scholarly journals A Descriptive Analysis of Internal and External Loads for Elite-Level Tennis Drills

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 863-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alistair P. Murphy ◽  
Rob Duffield ◽  
Aaron Kellett ◽  
Machar Reid
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Monitoring Strategies ◽  
Junior Tennis ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
Training Quality ◽  
Mental Exertion

Purpose:Planning tennis sessions accentuating physical development requires an understanding of training load (TL). The aims were to describe the external and internal TL of drills and analyze relationships between ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), TL, and other measures.Methods:Fourteen elite-level junior tennis athletes completed 259 individual drills. Six coaches helped devise classifications for all drills: recovery/defensive, open pattern, accuracy, 2-on-1 open, 2-on-1 net play, closed technical, point play, and match play. Notational analysis on stroke and error rates was performed postsession. Drill RPE and mental exertion were collected postdrill, while heart rate (HR) was recorded continuously.Results:Recovery/defensive, open pattern, and point play were significantly greater than closed technical drills (P < .05) for RPE and mental exertion, as were accuracy drills and match play (P < .05). Recovery/defensive, open-pattern, accuracy, and 2-on-1 open drills had higher stroke rates than match play (P < .05). Error rates of closed technical drills were significantly higher than for open pattern, 2-on-1 drills, point play, and match play (P < .05). No HR differences were observed (P > .05) between categories. Substantial correlations existed for drill RPE and TL with mental exertion (r > .62) for several categories. TL was substantially correlated with total strokes (r > .65), while HR and stroke and error rates were in slight to moderate agreement with RPE and TL (r < .51).Conclusions:Recovery/defensive drills are highest in physiological stress, making them ideal for maximizing physicality. Recovery/defensive drills compromised training quality, eliciting high error rates. In contrast, 2-on-1 net-play drills provided the lowest error rates, potentially appropriate for error-amelioration practice. Open-pattern drills were characterized by significantly higher stroke rates, suggesting congruence with high-repetition practice. Finally, with strong relationships between physical and mental perception, mental exertion may complement currently used monitoring strategies (TL and RPE).

scholarly journals A Comparison of the Perceptual and Technical Demands of Tennis Training, Simulated Match Play, and Competitive Tournaments

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alistair P. Murphy ◽  
Rob Duffield ◽  
Aaron Kellett ◽  
Machar Reid
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Physical Exertion ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Junior Tennis ◽  
Mental Exertion ◽  
Simulated Match

Purpose:High-performance tennis environments aim to prepare athletes for competitive demands through simulated-match scenarios and drills. With a dearth of direct comparisons between training and tournament demands, the current investigation compared the perceptual and technical characteristics of training drills, simulated match play, and tournament matches.Methods:Data were collected from 18 high-performance junior tennis players (gender: 10 male, 8 female; age 16 ± 1.1 y) during 6 ± 2 drill-based training sessions, 5 ± 2 simulated match-play sessions, and 5 ± 3 tournament matches from each participant. Tournament matches were further distinguished by win or loss and against seeded or nonseeded opponents. Notational analysis of stroke and error rates, winners, and serves, along with rating of perceived physical exertion (RPE) and mental exertion was measured postsession.Results:Repeated-measures analyses of variance and effect-size analysis revealed that training sessions were significantly shorter in duration than tournament matches (P < .05, d = 1.18). RPEs during training and simulated matchplay sessions were lower than in tournaments (P > .05; d = 1.26, d = 1.05, respectively). Mental exertion in training was lower than in both simulated match play and tournaments (P > .05; d = 1.10, d = 0.86, respectively). Stroke rates during tournaments exceeded those observed in training (P < .05, d = 3.41) and simulated-match-play (P < .05, d = 1.22) sessions. Furthermore, the serve was used more during tournaments than simulated match play (P < .05, d = 4.28), while errors and winners were similar independent of setting (P > .05, d < 0.80).Conclusions:Training in the form of drills or simulated match play appeared to inadequately replicate tournament demands in this cohort of players. Coaches should be mindful of match demands to best prescribe sessions of relevant duration, as well as internal (RPE) and technical (stroke rate) load, to aid tournament preparation.

scholarly journals Comparison of Athlete–Coach Perceptions of Internal and External Load Markers for Elite Junior Tennis Training

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 751-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alistair P. Murphy ◽  
Rob Duffield ◽  
Aaron Kellett ◽  
Machar Reid
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
External Load ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Notational Analysis ◽  
Load Monitoring ◽  
Junior Tennis ◽  
Mental Exertion

