Caffeinated Sports Drink: Ergogenic Effects and Possible Mechanisms

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk J. Cureton ◽  
Gordon L. Warren ◽  
Mindy L. Millard-Stafford ◽  
Jonathan E. Wingo ◽  
Jennifer Trilk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Strength Loss ◽  
The Other ◽  
Knee Extensors ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Sports Drink ◽  
Warm Environment ◽  
Interpolated Twitch Technique ◽  
Ergogenic Effects ◽  
Before And After

This double-blind experiment examined the effects of a caffeinated sports drink during prolonged cycling in a warm environment. Sixteen highly trained cyclists completed 3 trials: placebo, carbohydrate-electrolyte sports drink (CES), and caffeinated sports drink (CES+CAF). Subjects cycled for 135 min, alternating between 60% and 75% VO2max every 15 min for the first 120 min, followed by a 15-min performance ride. Maximal voluntary (MVC) and electrically evoked contractile properties of the knee extensors were measured before and after cycling. Work completed during the performance ride was 15–23% greater for CES+CAF than for the other beverages. Ratings of perceived exertion were lower with CES+CAF than with placebo and CES. After cycling, the MVC strength loss was two-thirds less for CES+CAF than for the other beverages (5% vs. 15%). Data from the interpolated-twitch technique indicated that attenuated strength loss with CES+CAF was explained by reduced intrinsic muscle fatigue.

Caffeine’s Beneficial Effect on Maximal Voluntary Strength and Activation in Uninjured but Not Injured Muscle

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 639-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole D. Park ◽  
Robert D. Maresca ◽  
Kimberly I. McKibans ◽  
D. Reid Morgan ◽  
Timothy S. Allen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Eccentric Contraction ◽  
Knee Extensors ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction ◽  
Caffeine Ingestion ◽  
Excitation Contraction Coupling ◽  
Contraction Coupling ◽  
Before And After

The study’s objective was to determine whether orally ingested caffeine could help overcome excitation-contraction-coupling failure, which has been suggested to explain part of the strength loss associated with eccentric-contraction-induced muscle injury. A sample of 13 college students (4 men and 9 women) was used in a double-blind, repeated-measures experimental design. Each participant performed 2 experimental trials, 1 with each leg, with each trial lasting 4 consecutive days. On a given day, each participant was randomly assigned to ingest a capsule containing 6 mg/kg of either caffeine or flour (placebo). On the day of and the first 2 days after a bout of 50 injurious eccentric contractions done by the knee extensors, the interpolated-twitch technique was used to assess electrically evoked strength, maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) strength, and percent muscle activation during MVIC both before and after capsule ingestion. These variables were also measured before and after capsule ingestion the day before the eccentric-contraction bout—when the muscle was uninjured. In injured muscle, caffeine had no effect on any variable. In uninjured muscle, caffeine also had no effect on electrically evoked strength but increased MVIC strength by 10.4% compared with placebo (p = .00002), and this was attributed to an increase in muscle activation (6.2%; p = .01). In conclusion, the data provide no evidence that caffeine ingestion can help overcome excitation-contraction-coupling failure, if it exists, in injured human muscle. The data do indicate that caffeine ingestion can increase MVIC strength and activation in uninjured muscle but not in injured muscle.

Caffeine, but not bicarbonate, improves 6 min maximal performance in elite rowers

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 1058-1063 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Christensen ◽  
Mads H. Petersen ◽  
Signe N. Friis ◽  
Jens Bangsbo
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Light Weight ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Caffeine Ingestion ◽  
Maximal Performance ◽  
Ergogenic Effects ◽  
Elite Rowers

This study examined the ergogenic effects in a 6 min maximal performance test (PT) on 12 elite rowers: 6 open-weight (mean ± SD; 25 ± 1 years, and 92 ± 3 kg) and 6 light-weight (25 ± 3 years, and 73 ± 6 kg), following supplementation with caffeine (CAF), sodium bicarbonate (SB), and the combination of both, in a double-blind randomized placebo (PLA) controlled design. PT was executed on 4 occasions, on separate days within a week, and in a non-fasted state, with standardized training being performed the day before PT. Protocols were as follows: (i) CAF, 3 mg/kg, 45 min prior to PT + calcium as SB-PLA; (ii) SB, 0.3 g/kg, 75 min prior to PT + dextrose as CAF-PLA; (iii) CAF + SB; and (iv) PLA; CAF-PLA + SB-PLA. The total distance in the CAF (1878 ± 97 m) and CAF + SB (1877 ± 97 m) was longer than in the PLA (1865 ± 104 m; P < 0.05) and SB (1860 ± 96 m; P < 0.01). The mean power in CAF (400 ± 58 W) and CAF + SB (400 ± 58 W) was higher than the PLA (393 ± 61 W; P < 0.05) and SB (389 ± 57 W; P < 0.01). In CAF and CAF + SB, power was higher (P < 0.05) relative to PLA in the last half (4–6 min) of PT. Trials with CAF were more effective in light-weight rowers (1.0% ± 0.8% improvement in distance; P < 0.05) than in open-weight rowers (0.3% ± 0.8%; P > 0.05). No difference between interventions was observed for readiness and stomach comfort before PT and perceived exertion during PT. This study demonstrates that caffeine ingestion does improve performance in elite rowing. In contrast sodium bicarbonate does not appear to be ergogenic, but it does not abolish the ergogenic effect of caffeine.

