The Gait Patterns of Olympic Dressage Horses

1990 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy R. Deuel ◽  
Jong-Jin Park
Keyword(s):  
Motion Picture ◽  
Stride Length ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Stride Frequency ◽  
Special Test ◽  
Gait Patterns ◽  
Contact Patterns ◽  
World Class ◽  
Left Lead

Limb contact variables of the gaits of dressage horses were determined for competitors at the 1988 Seoul Summer Olympic Games in the team and individual dressage competitions. Two 16-mm motion picture cameras filming at 100 fps were aimed perpendicular to the plane of equestrian motion along the HXF and MXK diagonals of the standard dressage arena. Eighteen competitors in team dressage were filmed during the Grand Prix test while executing the extended walk, extended trot, and left lead extended canter. Fifteen horses selected as finalists for individual dressage medals were filmed during the Grand Prix Special test executing the extended trot, one-stride canter lead changes, two-stride canter lead changes, and the left lead extended canter. Velocities of the extended walk, extended trot, and extended canter were positively related to stride length. Velocities of the Grand Prix extended walk and Grand Prix Special extended trot were positively related to stride frequency. Limb contact patterns of the extended walk stride appeared to have relatively little importance in scoring. Certain characteristics of the extended trot and extended canter were strongly related to scores attained in Grand Prix Special dressage tests, with highest scores achieved by horses with the longest, fastest strides. For canter strides involving lead changes, no limb contact variables were detected that were significantly related to scores. This study provided the first objective documentation of the limb contact patterns of the walk, trot, and canter of world-class dressage horses.

Locomotion in the North American mink, a semi-aquatic mammal. II. The effect of an elongate body on running energetics and gait patterns

1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 283-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Stride Length ◽  
American Mink ◽  
Gait Pattern ◽  
Stride Frequency ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Transport Costs ◽  
Gait Patterns ◽  
Aquatic Mammal ◽  
Transition Speed ◽  
The North

Oxygen consumption (VO2) of minks increased non-linearly with running speed over the range of 0.70-6.40 km h-1. A break in the VO2 vs speed relationship occurred at approximately 3.94 km h-1 and corresponded to the transition from a walking to a half-bounding gait pattern. Incremental transport costs associated with bounding were 36% lower than for walking at similar speeds. The lower energetic cost of bounding was attributed in part to low stride frequencies and in part to spinal flexion. The latter was particularly important in circumventing stride length restrictions associated with the short limbs of these animals. As a result, stride frequency and stride length of these elongate mustelids at the gait transition speed were similar to values predicted for conventionally-shaped mammals.

Locomotory energetics in a marsupial, Setonix Brachyurus

1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 423 ◽  
Author(s):  
RV Baudinette
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Stride Length ◽  
Stride Frequency ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Gait Patterns ◽  
Similar Body ◽  
Active Sweat Glands

The gait patterns, rates of oxygen consumption, body temperature and sweat gland activity were examined in S. brachyurus during locomotion on a treadmill. At speeds up to 12.6 km h-1 the animal moved in a quadrupedal bound occasionally punctuated by six or seven hops. At the higher speeds within this range, stride frequency became relatively constant and increases in stride length were the primary determinants of increased speed. Rates of oxygen consumption increased linearly with speed of locomotion up to 7.6 km h-1; above this range the animals would not run for prolonged periods when wearing a gas collection mask. The gradient of this line was similar to that predicted for a eutherian of similar body mass, but the extrapolation to zero speed was much higher than found in other mammals. As the quokka increased speed, a greater proportion of the heat produced while running was stored. At 7.6 km h-1, this was 60% of the total production. Active sweat glands were demonstrated on the limbs and feet during locomotion.

scholarly journals Functional Electrical Stimulation Changes Dynamic Resources in Children With Spastic Cerebral Palsy

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (7) ◽  
pp. 987-1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Ling Ho ◽  
Kenneth G Holt ◽  
Elliot Saltzman ◽  
Robert C Wagenaar
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Functional Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Stride Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Stride Frequency ◽  
Spastic Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Muscle Complex ◽  
Spring System