Purpose:To investigate the discrepancy between coach and athlete perceptions of internal load and notational analysis of external load in elite junior tennis.Methods:Fourteen elite junior tennis players and 6 international coaches were recruited. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs) were recorded for individual drills and whole sessions, along with a rating of mental exertion, coach rating of intended session exertion, and athlete heart rate (HR). Furthermore, total stroke count and unforced-error count were notated using video coding after each session, alongside coach and athlete estimations of shots and errors made. Finally, regression analyses explained the variance in the criterion variables of athlete and coach RPE.Results:Repeated-measures analyses of variance and interclass correlation coefficients revealed that coaches significantly (P < .01) underestimated athlete session RPE, with only moderate correlation (r = .59) demonstrated between coach and athlete. However, athlete drill RPE (P = .14; r = .71) and mental exertion (P = .44; r = .68) were comparable and substantially correlated. No significant differences in estimated stroke count were evident between athlete and coach (P = .21), athlete notational analysis (P = .06), or coach notational analysis (P = .49). Coaches estimated significantly greater unforced errors than either athletes or notational analysis (P < .01). Regression analyses found that 54.5% of variance in coach RPE was explained by intended session exertion and coach drill RPE, while drill RPE and peak HR explained 45.3% of the variance in athlete session RPE.Conclusion:Coaches misinterpreted session RPE but not drill RPE, while inaccurately monitoring error counts. Improved understanding of external- and internal-load monitoring may help coach–athlete relationships in individual sports like tennis avoid maladaptive training.

Environmental and Psychophysical Heat Stress in Adolescent Tennis Athletes

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Maria Misailidi ◽  
Konstantinos Mantzios ◽  
Christos Papakonstantinou ◽  
Leonidas G. Ioannou ◽  
Andreas D. Flouris
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Urine Specific Gravity ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Junior Tennis ◽  
And Performance ◽  
C 30 ◽  
Head Neck

Purpose: We investigated the environmental conditions in which all outdoor International Tennis Federation (ITF) junior tournaments (athlete ages: <18 y) were held during 2010–2019. Thereafter, we performed a crossover trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04197375) assessing the efficacy of head–neck precooling for mitigating the heat-induced psychophysical and performance impacts on junior athletes during tennis match play. Methods: ITF junior tournament information was collected. We identified meteorological data from nearby (13.6 [20.3] km) weather stations for 3056 (76%) tournaments. Results: Overall, 30.1% of tournaments were held in hot (25°C–30°C wet-bulb globe temperature [WBGT]; 25.9%), very hot (30°C–35°C WBGT; 4.1%), or extremely hot (>35°C WBGT; 0.1%) conditions. Thereafter, 8 acclimatized male junior tennis athletes (age = 16.0 [0.9] y; height = 1.82 [0.04] m; weight = 71.3 [11.1] kg) were evaluated during 2 matches: one with head–neck precooling (27.7°C [2.2°C] WBGT) and one without (27.9°C [1.8°C] WBGT). Head–neck precooling reduced athletes’ core temperature from 36.9°C (0.2°C) to 36.4°C (0.2°C) (P = .001; d = 2.4), an effect reduced by warm-up. Head–neck precooling reduced skin temperature (by 0.3°C [1.3°C]) for the majority of the match and led to improved (P < .05) perceived exertion (by 13%), thermal comfort (by 14%), and thermal sensation (by 15%). Muscle temperature, heart rate, body weight, and urine specific gravity remained unaffected (P ≥ .05; d < 0.2). Small or moderate improvements were observed in most performance parameters assessed (d = 0.20–0.79). Conclusions: Thirty percent of the last decade’s ITF junior tournaments were held in hot, very hot, or extremely hot conditions (25°C–36°C WBGT). In such conditions, head–neck precooling may somewhat lessen the physiological and perceptual heat strain and lead to small to moderate improvements in the match-play performance of adolescent athletes.