Impact of sodium citrate ingestion during recovery after dehydrating exercise on rehydration and subsequent 40-km cycling time-trial performance in the heat

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 571-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silva Suvi ◽  
Martin Mooses ◽  
Saima Timpmann ◽  
Luule Medijainen ◽  
Daria Narõškina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Warm Environment ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of sodium citrate (CIT) ingestion (600 mg·kg−1) during recovery from dehydrating cycling exercise (DE) on subsequent 40-km cycling performance in a warm environment (32 °C). Twenty male nonheat-acclimated endurance athletes exercised in the heat until 4% body mass (BM) loss occurred. After 16 h recovery with consumption of water ad libitum and prescribed diet (evening meal 20 kcal·kg−1, breakfast 12 kcal·kg−1) supplemented in a double-blind, randomized, crossover manner with CIT or placebo (PLC), they performed 40-km time-trial (TT) on a cycle ergometer in a warm environment. During recovery greater increases in BM and plasma volume (PV) concomitant with greater water intake and retention occurred in the CIT trial compared with the PLC trial (p < 0.0001). During TT there was greater water intake and smaller BM loss in the CIT trial than in the PLC trial (p < 0.05) with no between-trial differences (p > 0.05) in sweat loss, PV decrement, ratings of perceived exertion, or TT time (CIT 68.10 ± 3.28 min, PLC 68.11 ± 2.87 min). At the end of TT blood lactate concentration was higher (7.58 ± 2.44 mmol·L−1 vs 5.58 ± 1.32 mmol·L−1; p = 0.0002) and rectal temperature lower (39.54 ± 0.50 °C vs 39.65 ± 0.52 °C; p = 0.033) in the CIT trial than in the PLC trial. Compared with pre-DE time point, PV had decreased to a lower level in the PLC trial than in the CIT trial (p = 0.0001). In conclusion, CIT enhances rehydration after exercise-induced dehydration but has no impact on subsequent 40-km cycling TT performance in a warm uncompensable environment.

scholarly journals Metabolic effects of a caffeinated sports drink consumed during a soccer match

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 688-695
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Muniz Guttierres ◽  
Rita de Cássia Alfenas ◽  
Karolina Gatti ◽  
Jorge Roberto Perrout Lima ◽  
Ângela Antunes Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Maximum Heart Rate ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Youth Soccer ◽  
Sports Drink ◽  
Plasmatic Concentration

The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of the intake of a caffeinated sport drink (CAFD) compared to a commercial carbohydrate drink (CHOD) on biochemical parameters and rate of perception exertion in youth soccer players. The experiment was setup in a double-blind crossover design where athletes consumed 5mL.Kg-1 body weight (BW) before the game and 3mL.Kg-1 BW every 15 minutes during the game. Intake of the CAFD resulted in increased blood glucose (BG) and blood lactate (BL) levels and average of maximum heart rate compared to consumption of the CHOD (p = 0.01). No difference was observed in the other variables. CAFD promoted greater plasmatic concentration of BG and BL compared with the CHOD. The CAFD did not increase the mobilization of free fatty acids, did not alter the plasma potassium concentration and was not able to reduce subjective perceived exertion.

Effect of beetroot juice supplementation on 10-km performance in recreational runners

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Talitha Fernandes de Castro ◽  
Francisco de Assis Manoel ◽  
Diogo Hilgemberg Figueiredo ◽  
Diego Hilgemberg Figueiredo ◽  
Fabiana Andrade Machado
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Beetroot Juice ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Recreational Runners

