity supplied by NPP at night at "night tariff" will be used instead of electricity from the photovoltaic plant. The results of calculations showed that the obtained hydrogen production costs in Ukraine for both cases - the use of electricity from renewables and from the grid are comparable to European estimates of the hydrogen production costs. Keywords: decarbonization, gas industry, electrolyzer, hydrogen production, weighted-average levelised cost

Economic efficiency of district heating systems’ heat generation technologies

A new selection criterion of heat-generating technologies for the district heating systems (DHS) retrofit, Marginal Levelized Price of Energy (MLPOE), is proposed. MLPOE is the minimum weighted marginal price of thermal energy produced by the technological unit. MLPOE accounts for the costs and incomes of considered heat generation technologies and allows more accurate comparison among technologies that produce only one type of energy with multi-product technologies, e.g. cogeneration technologies and technologies that provide ancillary services to power systems in addition to only heat production. The calculations with the use of the proposed criterion of heat-generation technologies implementation into DHS during its retrofit are showed that: - the electric boilers are economically feasible since as they are capable to provide ancillary services in case of electrical supply failures. The implementation of an electric boiler with an installed capacity of about 10 MW requires 2 -3.5 times higher expenditures for its connection to the grid, which leads to a 2.5 - 5 times longer payback period, but electric boilers' MLPOE is more than 2 times less than the average in Ukraine (1265.8 UAH / Gcal); - the heat pumps usage in DHS is feasible if they are used for heat supply purposes only with the capability to provide ancillary services. The marginal price for ancillary services should be not less than 17.1 € / MWh (as of 2020); - the boilers burning natural gas due to the lowest specific investment costs and hence small payback period will be widely used during DHS retrofit under conditions of low-carbon development of Ukraine; - the biomass burning boilers and cogeneration units will not be widely used due to the limited fuel resource (biomass) and on stock areas. The capacities of 1 - 6 MW are estimated to be in operation for DHS; ­ Gas-piston cogeneration units are economically feasible for daily power system regulation. At the same time, they provide the lowest minimum weighted average break-even price of thermal energy for the heat supply company. Keywords: Marginal Levelized Price of Energy, Levelised Cost of Energy, power system, electric loads, heat pumps, boilers, cogeneration, district heating system

The review of the possibility to increase the integrated power system of Ukraine' balance reliability by implementing electric heat generators

The paper considers one of the possible options to solve the actual task for the Integrated Power System (IPS) of Ukraine regarding creating deficit-free primary, secondary and tertiary reserves, which is an important condition for successful integration of IPS of Ukraine into ENTSO-E. The increase of the level of reserves of IPS of Ukraine could be provided by the implementation of the dedicated technological system (NPP+powerful electric boilers) which should be connected at the "points" where a nuclear power plant (NPP) is connected to the grid. It is assumed that the use of the proposed technological system with electric boilers' capacity of 2000 MW in the IPS of Ukraine will allow the substitution of about 10 thermal power plant's (TPP) units, which provide secondary reserves. Implementation of proposed option also aimed at fulfillment "National Plan on Reduction of Emissions from big burning units", and also allow reduce consumption of organic fuel, namely the coal, that is prescribed by Energy Strategy of Ukraine till 2035. According to preliminary estimates, the proposed technological system complies with the main categories of "Methodology for the analysis of costs and benefits of projects for the development of electrical networks". Keywords: integrated power system, electric boiler, load profile, wholesale electricity market

The forecast of total technological energy intensity of ferrous metallurgy products of Ukraine according to the production schemes till 2040

The perspective development of ferrous metallurgy of Ukraine for the period up to 2040 is considered. This development will take place due to structural changes of production schemes and technological measures with more effective characteristics of energy resources, energy carriers, and raw materials that directly influence the energy intensity of metallurgical products. The existing energy intensity calculations techniques were advanced and the total technological energy intensity of ferrous metallurgy products was calculated. Comparison of indicators of total technological energy intensity of final products of ferrous metallurgy (rolled metal) showed that rolled products produced by the latest energy-efficient technological schemes, which are projected to be implemented by 2040, will reduce total technological energy intensity up to 20% less than similar technological schemes used since 2017. For example, the total technological energy consumption of rolled billets of oxygen-converter steel will decrease by 17.2% (in terms of physical volume in the forecasted 2040 will be 862.293 kg c.e./t compared to the base 2017 – 1042.044 kg c.e./t), scrap process steel by 8.9% (respectively 923.999 kg c.e./t and 1014.120 kg c.e./t) and electric arc steel by 20% (703.292 kg c.e./t and 878.913 kg c.e./t). Regarding coke production, the total technological energy consumption of coke is projected to decrease by 24.0%: in 2040 it will be 210.040 kg c.e./t (in the base year 2017 it is equal to 244.585 kg c.e./t), and coke oven gas by 16.0%. , 4% (respectively 33.468 kg c.e./t and 38.72 kg c.e./t). The analysis of the role of components of energy intensity of products, namely for such products as iron ore, blast furnace coke, coke oven gas, and pig iron was made. The main components are energy resources, the share of which in the energy intensity of products is from 60 to 90%, and for other products, it is a raw material, the shares of which are within the same ranges. The main component in the structure of the formation of the total technological energy consumption of rolled products is the initial energy consumption of raw materials, the value of which is in the range of 90–92%. Keywords: technological energy intensity, structural changes, technological measures, energy resources, raw materials, pig iron, steel, rolled products

