scholarly journals The relationship between stroke-rate, stroke-length and some anthropometric features in 11 - 12 year old swimmers11 – 12 yaş yüzücülerde kulaç oranı ve kulaç uzunluğunun bazı antropometrik özelliklerle ilişkisi

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 4077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ömer Şenel ◽  
Cihan Baykal
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Sitting Height ◽  
Anthropometric Features ◽  
Practical Performance ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Male Subjects

This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between some body measurements and the stroke-rate (SR) and the stroke-length (SL) which are important effects on swimming performance and to investigate the effect of these body characteristics on performance. The stroke-rate and the stroke-length correlate significantly with performance in short-term tests and long-term tests. It is also a practical performance analysis component for competitions or training. 18 female (mean age 11,25 std, 0.46) and 22 male (mean age 11,42 std. 0.51) subjects were included in the study. Twenty-three different anthropometric variables were used to assess the correlation of the stroke-rate, the stroke-length and swimming speeds using statistical techniques.The relationship between upper arm length and SR (0.022, p<0.05), time and SL (0.01, p<0.01), arm length and SL (0.049, p<0.05), forearm length and SL (0.031, p<0.05) were found for male subjects entering 100 m freestyle competition. There was no significant relationship between SL and SR with the anthropometric characteristics of female subjects entering 100 m freestyle competition.In addition, the times of the female participants entering the 100 m freestyle competition were found to be correlated with mesomorphic (0.01, p<0.01) and ectomorphic (0.01, p<0.01) values. There was a relationship between the times of the male subjects entering the freestyle competition and the length of the sitting height (0.038, p<0.05).Extended English abstract is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetBu çalışma, bazı vücut ölçüleri ile yüzme performansına önemli etkisi olan kulaç oranı (KO) ve kulaç uzunluğu (KU) parametreleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek, bu vücut özelliklerinin performansa etkisini araştırmak için yapılmıştır. Kısa ve uzun süreli testlerde kulaç oranı ve kulaç uzunluğu ile performans arasında istatistiki olarak anlamlı bir ilişki vardır. Ayrıca müsabaka veya antrenmanlar için pratik performans analizi bileşenleridir. Çalışmada 18 kız (yaş ortalaması 11,25 std. sap. 0,46) ve 22 erkek (yaş ortalaması 11,42 std. sap. 0,51) denek olarak alınmıştır. 23 farklı antropometrik değişken ile kulaç oranı, kulaç uzunluğu ve yüzme hızları korelasyon istatistik tekniği kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir.100 m Serbest yarışına katılan erkek deneklerin üst kol uzunluğu ve KO arasında -0,652 değerinde (p<0,05), derece ve KU arasında -0,708 değerinde (p<0,01), kol uzunluğu ve KU arasında 0,579 değerinde (p<0,05), ön kol uzunluğu ve KU arasında 0,623 değerinde (p<0,05) ilişki bulunmuştur. 100 m Serbest yarışına giren kız deneklerin antropometrik özellikleri ile KU ve KO arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunamamıştır.  Ayrıca 100 m Serbest yarışına giren kız deneklerin dereceleri ile mezomorfi (0,01, p<0,01), ektomorfi (0,01, p<0,01) değerleri arasında ilişki bulunmuştur. 100 m Serbest yarışına giren erkek deneklerin dereceleri ile oturma boyu uzunluğu (0,038, p<0,05) değerleri arasında ilişki bulunmuştur.

scholarly journals Analysis of 50-, 100-, and 200-m Freestyle Swimmers at the 1992 Olympic Games

1994 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raul Arellano ◽  
Peter Brown ◽  
Jane Cappaert ◽  
Richard C. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Principal Components ◽  
Average Velocity ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Final Time ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Starting Time

The performances of 335 male and female swimmers competing in 50-, 100-, and 200-m freestyle events at the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games were videotaped and analyzed to determine stroke length (SL), stroke rate (SR), starting time (ST), turning times (TI = turn in, TO = turn out), finishing (end) time (ET), and average velocity (AV); relationships were then determined among these variables in addition to height, weight, age, and final time (FT). Differences were subsequently assessed within and among the events, and comparisons were made between male and female performances. ST, TI, TO, ET, and SL were identified as principal components of successful swimming performance at each distance. Results revealed statistically significant correlations between factors for all events. The men were older and taller; possessed longer stroke lengths; and started, turned, and swam faster than the women. As the race distance increased from 50 to 200 m, ST, TI, TO, SL, and ET increased for both men and women, while age, SR, and AV decreased.