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic beetroot juice (BRJ) supplementation on 10-km running performance in recreational runners. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover-designed study, 14 male recreational runners (age, 27.8 ± 3.4 years) performed three 10-km running tests, at baseline and under the conditions of BRJ supplementation and placebo (PLA). Supplementation was administered for 3 days, and on the days of the assessments, the ingestion occurred 2 h before the test and consisted of a dose of 420 mL of BRJ in natura (8.4 mmol inorganic nitrate (NO3−)·day−1) or PLA with depleted NO3− (0.01 mmol NO3−·day−1). The mean velocity (MV) was calculated, and the following variables were determined: maximal heart rate, maximal rating of perceived exertion, blood glucose concentration (analyzed before and after the test), and lactate peak. There was no main effect between conditions regarding 10-km running time performance (BRJ: 50.1 ± 5.3 min; PLA: 51.0 ± 5.1 min; P = 0.391) and total MV (BRJ: 12.1 ± 1.3 km·h−1; PLA: 11.9 ± 1.2 km·h−1; P = 0.321) or in the other analyzed variables. The time to complete the first half of the test (5 km) was statistically lower in the BRJ group than in the PLA group (P = 0.027). In conclusion, chronic supplementation with BRJ increased MV in the first half of the test and improved the final test times of 10 of the 14 runners, although we did not find a statistically significant difference in the performance of the 10-km run.

scholarly journals Caffeine and sodium bicarbonate supplementation alone or together improve karate performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sajjad Rezaei ◽  
Kazem Akbari ◽  
Daniel E. Gahreman ◽  
Amir Sarshin ◽  
Montassar Tabben ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Rate Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Ergogenic Effects

Abstract Background The ergogenic properties of acute caffeine (CAF) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) ingestion on athletic performance have been previously investigated. However, each sport has unique physiological and technical characteristics which warrants optimizing supplementations strategies for maximizing performance. This study examined the effects of CAF and NaHCO3 ingestion on physiological responses and rate of perceived exertion during a Karate-specific aerobic test (KSAT) in competitive karatekas. Methods In a double-blind, crossover, randomized placebo-controlled trial, eight Karatekas underwent five experimental conditions including control (CON), placebo (PLA), CAF, NaHCO3, and CAF + NaHCO3 before completing KSAT. Capsules containing 6 mg/kg BW CAF were consumed 50 min prior to a KSAT whilst 0.3 g/kg BW NaHCO3 was consumed for 3 days leading to and 120, 90, and 60 min prior to a KSAT. Time to exhaustion (TTE), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and blood lactate (BL) were measured before, immediately after and 3 min following KSAT. Results TTE was significantly greater following CAF, NaHCO3, and CAF + NaHCO3 consumption compared to PLA and CON. However, the differences between CAF, NaHCO3, and CAF + NaHCO3 were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). BL increased significantly from baseline to immediately after and 3 min following KSAT in all conditions (p < 0.01), while RPE at the end of KSAT was not significantly different between conditions (p = 0.11). Conclusions Karate practitioners may benefit from the ergogenic effects of CAF and NaHCO3 when consumed separately or together.

scholarly journals The effect of vitamin B12 on physical performance capacity

1978 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tin-May-Than ◽  
Ma-Win-May ◽  
Khin-Sann-Aung ◽  
M. Mya-Tu
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Performance Capacity ◽  
Physical Performance Capacity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Male Subjects

1. Physical performance capacity was assessed before and after injection of cyanocobalamin and a placebo for thirty-one Burmese male subjects whose age ranged from 18.7 to 20.8 years.2. The subjects chosen were free from anaemia and were paired on a ‘weight-age’ basis and divided into two groups.3. One group received an injection of 1 mg cyanocobalamin and the other was given a placebo injection three times weekly for 6 weeks. This was done on a ‘double-blind’ basis.4. There was no significant difference between the two groups in any of the criteria measured, before and after administration of either 1 mg cyanocobalamin or placebo injection. So also there was no significant increase in any of the measurements in the subjects after receiving cyanocobalamin injections compared with those receiving the placebo.

scholarly journals Effects of Beetroot Juice Supplementation on Cognitive Function, Aerobic and Anaerobic Performances of Trained Male Taekwondo Athletes: A Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 10202
Author(s):  
Hossein Miraftabi ◽  
Zahra Avazpoor ◽  
Erfan Berjisian ◽  
Amir Sarshin ◽  
Sajjad Rezaei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Beetroot Juice ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Specific Performance ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Experimental Trials

