Relationship Between Fatigue and Changes in Swim Technique During an Exhaustive Swim Exercise

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natália M. Bassan ◽  
Tadeu E.A.S. César ◽  
Benedito S. Denadai ◽  
Camila C. Greco
Keyword(s):  
Peak Torque ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Elbow Flexors ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Swim Test ◽  
Strength Tests ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Arm Muscles ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose:To analyze the relationship between the responses of isometric peak torque (IPT) and maximal rate of force development (RFDmax) with the changes in stroking parameters in an exhaustive exercise performed in front crawl.Methods:Fifteen male swimmers performed, on different days, the following protocols: maximal 400-m trial, strength tests before and after an exhaustive test at 100% of the mean speed obtained during the 400-m test, and the same procedures on day 2.Results:The IPT of elbow flexors (79.9 ± 19.4 and 66.7 ± 20.0 N·m) and elbow extensors (95.1 ± 28.0 N·m and 85.8 ± 30.5 N·m) was decreased after the swim test, as was RFDmax (521.8 ± 198.6 and 426.0 ± 229.9 N·m/s; 420.6 ± 168.2 and 384.0 ± 143.5 N·m/s, respectively). Stroke length decreased during the swim test (1.96 ± 0.22 and 1.68 ± 0.29 m/stroke), while stroke rate increased (37.2 ± 3.14 and 41.3 ± 4.32 strokes/min). The propulsive phases increased while the nonpropulsive phases decreased during the test. Significant correlation was found between the changes in IPT and stroke length, stroke rate and recovery (elbow flexors), and entry and catch phase (elbow extensors). In addition, significant correlation was found between the changes in RFDmax of elbow flexors with the changes in pull and recovery phases.Conclusion:Changes in swim technique during an exhaustive test can be, at least in part, associated with fatigue of the arm muscles.

Sunlight exposure: the effects on the performance of paragliding fabric

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (05) ◽  
pp. 381-389
Author(s):  
MENGÜÇ GAMZE SÜPÜREN ◽  
TEMEL EMRAH ◽  
BOZDOĞAN FARUK
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
Air Permeability ◽  
Sunlight Exposure ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Coating Materials ◽  
Strength Tests ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Dark Blue

This study was designed to explore the relationship between sunlight exposure and the mechanical properties of paragliding fabrics which have different colors, densities, yarn counts, and coating materials. This study exposed 5 different colors of paragliding fabrics (red, turquoise, dark blue, orange, and white) to intense sunlight for 150 hours during the summer from 9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. for 5 days a week for 5 weeks. Before and after the UV radiation aging process, the air permeability, tensile strength, tear strength, and bursting strength tests were performed. Test results were also evaluated using statistical methods. According to the results, the fading of the turquoise fabric was found to be the highest among the studied fabrics. It was determined that there is a significant decrease in the mechanical properties of the fabrics after sunlight exposure. After aging, the fabrics become considerably weaker in the case of mechanical properties due to the degradation in both the dyestuff and macromolecular structure of the fiber

scholarly journals Critical stroke rate as a parameter for evaluation in swimming

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 724-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Franken ◽  
Fernando Diefenthaeler ◽  
Felipe Collares Moré ◽  
Ricardo Peterson Silveira ◽  
Flávio Antônio de Souza Castro
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Critical Speed ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Competitive Swimmers

The purpose of this study was to investigate the critical stroke rate (CSR) compared to the average stroke rate (SR) when swimming at the critical speed (CS). Ten competitive swimmers performed five 200 m trials at different velocities relative to their CS (90, 95, 100, 103 and 105%) in front crawl. The CSR was significantly higher than the SR at 90% of the CS and lower at 105% of the CS. Stroke length (SL) at 103 and 105% of the CS were lower than the SL at 90, 95, and 100% of the CS. The combination of the CS and CSR concepts can be useful for improving both aerobic capacity/power and technique. CS and CSR could be used to reduce the SR and increase the SL, when swimming at the CS pace, or to increase the swimming speed when swimming at the CSR.