The Relationship between Observable Self-Talk and Competitive Junior Tennis Players' Match Performances

1994 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 400-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy L. Van Raalte ◽  
Britten W. Brewer ◽  
Patricia M. Rivera ◽  
Albert J. Petitpas
Keyword(s):  
Sport Psychology ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Competitive Sport ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Self Talk ◽  
Junior Tennis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Broad Interest

In sport psychology, there is broad interest in cognitive factors that affect sport performance. The purpose of this research was to examine one such factor, self-talk, in competitive sport performance. Twenty-four junior tennis players were observed during tournament matches. Their observable self-talk, gestures, and match scores were recorded. Players also described their positive, negative, and other thoughts on a postmatch questionnaire. A descriptive analysis of the self-talk and gestures that occurred during competition was generated. It was found that negative self-talk was associated with losing and that players who reported believing in the utility of self-talk won more points than players who did not. These results suggest that self-talk influences competitive sport outcomes. The importance of "believing" in self-talk and the potential motivational and detrimental effects of negative self-talk on performance are discussed.

scholarly journals Eating Behavior, Stress, and Adiposity: Discordance Between Perception and Physiology

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 531-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paule V. Joseph ◽  
Hannah R. Davidson ◽  
Christina M. Boulineaux ◽  
Nicolaas H. Fourie ◽  
Alexis T. Franks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Clinical Markers ◽  
Cross Sectional

The purpose of the study was to examine the interrelationships among stress, eating behavior, and adiposity in a cohort of normal- and overweight individuals. Clinical markers of physiological stress (fasting serum cortisol) and adiposity (body mass index [BMI] and percent body fat) were obtained from participants selected for a natural history protocol ( n = 107). Self-reported data on eating behavior (using the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire subscales such as Cognitive Restraint, Disinhibition, and Hunger) and psychological stress (via the Perceived Stress Scale) were evaluated. Demographic information was incorporated using principal component analysis, which revealed sex- and weight-based differences in stress, adiposity, and eating behavior measures. Following a cross-sectional and descriptive analysis, significant correlations were found between the Disinhibition and Hunger eating behavior subscales and measures of adiposity including BMI ( r = .30, p = .002 and r = .20, p = .036, respectively) and percent body fat ( r = .43, p = .000 and r = .22, p = .022, respectively). Relationships between stress measures and eating behavior were also evident in the analysis. Disinhibition and Hunger correlated positively with perceived stress ( r = .32, p .001 and r = .26, p = .008, respectively). However, Disinhibition varied inversely with serum cortisol levels ( r = −.25, p = .009). Future studies are warranted to better understand this paradox underlying the effects of perceived and physiological stress on eating behavior.

scholarly journals Consecutive Days of Prolonged Tennis Match Play: Performance, Physical, and Perceptual Responses in Trained Players

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 913-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle T. Gescheit ◽  
Stuart J. Cormack ◽  
Machar Reid ◽  
Rob Duffield
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Perceptual Training ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Playing Time ◽  
Distress Scale ◽  
Tennis Match

Purpose:To determine how consecutive days of prolonged tennis match play affect performance, physiological, and perceptual responses.Methods:Seven well-trained male tennis players completed 4-h tennis matches on 4 consecutive days. Pre- and postmatch measures involved tennis-specific (serve speed and accuracy), physical (20-m sprint, countermovement jump [CMJ], shoulder-rotation maximal voluntary contraction, isometric midthigh pull), perceptual (Training Distress Scale, soreness), and physiological (creatine kinase [CK]) responses. Activity profile was assessed by heart rate, 3D load (accumulated accelerations measured by triaxial accelerometers), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Statistical analysis compared within- and between-days values. Changes (± 90% confidence interval [CI]) ≥75% likely to exceed the smallest important effect size (0.2) were considered practically important.Results:3D load reduced on days 2 to 4 (mean effect size ± 90% CI –1.46 ± 0.40) and effective playing time reduced on days 3 to 4 (–0.37 ± 0.51) compared with day 1. RPE did not differ and total points played only declined on day 3 (–0.38 ± 1.02). Postmatch 20-m sprint (0.79 ± 0.77) and prematch CMJ (–0.43 ± 0.27) performance declined on days 2 to 4 compared with prematch day 1. Although serve velocity was maintained, compromised postmatch serve accuracy was evident compared with prematch day 1 (0.52 ± 0.58). CK increased each day, as did ratings of muscle soreness and fatigue.Conclusions:Players reduced external physical loads, through declines in movement, over 4 consecutive days of prolonged competitive tennis. This may be affected by tactical changes and pacing strategies. Alongside this, impairments in sprinting and jumping ability, perceptual and biochemical markers of muscle damage, and reduced mood states may be a function of neuromuscular and perceptual fatigue.