Modeling of flexible nuclear power unit operational modes in the mathematical model of the Ukraine’s power system daily electric load profile dispatching

The use of large amounts of existing baseload NPPs capacities with a significant increase in renewable generation in the mathematical model of optimal dispatching of generating capacities of Ukraine’s power system leads to a significant surplus of electricity during peak power generation at solar PV’s, which necessitates additional sources of flexibility of the power system, such as battery electricity storage systems. The projects of new advanced nuclear power units provide for their use in flexible load modes with a maximum unloading of up to 50% of the rated capacity. Advanced NPP power units with small modular reactors are designed for even greater more maneuverable operation with possible unloading of up to 20% of rated capacity. The article presents approaches to modeling the use of NPP power units in variable load modes in the mathematical model of the optimal daily load schedule dispatching of Integrated Power System of Ukraine. The first approach is to model the operation of NPP power units similar to modeling the participation of cycling TPP units in covering the daily electrical load profile of the power system, in particular, changes in generation power in the range from minimum to nominal load levels, load rate. The second approach is to determination for each nuclear power unit of variants of modes of their hourly loading, the choice of one of which is made as a result of optimization. The modeling results showed that the choice of optimal flexible loading modes of new nuclear power units allows to provide the load balance of the power system almost completely with available capacities, including cycling TPP units, and the use of pump-storage generating units to transfer excess PV generation at peak hours of electricity consumption, which avoids the use of battery storage systems. Keywords: mathematical model of dispatching, operational mode, nuclear power unit, daily electric load profile, power system

Forecast estimation of the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from the use of coal in the economy of Ukraine

This paper is devoted to the study of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the predicted use of coal for the future, which is projected in the economic development of Ukraine until 2040. We analyzed the directions of present-day and promising use of coal in Ukraine according to the scenarios of its economic development with regard for the expected changes in its structure and volumes of technological energy saving for major consumers. The complexity of approach lies in taking into account the relations between economic, environmental, and energy challenges and constraints, i.e., determining the projected demand for coal takes into account the artificial restriction of access to energy resources in eastern Ukraine due to hostilities, restructuring the economy for military needs, and limited access to natural gas deposits as an alternative fuel in the Black Sea. The key issue in forecasting the demand for coal remains the maximally possible replacement of coal deficit by other, more affordable fuels (other brands of coal). It is important that Ukraine has acceded to the EU Directive on Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions and developed a National Plan to Reduce Emissions from Large Combustion Plants. Taking into account the assertions of this Directive, we determined the options of forecasted demand for electricity, heat and coal by 2040 in the country, aggregated economic activities, and for the population in the conservative scenario and calculated the forecasts of greenhouse gas emissions from using coal by consumer groups according to these options. With the introduction of technically possible volumes of technological energy saving in such sections of the economy as Agriculture, Transport, and Other economic activities, there will be an increase in greenhouse gas emissions from coal use, which are in significant relative to emissions in the industrial sector and the country as a whole. In the section Energy (Electricity supply, Water supply, etc.), the growth of coal consumption is caused by the predicted structure of electricity generating capacities, which is presented in the publication [5]. However, in the Mining and Processing Industry, a significant reduction of these emissions is expected, and, in the country as a whole by 2040, the total reduction will reach at least 3466 thousand tons of CO2-eq. at using coal. Keywords: demand, coal, structure of economy, technological potential of energy saving, greenhouse gas emissions

Trends in the development of the district heating systems of Ukraine

We considered trends in the development of district heating systems (DHS) in Europe and Ukraine. It was established that DHS are widely used and make a significant contribution to the heat supply of European countries. In the European Union as a whole, the share of DHS is 13%, and there are plans to increase it to 50% in 2050 with a wide use of cogeneration and renewable sources of energy, including environmental energy with using heat pumps. Ukraine is one of the countries with a high level of DHS, but, at present, there are negative trends to reducing their contribution to the total heat supply for heating and hot water supply – from 65.2% in 2014 to 52% in 2017. In several cities, DHS ceased to function at all. The main equipment of the DHS of Ukraine is physically worn out and technologically obsolete and needs to be renewed by means of wide reconstruction, modernization, and technological re-equipment. We determined factors and the level of their influence on the demand in thermal energy of DHS. It was established that the factors reducing demand have a much greater potential. We created forecasts of demand for thermal energy, fuel balance, and the structure of DHS generation by 2050. It is shown that the demand for thermal energy from DHS will decrease and reach about 35 million Gcal in 2050. To ensure the low-carbon development of Ukraine in the structure of thermal energy generation in DHS, the use of coal-fired CHPs and boilers, as well as boilers on petroleum products will be significantly reduced. The share of natural gas in the fuel balance of DHS of Ukraine will also decrease, but it will be the main fuel for the period of technological transformation of generating capacities under conditions of the low-carbon development of Ukraine. The use of technologies for the production of thermal energy from biomass, waste, environment, and electricity will gradually increase, and in 2050, using these sources will produce about 23.8 million Gcal, which is more than 60% of the total thermal energy of DHS. Keywords: district heating systems, thermal energy, factors of influence, demand, fuel balance, generation structure