Stroking Characteristics of Front Crawl Swimming during Exercise

1993 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kari L. Keskinen ◽  
Paavo V. Komi
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Lactate Threshold ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Stroke Cycle

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in the relationships among the stroking characteristics between different phases of swimming exercises, and to determine whether these relationships would change in relation to enhanced swimming intensity. The experimental design consisted of the measurement of mean velocity (V), stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL), and duration of different phases of a stroke cycle for each pool length in five to six 400-m swims and two 100-m swims. The results showed that the basic relationships among the stroke parameters during the test exercises were almost similar to those observed in competition. However, the relationships changed with enhanced swimming intensity. It is suggested that the degree of anaerobic lactacid metabolism may determine the characteristics of stroking while swimming. The reduction of SL above the lactate threshold would be connected to the accumulation of blood lactate, whereas SR would primarily be determined by the ability to maintain adequate neural activation.

scholarly journals The relationship between stroke-rate, stroke-length and some anthropometric features in 11 - 12 year old swimmers11 – 12 yaş yüzücülerde kulaç oranı ve kulaç uzunluğunun bazı antropometrik özelliklerle ilişkisi

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 4077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ömer Şenel ◽  
Cihan Baykal
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Sitting Height ◽  
Anthropometric Features ◽  
Practical Performance ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Male Subjects

This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between some body measurements and the stroke-rate (SR) and the stroke-length (SL) which are important effects on swimming performance and to investigate the effect of these body characteristics on performance. The stroke-rate and the stroke-length correlate significantly with performance in short-term tests and long-term tests. It is also a practical performance analysis component for competitions or training. 18 female (mean age 11,25 std, 0.46) and 22 male (mean age 11,42 std. 0.51) subjects were included in the study. Twenty-three different anthropometric variables were used to assess the correlation of the stroke-rate, the stroke-length and swimming speeds using statistical techniques.The relationship between upper arm length and SR (0.022, p<0.05), time and SL (0.01, p<0.01), arm length and SL (0.049, p<0.05), forearm length and SL (0.031, p<0.05) were found for male subjects entering 100 m freestyle competition. There was no significant relationship between SL and SR with the anthropometric characteristics of female subjects entering 100 m freestyle competition.In addition, the times of the female participants entering the 100 m freestyle competition were found to be correlated with mesomorphic (0.01, p<0.01) and ectomorphic (0.01, p<0.01) values. There was a relationship between the times of the male subjects entering the freestyle competition and the length of the sitting height (0.038, p<0.05).Extended English abstract is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetBu çalışma, bazı vücut ölçüleri ile yüzme performansına önemli etkisi olan kulaç oranı (KO) ve kulaç uzunluğu (KU) parametreleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek, bu vücut özelliklerinin performansa etkisini araştırmak için yapılmıştır. Kısa ve uzun süreli testlerde kulaç oranı ve kulaç uzunluğu ile performans arasında istatistiki olarak anlamlı bir ilişki vardır. Ayrıca müsabaka veya antrenmanlar için pratik performans analizi bileşenleridir. Çalışmada 18 kız (yaş ortalaması 11,25 std. sap. 0,46) ve 22 erkek (yaş ortalaması 11,42 std. sap. 0,51) denek olarak alınmıştır. 23 farklı antropometrik değişken ile kulaç oranı, kulaç uzunluğu ve yüzme hızları korelasyon istatistik tekniği kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir.100 m Serbest yarışına katılan erkek deneklerin üst kol uzunluğu ve KO arasında -0,652 değerinde (p<0,05), derece ve KU arasında -0,708 değerinde (p<0,01), kol uzunluğu ve KU arasında 0,579 değerinde (p<0,05), ön kol uzunluğu ve KU arasında 0,623 değerinde (p<0,05) ilişki bulunmuştur. 100 m Serbest yarışına giren kız deneklerin antropometrik özellikleri ile KU ve KO arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunamamıştır.  Ayrıca 100 m Serbest yarışına giren kız deneklerin dereceleri ile mezomorfi (0,01, p<0,01), ektomorfi (0,01, p<0,01) değerleri arasında ilişki bulunmuştur. 100 m Serbest yarışına giren erkek deneklerin dereceleri ile oturma boyu uzunluğu (0,038, p<0,05) değerleri arasında ilişki bulunmuştur.