Relationship Between Fatigue and Changes in Swim Technique During an Exhaustive Swim Exercise

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natália M. Bassan ◽  
Tadeu E.A.S. César ◽  
Benedito S. Denadai ◽  
Camila C. Greco
Keyword(s):  
Peak Torque ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Elbow Flexors ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Swim Test ◽  
Strength Tests ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Arm Muscles ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose:To analyze the relationship between the responses of isometric peak torque (IPT) and maximal rate of force development (RFDmax) with the changes in stroking parameters in an exhaustive exercise performed in front crawl.Methods:Fifteen male swimmers performed, on different days, the following protocols: maximal 400-m trial, strength tests before and after an exhaustive test at 100% of the mean speed obtained during the 400-m test, and the same procedures on day 2.Results:The IPT of elbow flexors (79.9 ± 19.4 and 66.7 ± 20.0 N·m) and elbow extensors (95.1 ± 28.0 N·m and 85.8 ± 30.5 N·m) was decreased after the swim test, as was RFDmax (521.8 ± 198.6 and 426.0 ± 229.9 N·m/s; 420.6 ± 168.2 and 384.0 ± 143.5 N·m/s, respectively). Stroke length decreased during the swim test (1.96 ± 0.22 and 1.68 ± 0.29 m/stroke), while stroke rate increased (37.2 ± 3.14 and 41.3 ± 4.32 strokes/min). The propulsive phases increased while the nonpropulsive phases decreased during the test. Significant correlation was found between the changes in IPT and stroke length, stroke rate and recovery (elbow flexors), and entry and catch phase (elbow extensors). In addition, significant correlation was found between the changes in RFDmax of elbow flexors with the changes in pull and recovery phases.Conclusion:Changes in swim technique during an exhaustive test can be, at least in part, associated with fatigue of the arm muscles.

scholarly journals The influence of different hand paddle size on 100-m front crawl kinematics

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel López-Plaza ◽  
Fernando Alacid ◽  
Pedro A. López-Miñarro ◽  
José M. Muyor
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Elite Swimmers ◽  
The Mean

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the influence of different sizes of hand paddles on kinematicparameters during a 100 m freestyle swimming performance in elite swimmers. Nine elite swimmers (19.1 ± 1.9 years)completed three tests of 100 m without paddles, with small paddles (271.27 cm2) and with large paddles (332.67 cm2),respectively. One video camera was used to record the performance during the three trials. The mean swimmingvelocity, stroke rate and stroke length were measured in the central 10 meters of each 50 m length. The results showedthat stroke length tended to increase significantly when wearing hand paddles (p < 0.05) during both the first andsecond 50 m sections whereas the increase in swimming velocity occurred only in the second 50 m (p < 0.05).Conversely, the stroke rate showed a slight decreasing trend with increasing paddle size. During the 100 m freestyletrial the stroke kinematics were changed significantly as a result of the increase in propelling surface size when handpaddles were worn.

Stroking Characteristic Variations in the 100-M Freestyle for Male Swimmers of Differing Skill

1997 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Didier Chollet ◽  
Chantal Delaplace ◽  
Patrick Pelayo ◽  
Claire Tourny ◽  
Michel Sidney
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
And Training ◽  
Different Levels

The purpose of the study was to identify the stroking characteristics such as rate and length used by male swimmers of differing skill and to analyze the variations of velocity, stroke rate, and stroke length during the course of the race. The performance of 442 male subjects including 40 swimmers competing at an international 100-m freestyle event was videotaped and later analyzed to measure velocity, stroke rate, and stroke length on each lap of the race. Stroke length seemed to be the best predictor of swimming velocity. Different levels of performance could be discriminated by the variations of velocity, stroke rate, and especially stroke length throughout the race. Besides higher values for velocity, stroke rate, and stroke length, the best swimmers were characterized by the capacity to maintain these parameters constant throughout the course of the race. Such results could be used by coaches to assess technique and training for certain racing strategies.