Physiological and Cognitive Responses to an Antarctic Expedition: A Case Report

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1053-1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Anton-Solanas ◽  
Barry V. O’Neill ◽  
Tessa E. Morris ◽  
Joe Dunbar
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Cognitive Responses ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Subjective Data ◽  
Antarctic Expedition

Purpose:To assess changes in body composition and monitor cognitive function, subjective well-being, and physiological stress, as measured by salivary hormones and markers of mucosal immunity, during an Antarctic expedition. Methods:A 36-y-old man (188.2 cm height, 94.5 kg body mass) took part in a world-record attempt. A total-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan and measurement of 8 skinfolds and 5 girths were performed before and after the expedition. In addition, daily subjective data were recorded (sleep quality, total hours of sleep, energy levels, perceived exertion, mood, muscle soreness, and muscle/joint pain) along with distance covered and hours of physical activity per day. As a measure of cognitive function, the athlete completed a computerized battery of tasks (Axon Sports Cognitive Priming Application) every third morning. Saliva samples were collected before, during, and after the expedition to determine salivary cortisol (sCort), testosterone (sT), alpha amylase (sAA), and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA). Results:The athlete lost 5.3 kg body mass and sum of 8 skinfolds decreased from 73 mm to 59 mm from preexpedition to postexpedition. Psychomotor speed declined over the course of the expedition. sT increased and sCort decreased throughout, and sAA and sIgA peaked toward the end of the expedition. Conclusions:This case study provides novel data about the physiological and cognitive impact of an Antarctic expedition. The findings may inform strategies for future expeditions, allowing individuals undertaking expeditions of this nature to better prepare for success.

Training intensity distribution in young tennis players

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 880-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Moreira ◽  
Rodrigo V Gomes ◽  
Caroline D Capitani ◽  
Charles R Lopes ◽  
Audrei R Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Intensity Distribution ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Training Intensity ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Training Time ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Professional Tennis

The aim of this study was to describe the training intensity distribution of elite young tennis players, based on the session rating of perceived exertion and heart rate methods. Twelve professional tennis players participated in this study. Heart rate and session rating of perceived exertion were collected in 384 tennis training sessions, 23 simulated matches, and 17 official matches. The total training time spent in the heart rate zone-1 (52.00%) and zone-2 (37.10%) was greater than the time spent in zone-3 (10.90%) during the 5-week training period ( p < 0.05). Similarly, the total training time spent in the session rating of perceived exertion zone-1 (42.00%) and zone-2 (47.50%) was also greater than the time in zone-3 (10.50%) ( p < 0.05). The data of the present study suggest that the majority of the training sessions of these young tennis players were performed at low-to-moderate intensity zone and, therefore, under the intensity performed during actual tennis match play.

scholarly journals Relationship between Sports Experience and Anthropometric Indices and Sport Performance in World Women’s Handball Championship’2009

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (84) ◽  
Author(s):  
Audinga Kniubaitė ◽  
Antanas Skarbalius
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Anthropometric Indices ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Ranking Position

Research background and hypothesis. The increasing demand for ever higher top level has meant greater interest and research into the factors which influence performance and sporting achievements.  Handball is a complex sport whereby performance can be analyzed and presented in a variety of ways. We hypothesized that teams with players with higher anthropometric indices  and greater sporting experience had better possibilities in winning a match-play. Research aim was to assess the interaction between players’ height, body mass, body mass index (BMI), age, sports experience and sport performance in the World Women’s Handball Championship’2009 (WWHC’2009). Research methods. The data sets were collected from the IHF website (http//www.ihf.info). We analyzed the height, body mass, body mass index (BMI), sporting experience (international matches played and goals scored) of 390 players as well as their influence on winning points (Pearson’s correlation) and final ranking position (Spearman’s Correlation) of WWHC’2009.Research results. Champions from Russia, the first four seat players and European women players were greater in body size (height, body mass), and sports experience. Discussion and conclusions. Teams composed of players with greater experience had more possibilities to win (r = 0.719; p < 0.001; Y = 0.1571x + 4.9104; r² = 0.5183), but body mass had negative influence (r = 0.317;  Y = 0.5353x – 25.598; r² = 0.1008) as well as BMI (r = –0.3300.; Y = –2.0762x + 57.273; r² = 0.1089). The height of players had moderate influence (r = 0.551; p < 0.001) on wining a match-play. It should be noted that the players in the last elite-level competition (European Women’s Handball Championship’2010) showed the same tendency and were taller and heavier than the players of WWHC’2009.Keywords: Women’s Handball, body mass, height.

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