Abstract Background and Purpose. Children with cerebral palsy (CP) often are faced with difficulty in walking. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of functional electrical stimulation (FES) applied to the gastrocnemius-soleus muscle complex on the ability to produce appropriately timed force and reduce stiffness (elastic property of the body) and on stride length and stride frequency during walking. Subjects and Methods. Thirteen children with spastic CP (including 4 children who were dropped from the study due to their inability to cooperate) and 6 children who were developing typically participated in the study. A crossover study design was implemented. The children with spastic CP were randomly assigned to either a group that received FES for 15 trials followed by no FES for 15 trials or a group that received no FES for 15 trials followed by FES for 15 trials. The children who were having typical development walked without FES. Kinematic data were collected for the children with CP in each walking condition and for the children who were developing typically. Impulse (force-producing ability) and stiffness were estimated from an escapement-driven pendulum and spring system model of human walking. Stride length and stride frequency also were measured. To compare between walking conditions and between the children with CP and the children who were developing typically, dimensional analysis and speed normalization procedures were used. Results. Nonparametric statistics showed that there was no significant difference between the children with CP in the no-FES condition and the children who were developing typically on speed-normalized dimensionless impulse. In contrast, the children with CP in the FES condition had a significantly higher median value than the children who were developing typically. The FES significantly increased speed-normalized dimensionless impulse from 10.02 to 16.32 when comparing walking conditions for the children with CP. No significant differences were found between walking conditions for stiffness, stride length, and stride frequency. Discussion and Conclusion. The results suggest that FES is effective in increasing impulse during walking but not in decreasing stiffness. The effect on increasing impulse does not result in more typical spatiotemporal gait parameters. [Ho CL, Holt KG, Saltzman E, Wagenaar RC. Functional electrical stimulation changes dynamic resources in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Phys Ther. 2006;86:987–1000.]

scholarly journals Gait Parameter Adjustments for Walking on a Treadmill at Preferred, Slower, and Faster Speeds in Older Adults with Down Syndrome

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth A. Smith ◽  
Masayoshi Kubo ◽  
Beverly D. Ulrich
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Stride Frequency ◽  
Gait Patterns ◽  
Gait Stability ◽  
Foot Placement ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
All Speeds ◽  
Walking Speeds

The combined effects of ligamentous laxity, hypotonia, and decrements associated with aging lead to stability-enhancing foot placement adaptations during routine overground walking at a younger age in adults with Down syndrome (DS) compared to their peers with typical development (TD). Our purpose here was to examine real-time adaptations in older adults with DS by testing their responses to walking on a treadmill at their preferred speed and at speeds slower and faster than preferred. We found that older adults with DS were able to adapt their gait to slower and faster than preferred treadmill speeds; however, they maintained their stability-enhancing foot placements at all speeds compared to their peers with TD. All adults adapted their gait patterns similarly in response to faster and slower than preferred treadmill-walking speeds. They increased stride frequency and stride length, maintained step width, and decreased percent stance as treadmill speed increased. Older adults with DS, however, adjusted their stride frequencies significantly less than their peers with TD. Our results show that older adults with DS have the capacity to adapt their gait parameters in response to different walking speeds while also supporting the need for intervention to increase gait stability.

scholarly journals Supervised Exercise Training Improves 6 min Walking Distance and Modifies Gait Pattern during Pain-Free Walking Condition in Patients with Symptomatic Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 7989
Author(s):  
Stefano Lanzi ◽  
Joël Boichat ◽  
Luca Calanca ◽  
Lucia Mazzolai ◽  
Davide Malatesta
Keyword(s):  
Stride Length ◽  
Gait Pattern ◽  
Walking Distance ◽  
Stride Frequency ◽  
Walk Test ◽  
Relative Duration ◽  
Foot Kinematics ◽  
Supervised Exercise ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Kinematics Parameters

This study aimed to investigate the effects of supervised exercise training (SET) on spatiotemporal gait and foot kinematics parameters in patients with symptomatic lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD) during a 6 min walk test. Symptomatic patients with chronic PAD (Fontaine stage II) following a 3 month SET program were included. Prior to and following SET, a 6 min walk test was performed to assess the 6 min walking distance (6MWD) of each patient. During this test, spatiotemporal gait and foot kinematics parameters were assessed during pain-free and painful walking conditions. Twenty-nine patients with PAD (65.4 ± 9.9 years.) were included. The 6MWD was significantly increased following SET (+10%; p ≤ 0.001). The walking speed (+8%) and stride frequency (+5%) were significantly increased after SET (p ≤ 0.026). The stride length was only significantly increased during the pain-free walking condition (+4%, p = 0.001), whereas no significant differences were observed during the condition of painful walking. Similarly, following SET, the relative duration of the loading response increased (+12%), the relative duration of the foot-flat phase decreased (−3%), and the toe-off pitch angle significantly increased (+3%) during the pain-free walking condition alone (p ≤ 0.05). A significant positive correlation was found between changes in the stride length (r = 0.497, p = 0.007) and stride frequency (r = 0.786, p ≤ 0.001) during pain-free walking condition and changes in the 6MWD. A significant negative correlation was found between changes in the foot-flat phase during pain-free walking condition and changes in the 6MWD (r = −0.567, p = 0.002). SET was found to modify the gait pattern of patients with symptomatic PAD, and many of these changes were found to occur during pain-free walking. The improvement in individuals’ functional 6 min walk test was related to changes in their gait pattern.