Analysis of Male and Female Olympic Swimmers in the 100-Meter Events

1990 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Kennedy ◽  
Peter Brown ◽  
Somadeepti N. Chengalur ◽  
Richard C. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Olympic Games ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Final Time ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Performance ◽  
Dominant Feature

The performance of male and female swimmers (N = 397) competing in the preliminary heats of the four 100-meter swimming events during the Seoul Olympic Games was videotaped and later analyzed to determine stroke rate (SR) and stroke length (SL). These data were combined with age, height, and final time (FT) values for statistical analyses which included the relationships among these variables, comparison of male and female performance, and assessment of differences in the four events. The results revealed the following ranges of correlations between SR and SL (rs from −0.65 to −0.90), SL and FT (rs from −0.32 to −0.80), height and SL (0.19 to 0.58), and age and FT (-0.16 to −.051). The factor of SL was identified as the dominant feature of successful swimming performance. The men were older and taller, had longer stroke lengths and higher stroke rates (two of four events), and swam faster than the women. The differences in final times across the four events (freestyle fastest, breaststroke slowest) were due to specific combinations of SR and SL, with neither parameter being consistently dominant.

scholarly journals Analysis on the perspective and value of the “cultivation” documentary images

Novos Olhares ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
Weiting Hsiao
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Moving Images ◽  
Critical Observation ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Relationship

As a multi-sensory expression, moving images have a stronger ability to express beyond time and space. The creator uses the camera to depict history through images and sounds, so that the audience can reflect more on the process of watching. From "The Up series" to other similar long-term videos, they have become important chronicles of the era. This article will focus on the relationship between documentary images and history, and the characteristics of "cultivation" formed by these long-term images. Analyze and interpret its value from a multi-dimensional perspective. The context of the development of the times and the critical observation of the creators have led to the creation of works that reflect on social change. This kind of creation has also become a reference mode for many countries, bringing about a rich and dynamic cultural exchange based on cross-regional cultural differences, which has contributed to the development of the globalization era.

Case Study: Comparison of Swimsuits and Wetsuits Through Biomechanics and Energetics in Elite Female Open Water Swimmers

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Zacca ◽  
Bruno Mezêncio ◽  
Flávio A. de Souza Castro ◽  
Fábio Y. Nakamura ◽  
David B. Pyne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
World Series ◽  
Shoulder Flexion ◽  
Drag Factor

Aim: The authors investigated how the Arena Powerskin R-EVO Closed Back swimsuit and Arena Carbon Triwetsuit (full-sleeve wetsuit), both approved by the Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) regulations, affect biomechanics and energetics of 3 elite female open water (OW) swimmers at maximal and 4 submaximal swimming intensities. Methods: Three elite female OW swimmers (OW1 = 24 y, 1.64 m, 60 kg; OW2 = 23 y, 1.69 m, 65 kg; OW3 = 27 y, 1.63 m, 64.5 kg) were tested 1 week prior to a FINA/CNSG (China National Sports Group) Marathon Swim World Series event and 40 days before the 18th FINA World Championships 2019. Each OW swimmer completed 2 identical testing sessions, one with a swimsuit and other with a wetsuit, involving shoulder flexion power output assessed from medicine-ball throw, maximal performance and drag coefficient assessment, and an incremental intermittent swim test at 4 different relative intensities. Results: Estimated peak oxygen uptake was 4.4 L·min−1 for OW1, 5.6 L·min−1 for OW2, and 5.0 L·min−1 for OW3. Despite a distinct behavior observed on index of coordination for OW3, a null index of synchronization, increased stroke rate (mean difference = 2%–8%), reduced drag factor (minimum = −14%; maximum = −30%), lower energy cost (mean difference = −2% to −6%), and faster performance (mean difference = 2% to 3%) were observed with the wetsuit compared with swimsuit for all elite OW swimmers. Conclusion: The wetsuit enhances submaximal swimming performance, and this increase is dependent on the OW swimmer’s characteristics. The higher stroke rate and lower stroke length detected with wetsuit could be related to movement constraints imposed by the suit.