scholarly journals Functional Role of Movement and Performance Variability: Adaptation of Front Crawl Swimmers to Competitive Swimming Constraints

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Simbaña Escobar ◽  
Philippe Hellard ◽  
David B. Pyne ◽  
Ludovic Seifert
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Competitive Swimming ◽  
Performance Variability ◽  
Group Speed ◽  
And Performance

To study the variability in stroking parameters between and within laps and individuals during competitions, we compared and modeled the changes of speed, stroke rate, and stroke length in 32 top-level male and female swimmers over 4 laps (L1–L4) in 200-m freestyle events using video-derived 2-dimensional direct linear transformation. For the whole group, speed was greater in L1, with significant decreases across L2, L3, and L4 (1.80 ± 0.10 vs 1.73 ± 0.08; 1.69 ± 0.09; 1.66 ± 0.09  · s−1,P < .05). This variability was attributed to a decrease in stroke length (L2: 2.43 ± 0.19 vs L4: 2.20 ± 0.13 m,P < .05) and an increase in stroke rate (L2: 42.8 ± 2.6 vs L4: 45.4 ± 2.3 stroke · min−1,P < .05). The coefficient of variation and the biological coefficient of variation in speed were greater for male versus female (3.9 ± 0.7 vs 3.1 ± 0.7; 2.9 ± 1.0 vs 2.6 ± 0.7,P < .05) and higher in L1 versus L2 (3.9 ± 1.3 vs 3.1 ± 0.1; 2.9 ± 0.9 vs 2.3 ± 0.7,P < .05). Intra-lap speed values were best represented by a cubic (n = 38), then linear (n = 37) and quadratic model (n = 8). The cubic fit was more frequent for males (43.8%) than females (15.6%), suggesting greater capacity to generate higher acceleration after the turn. The various stroking parameters managements within lap suggest that each swimmer adapts his/her behavior to the race constraints.

scholarly journals Physiological and Biomechanical Evaluation of a Training Macrocycle in Children Swimmers

Sports ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Sara Ferreira ◽  
Diogo Carvalho ◽  
Ana Monteiro ◽  
J. Abraldes ◽  
J. Vilas-Boas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Maximum Intensity ◽  
Stroke Index ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Performance Change ◽  
Biomechanical Evaluation ◽  
Performance Gains

Physiological responses related to 400-m front crawl performance were examined in a 11-week training macrocycle in children 11.6 ± 1.2 years old. Fourteen girls and twenty-nine boys completed a maximum intensity 400-m test, at the beginning (Τ1) and at the end of four weeks of general preparation (Τ2), four weeks of specific preparation (Τ3), and three weeks of the competitive period (Τ4). Blood lactate (La), blood glucose (Glu) and heart rate were measured post effort. Stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL) and stroke index (SI) were measured during the test. The 400-m time was decreased at T2, T3, and T4 compared to T1 by 4.2 ± 4.9, 7.5 ± 7.0, and 8.6 ± 7.3% (p < 0.05) and at T3 and T4 compared to T2 by 3.1 ± 4.3 and 4.2 ± 4.6%, respectively (p < 0.05). La was not different between tests (p > 0.05) and Glu was decreased at T3 compared to other testing moments (p < 0.05). SR, SL, and SI were higher at T3 and T4 compared to T1 (p < 0.05). SL and SI were also increased at T4 compared to T2 (p < 0.05). Performance changes from T1 to T2 were related to SL and SI changes (r = 0.45 and 0.83, p < 0.05), and subsequent changes between T2 to T3 were related to SR, SI, La, and Glu changes (r = 0.48, 0.68, 0.34, and 0.42, p < 0.05). Performance change from T3 to T4 was related to SL, SI, and La modifications (r = 0.34, 0.70, and 0.53, p < 0.05). Performance gains may be related to various biomechanical or physiological changes according to training macrocycle structure.

