What are Your Eyes Revealing? The Contemporary Bedside Neuro-Ophthalmological Examination

The neuro-ophthalmological evaluation is done to assess the integrity of cranial nerves II, III, IV, VI. This work does not intend to substitute the examination in a fully equipped ophthalmology suite. The aim of this manuscript is to describe bedside examination of the eye by using simple apparatus that are easily available. This work incorporates the usage of smartphone application, as smartphone is deemed an accessory in almost every resident’s pocket during review of patients as a consult in the emergency department. However, the essence of traditional physical examination remains the fundamental. Understanding of neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of the eye and the central nervous system can enhance the clinician’s performance at the bedside.

Effect of the Refrigeration System on In Vitro Quality and In Vivo Fertility of Goat Buck Sperm

Cooling goat sperm insemination doses to 4 °C causes a delay in their delivery. However, chilling these doses during the transportation period could expedite their delivery and the insemination process. In this study, an economical and simple apparatus for chilling goat semen doses in itinere was developed, and the in vitro quality and in vivo fertility of these doses were compared with those chilled by means of a programmable water bath in the laboratory at a rate of −0.18 °C/min. Of the tested prototypes, the one that provided an optimal combination of the chilling rate (average of −0.09 °C/min) and time required to reach 4 °C (3 h 45 min) was selected for further testing. Immediately after chilling and 24 h later, the doses chilled in the prototype were determined to be of higher quality than the samples chilled in the programmable water bath. Finally, the kidding rate was similar between the doses chilled in the programmable water bath (61.7% ± 7.1%) and in the prototype (56.1% ± 5.9%). In conclusion, successful chilling of goat sperm doses during transport is possible, thereby accelerating the delivery of insemination doses.

Simple Apparatus for Adding Small Amounts of Powder Materials under an Inert Atmosphere

Addition of reactants under an inert atmosphere is a fundamental but extremely important technique in synthetic chemistry. Although this is achievable in many cases by using a glove box or a Schlenk-and-syringe technique, the direct addition of powder (solid) materials without contamination by air or moisture has been difficult, especially in the later stages of a reaction. Here, we offer a simple and small apparatus to realize powder addition with easy handling. Use of this apparatus permitted one-pot glycosylation reactions that required extremely dry conditions to be performed in a highly reproducible manner.

Estimation of the Thermal Diffusivity of Beans Using a Simple Apparatus

A simple apparatus for the determination of the thermal diffusivity of black-eyed beans samples, using the transient heat conduction method is presented. This apparatus is a stainless steel cylindrical tube, containing the sample, placed into a constant temperature water bath. The variation of the temperature at the center of the tube with time is recorded. The thermal diffusivities were determined from the temperature-time relationship data of the sample, and the dimensions of the equipment. The estimated thermal diffusivity values of the samples varied between 4.70 x 10-8 to 6.94 x 10-8 and 5.26 x 10-8 to 7.68 x 10-8 when the temperature in the water bath was 50oC and 60oC, respectively. Also, the thermal diffusivity was higher when the water bath temperature was 60oC rather than 50oC for the sample range of particle sizes studied. As black-eyed beans are a staple food in many parts of West African, they are grown, harvested, and stored. The thermal diffusivity information is useful in determining the behaviour of this Argo-product when stored. Keywords: Beans, Thermal Diffusivity, Transient Heat Conduction Method.

ANALYSIS ANALYSIS OF CAFFEINE IN TABLET DOSAGE FORM WITH SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC AND IODOMETRIC BACK TITRATION METHODS

Caffeine (1, 3, 5-trimethylxanthine) is an active ingredient that is often added to analgesics drugs to teat headaches or reduce pain. This study aims to quantitatively analyze caffeine levels in tablet dosage forms by spectrophotometric methods and iodometric back titration. In the spectrophotometric method the measurement of caffeine levels was carried out using a maximum wavelength of 272 nm.The results of caffeine levels were found for bodrex drugs (50.87 ± 0.195 mg/tab), extra panadol (64.92 ± 0.579 mg/tab), saridon (51.38 ± 0.273 mg/tab) and paramex (46.78 ± 0.072 mg/tab). The purity percentage of caffeine was found in the range between 93.57-102.76%. While the iodometric back titration method was obtained for bodrex (48.04 ± 0.889 mg/tab), extra panadol (64.45 ± 0.697 mg/tab), saridon (43.38 ± 0.756 mg/tab) and paramex (42.36 ± 0.889 mg/tab) with a purity range of 84.73-99.15%. The average caffeine content of the two method extant suitability close to the true value as stated on the label. The results of the spectrophotometric method are more accurate, while the titrimetry method is still good to use because it is cheaper and only requires simple apparatus and common chemicals.