Surgical management of extracranial carotid artery aneurysms

VASA ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Paweł Skóra ◽  
Jacek Kurcz ◽  
Krzysztof Korta ◽  
Przemysław Szyber ◽  
Tadeusz Andrzej Dorobisz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Surgical Management ◽  
Minor Stroke ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Extracranial Carotid Artery ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
End To End ◽  
Dacron Patch ◽  
Major Stroke

Abstract. Background: We present the methods and results of the surgical management of extracranial carotid artery aneurysms (ECCA). Postoperative complications including early and late neurological events were analysed. Correlation between reconstruction techniques and morphology of ECCA was assessed in this retrospective study. Patients and methods: In total, 32 reconstructions of ECCA were performed in 31 symptomatic patients with a mean age of 59.2 (range 33 - 84) years. The causes of ECCA were divided among atherosclerosis (n = 25; 78.1 %), previous carotid endarterectomy with Dacron patch (n = 4; 12.5 %), iatrogenic injury (n = 2; 6.3 %) and infection (n = 1; 3.1 %). In 23 cases, intervention consisted of carotid bypass. Aneurysmectomy with end-to-end suture was performed in 4 cases. Aneurysmal resection with patching was done in 2 cases and aneurysmorrhaphy without patching in another 2 cases. In 1 case, ligature of the internal carotid artery (ICA) was required. Results: Technical success defined as the preservation of ICA patency was achieved in 31 cases (96.9 %). There was one perioperative death due to major stroke (3.1 %). Two cases of minor stroke occurred in the 30-day observation period (6.3 %). Three patients had a transient hypoglossal nerve palsy that subsided spontaneously (9.4 %). At a mean long-term follow-up of 68 months, there were no major or minor ipsilateral strokes or surgery-related deaths reported. In all 30 surviving patients (96.9 %), long-term clinical outcomes were free from ipsilateral neurological symptoms. Conclusions: Open surgery is a relatively safe method in the therapy of ECCA. Surgical repair of ECCAs can be associated with an acceptable major stroke rate and moderate minor stroke rate. Complication-free long-term outcomes can be achieved in as many as 96.9 % of patients. Aneurysmectomy with end-to-end anastomosis or bypass surgery can be implemented during open repair of ECCA.

Multi-Center Calibration of the Second Reference Material for Thromboplastin, Rabbit, Plain, Coded CRM 149R

1991 ◽  
Vol 65 (03) ◽  
pp. 263-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
A M H P van den Besselaar ◽  
R M Bertina
Keyword(s):  
Reference Material ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Significant Bias ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
International Sensitivity Index

SummaryIn a collaborative trial of eleven laboratories which was performed mainly within the framework of the European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR), a second reference material for thromboplastin, rabbit, plain, was calibrated against its predecessor RBT/79. This second reference material (coded CRM 149R) has a mean International Sensitivity Index (ISI) of 1.343 with a standard error of the mean of 0.035. The standard error of the ISI was determined by combination of the standard errors of the ISI of RBT/79 and the slope of the calibration line in this trial.The BCR reference material for thromboplastin, human, plain (coded BCT/099) was also included in this trial for assessment of the long-term stability of the relationship with RBT/79. The results indicated that this relationship has not changed over a period of 8 years. The interlaboratory variation of the slope of the relationship between CRM 149R and RBT/79 was significantly lower than the variation of the slope of the relationship between BCT/099 and RBT/79. In addition to the manual technique, a semi-automatic coagulometer according to Schnitger & Gross was used to determine prothrombin times with CRM 149R. The mean ISI of CRM 149R was not affected by replacement of the manual technique by this particular coagulometer.Two lyophilized plasmas were included in this trial. The mean slope of relationship between RBT/79 and CRM 149R based on the two lyophilized plasmas was the same as the corresponding slope based on fresh plasmas. Tlowever, the mean slope of relationship between RBT/79 and BCT/099 based on the two lyophilized plasmas was 4.9% higher than the mean slope based on fresh plasmas. Thus, the use of these lyophilized plasmas induced a small but significant bias in the slope of relationship between these thromboplastins of different species.

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