Studies have shown that nitrate (NO3−)-rich beetroot juice (BJ) supplementation improves endurance and high-intensity intermittent exercise. The dose–response effects on taekwondo following BJ supplementation are yet to be determined. This study aimed to investigate two acute doses of 400 mg of NO3− (BJ-400) and 800 mg of NO3− (BJ-800) on taekwondo-specific performance and cognitive function tests compared with a placebo (PL) and control (CON) conditions. Eight trained male taekwondo athletes (age: 20 ± 4 years, height: 180 ± 2 cm, body mass: 64.8 ± 4.0 kg) completed four experimental trials using a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled design: BJ-400, BJ-800, PL, and CON. Participants consumed two doses of BJ-400 and BJ-800 or nitrate-depleted PL at 2.5 h prior to performing the Multiple Frequency Speed of Kick Test (FSKT). Countermovement jump (CMJ) was performed before the (FSKT) and PSTT, whereas cognitive function was assessed (via the Stroop test) before and after supplementation and 10 min following PSTT. Blood lactate was collected before the CMJ tests immediately and 3 min after the FSKT and PSST; rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded during and after both specific taekwondo tests. No significant differences (p > 0.05), with moderate and large effect sizes, between conditions were observed for PSTT and FSKT performances. In addition, blood lactate, RPE, heart rate, and CMJ height were not significantly different among conditions (p > 0.05). However, after the PSTT test, cognitive function was higher in BJ-400 compared to other treatments (p < 0.05). It was concluded that acute intake of 400 and 800 mg of NO3−rich BJ reported a moderate to large effect size in anaerobic and aerobic; however, no statistical differences were found in taekwondo-specific performance.

scholarly journals Perceived Exertion and Performance Modulation: Effects of Caffeine Ingestion and Subject Expectation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Azevedo ◽  
Matheus Guidugli de Oliveira ◽  
Kelvin Tanaka ◽  
Paulo Eduardo Pereira ◽  
Gilmar Esteves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Caffeine Ingestion ◽  
Actual Performance ◽  
Posterior Median ◽  
Ergogenic Effects ◽  
Positive Treatment

It is well established that caffeine has ergogenic effects on endurance exercise performance. This evidence often comes from well-designed studies in which subjects receive either caffeine or placebo in double-blind, randomized and counterbalanced order. Here, we propose a new methodology which aims to estimate the effects of participant expectancy of ergogenic or anti-ergogenic effects on performance. Sixteen (16) participants performed three (3) 30-minute running tests after being told they would be provided with either a harmful treatment (lactic acid), a beneficial treatment (caffeine) or a placebo. In each blinded case, subjects were given caffeine. The velocity and RPE during the time trial were examined in light of the participant’s expectancy before and after the endurance event using Bayesian multilevel models. For pre-exercise expectancy, there is a 92% probability that caffeine expectation decreases RPE (posterior median±SD -0.65±0.36) and a 79% probability that lactic acid expectation increases RPE (posterior median±SD 0.58±0.47) with expectations for placebo and ‘not sure’ falling in between (posterior median±SD: -0.37±0.32 and -0.22±0.37, respectively). In general, our interventions suggest an 81% probability that caffeine lowers RPE. However, there was no effect of caffeine supplementation on running velocity (median±SD 0.04±0.08 km.h-1). We concluded that when a participant believed they are under a potentially positive treatment, their RPE decreased but if they believed themselves to be under a harmful treatment, their RPE increased, regardless of the actual positive intervention; neither caffeine nor the expectancy of a particular intervention improved actual performance as measured by running velocity in a 30-minute period.

Effects of Caffeine on Repetitions to Failure and Ratings of Perceived Exertion During Resistance Training

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Matt Green ◽  
P. Jason Wickwire ◽  
John R. McLester ◽  
Shawn Gendle ◽  
Geoffrey Hudson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ergogenic Effects

Context:Ergogenic effects of caffeine on aerobic or endurance exercise are well documented. Conversely, the ergogenic value of caffeine on high-intensity, primarily anaerobic performance is not well understood even though the proposed mechanisms of action for caffeine permit a strong theoretical basis for application to this type of exercise.Purpose:This study examined effects of caffeine (Ca) on number repetitions (reps), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and peak heart rate (PHR) during resistance-training exercise with reps performed to volitional failure.Methods:Subjects (N = 17) were tested for 10-rep maximum in bench press (BP) and leg press (LP). In sessions 2 and 3, Ca (~6 mg/kg) or placebo (Pl) was ingested 1 hr beforehand in a double-blind manner and counterbalanced order. Subjects performed 3 sets to failure (BP and LP) with reps, PHR, and RPE recorded each set. Repeated-measures ANOVAs, 2 (trial) × 3 (set), were used to analyze dependent measures with the Tukey honestly significant difference used when necessary as the post hoc test.Results:In BP, no significant differences (Ca vs Pl) were observed (reps, RPE, PHR). During set 3 of LP training, Ca was associated with significantly higher reps (12.5 ± 4.2 vs 9.9 ± 2.6) and PHR (158.5 ± 11.9 vs 151.8 ± 13.2). No signifcant RPE differences were found during LP.Conclusions:The findings of similar RPE concurrent with higher reps suggest that caffeine can blunt pain responses, possibly delaying fatigue in high-intensity resistance training. Ergogenic effects might be limited to the later sets in a resistance-training session. Further research is warranted regarding ergogenic effects of caffeine during resistance training and potential mechanisms of action.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document