scholarly journals The influence of different hand paddle size on 100-m front crawl kinematics

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel López-Plaza ◽  
Fernando Alacid ◽  
Pedro A. López-Miñarro ◽  
José M. Muyor
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Elite Swimmers ◽  
The Mean

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the influence of different sizes of hand paddles on kinematicparameters during a 100 m freestyle swimming performance in elite swimmers. Nine elite swimmers (19.1 ± 1.9 years)completed three tests of 100 m without paddles, with small paddles (271.27 cm2) and with large paddles (332.67 cm2),respectively. One video camera was used to record the performance during the three trials. The mean swimmingvelocity, stroke rate and stroke length were measured in the central 10 meters of each 50 m length. The results showedthat stroke length tended to increase significantly when wearing hand paddles (p < 0.05) during both the first andsecond 50 m sections whereas the increase in swimming velocity occurred only in the second 50 m (p < 0.05).Conversely, the stroke rate showed a slight decreasing trend with increasing paddle size. During the 100 m freestyletrial the stroke kinematics were changed significantly as a result of the increase in propelling surface size when handpaddles were worn.

scholarly journals Kinematic Variables of Disabled Swimmers and Their Correlation With the International Paralympic Committee Classification

Motor Control ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Karini Borges dos Santos ◽  
Paulo Cesar Barauce Bento ◽  
Carl Payton ◽  
André Luiz Felix Rodacki
Keyword(s):  
Velocity Variation ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Functional Classification ◽  
Crucial Point ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Underwater Cameras ◽  
Current Classification ◽  
Phase Coordination

This study described the kinematic variables of disabled swimmers’ performance and correlated them with their functional classification. Twenty-one impaired swimmers (S5–S10) performed 50-m maximum front-crawl swimming while being recorded by four underwater cameras. Swimming velocity, stroke rate, stroke length, intracycle velocity variation, stroke dimensions, hand velocity, and coordination index were analyzed. Kendall rank was used to correlate stroke parameters and functional classification with p < .05. Swimming velocity, stroke length, and submerged phase were positively correlated with the para swimmers functional classification (.61, .50, and .41; p < .05, respectively), while stroke rate, velocity hand for each phase, coordination index, and intracyclic velocity variation were not (τ between −.11 and .45; p > .05). Thus, some objective kinematic variables of the impaired swimmers help to support current classification. Improving hand velocity seems to be a crucial point to be improved among disabled swimmers.

scholarly journals CLASSIFICATION OF STROKE TYPES IN RELATION TO STROKE RATE AND STROKE LENGTH IN 100M FRONT-CRAWL RACE

2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 465-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
YUJI MATSUDA ◽  
YOSUKE YAMADA ◽  
TOSHIFUMI AKAI ◽  
YASUSHI IKUTA ◽  
TERUO NOMURA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Stroke Length

Aerobic Potential, Stroke Parameters, and Coordination in Swimming Front-Crawl Performance

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Pelayo ◽  
Morgan Alberty ◽  
Michel Sidney ◽  
François Potdevin ◽  
Jeanne Dekerle
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Physical Stress ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Arm Coordination ◽  
Swimming Technique

The purposes of this review were (1) to review the recent studies conducted in swimming on the assessment of aerobic potential and establishment of exercise-intensity domains (it is important that exercise-intensity domains be accurately defined and their physiological underpinnings well understood to optimize and evaluate training programs); (2) to analyze changes in traditionally measured stroke rate and stroke length during exhaustive swims, particularly in relation to the predetermined intensity domains (introduction of an “optimal swimming technique speed”); and (3) to introduce the latest swimming research on arm coordination that might help us better understand the technical adaptations of swimmers under physical stress.

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