'Pre-Olympic' games, now in progress, demand world-class medical teamwork

JAMA ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 258 (6) ◽  
pp. 741-742
Author(s):  
V. M. Cowart
Keyword(s):  
Olympic Games ◽  
World Class

The use of low doses of acepromazine as an aid for lameness diagnosis in horses: An accelerometric evaluation

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (05) ◽  
pp. 312-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gómez Cisneros ◽  
Varela del Arco ◽  
Santiag Llorente ◽  
Santos González ◽  
F. J. López-Sanromán
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Significance ◽  
Stride Length ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Gait Pattern ◽  
Stride Frequency ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Baseline Values ◽  
Different Doses

Summary Objectives: The aim of the present study was to quantify by accelerometry the trotting pattern of adult horses sedated with two different doses of acepromazine, in order to assess the use of this drug in equine lameness evaluations. Methods: Seven mature horses were used and three treatments were administered to each horse: saline solution, acepromazine (0.01 mg/kg), and acepromazine (0.02 mg/ kg). The portable gait analyzer used consisted of three orthogonal accelerometers that measure accelerations along the dorso -ventral, longitudinal, and lateral axes. Baseline values were obtained and after treatment, accelerometric recordings were repeated every five minutes during the first 20 minutes after the injection and then every 10 minutes thereafter for two hours. Ground-tolip distance was also measured. Results: Administration of acepromazine decreased some of the variables investigated and differences between doses were observed. Speed, stride frequency, and stride length were significantly reduced following treatments. For coordination parameters, no significant differences among values were observed. Energetic variables suffered only weak reductions whereas ground-to-lip distance values were significantly decreased up to 120 minutes after treatment. Clinical significance: Acepromazine produces significant alterations in the gait pattern with differences between doses, but it does not affect coordination variables in normal unexcited horses, and at a dose of 0.01 mg/kg may be the tranquilizer of choice for evaluating lameness in this setting.

scholarly journals Capacitive resistive electric transfer modifies gait pattern in horses exercised on a treadmill

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mireya Becero ◽  
Aritz Saitua ◽  
David Argüelles ◽  
Antonia Lucía Sánchez de Medina ◽  
Cristina Castejón-Riber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stride Length ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Gait Pattern ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Stride Frequency ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Sham Procedure ◽  
Hemoglobin Saturation ◽  
Pectoral Region ◽  
Deep Temperature

Abstract Background Capacitive resistive electric transfer (CRET), a radiofrequency at 448 kHz, resulted in increased superficial and deep temperature and hemoglobin saturation, faster elimination of metabolic and inflammatory products and enhanced sport performance in humans. This research aims to investigate whether the application of CRET affects the locomotor pattern in horses and to assess whether an accumulative effect appears when two CRET sessions are applied two consecutive days. Methods Nine horses were subjected to two CRET sessions applied in both right and left sides of neck, shoulder, back and croup. The horses were exercised on a treadmill, at walk and at trot, before CRET application and at 2, 6 and 12 h after. A second CRET session was applied next day, and the animals were evaluated again at the same times (i.e. at 26, 30 and 36 h after the first session). Between 5 and 7 days later, the same horses were subjected to a sham procedure and they were evaluated in the same times as in the CRET experiment. During treadmill exercise, locomotor parameters were measured with a triaxial accelerometer fixed in the pectoral region and in the sacrum midline. Results The sham procedure did not affect any of the accelerometric variables studied. CRET applications resulted in greater total powers, which resulted in absolute increased dorsoventral, mediolateral and longitudinal powers. However, a reduction in dorsoventral power expressed as a percentage of total power was found. Stride regularity increased. The greater total power resulted in longer stride length and because the velocity was kept fixed on the treadmill, stride frequency decreased. An accumulative effect of CRET application was only found in stride length and frequency. Conclusions It appears that CRET is a useful technique to enhance power and to elongate the stride at defined walk and trot velocities. The effect of these changes on performance should be studied for horses competing in different sport disciplines.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic and Ontogenetic determinants of sprint performance in some diurnal Kalahari Lizards

Koedoe ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B Huey
Keyword(s):  
Stride Length ◽  
Sprint Performance ◽  
Stride Frequency ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Body Proportions ◽  
Body Sizes

Sprint capacities (maximum speed, acceleration, stride length, stride frequency) of diurnal lizards from the Kalahari were measured on sandy substrates in the laboratory. Despite major interfamilial differences in body sizes and in body proportions, measures of sprint capacity were remarkably similar among families: some heavy bodied skinks ran as fast as did some sleek lacertids. Sprint capacities change during ontogeny in lizards. Maximum speed, stride length, and possibly acceleration all increase with size and presumably with age.

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