Positional Differences in External On-Field Load During Specific Drill Classifications Over a Professional Rugby League Preseason

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 764-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cloe Cummins ◽  
Blake McLean ◽  
Mark Halaki ◽  
Rhonda Orr
Keyword(s):  
External Load ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Rugby League ◽  
Concomitant Increase ◽  
Generic Skills ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
External Training ◽  
Very High

Purpose:To quantify the external training loads of positional groups in preseason training drills.Methods:Thirty-three elite rugby league players were categorized into 1 of 4 positional groups: outside backs (n = 9), adjustables (n = 9), wide-running forwards (n = 9), and hit-up forwards (n = 6). Data for 8 preseason weeks were collected using microtechnology devices. Training drills were classified based on drill focus: speed and agility, conditioning, and generic and positional skills.Results:Total, high-speed, and very-high-speed distance decreased across the preseason in speed and agility (moderate, small, and small, respectively), conditioning (large, large, and small) and generic skills (large, large, and large). The duration of speed and generic skills also decreased (77% and 48%, respectively). This was matched by a concomitant increase in total distance (small), high-speed running (small), very-high-speed running (moderate), and 2-dimensional (2D) BodyLoad (small) demands in positional skills. In positional skills, hit-up forwards (1240 ± 386 m) completed less very-high-speed running than outside backs (2570 ± 1331 m) and adjustables (2121 ± 1163 m). Hit-up forwards (674 ± 253 AU) experienced greater 2D BodyLoad demands than outside backs (432 ± 230 AU, P = .034). In positional drills, hit-up forwards experienced greater relative 2D BodyLoad demands than outside backs (P = .015). Conversely, outside backs experienced greater relative high- (P = .007) and very-high-speed-running (P < .001) demands than hit-up forwards.Conclusion:Significant differences were observed in training loads between positional groups during positional skills but not in speed and agility, conditioning, and generic skills. This work also highlights the importance of different external-load parameters to adequately quantify workload across different positional groups.

Individual Response to External Training Load in Elite Football Players

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 696-704
Author(s):  
Håvard Wiig ◽  
Thor Einar Andersen ◽  
Live S. Luteberget ◽  
Matt Spencer
Keyword(s):  
External Load ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Individual Response ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
External Training ◽  
Tracking Devices ◽  
Very High

Purpose: To investigate within-player effect, between-player effect, and individual response of external training load from player tracking devices on session rating of perceived exertion training load (sRPE-TL) in elite football players. Methods: The authors collected sRPE-TL from 18 outfield players in 21 training sessions. Total distance, high-speed running distance (>14.4 m/s), very high-speed running distance (>19.8 m/s), PlayerLoad™, PlayerLoad2D™, and high-intensity events (HIE > 1.5, HIE > 2.5, and HIE > 3.5 m/s) were extracted from the tracking devices. The authors modeled within-player and between-player effects of single external load variables on sRPE-TL, and multiple levels of variability, using a linear mixed model. The effect of 2 SDs of external load on sRPE-TL was evaluated with magnitude-based inferences. Results: Total distance, PlayerLoad™, PlayerLoad2D™, and HIE > 1.5 had most likely substantial within-player effects on sRPE-TL (100%–106%, very large effect sizes). Moreover, the authors observed likely substantial between-player effects (12%–19%, small to moderate effect sizes) from the majority of the external load variables and likely to very likely substantial individual responses of PlayerLoad™, high-speed running distance, very high-speed running distance, and HIE > 1.5 (19%–30% coefficient of variation, moderate to large effect sizes). Finally, sRPE-TL showed large to very large between-session variability with all external load variables. Conclusions: External load variables with low intensity-thresholds had the strongest relationship with sRPE-TL. Furthermore, the between-player effect of external load and the individual response to external load advocate for monitoring sRPE-TL in addition to external load. Finally, the large between-session variability in sRPE-TL demonstrates that substantial amounts of sRPE-TL in training sessions are not explained by single external load variables.

Player Activity Profiles in the Australian Second-Tier Rugby League Competitions

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 816-823
Author(s):  
Joanne Hausler ◽  
Mark Halaki ◽  
Rhonda Orr
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
New South ◽  
Rugby League ◽  
Relative Distance ◽  
Match Play ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Second Tier ◽  
Sprinting Speed ◽  
Very High

Purpose:To investigate activity profiles of Australian rugby league players during match play by competition, position, and match outcome in the New South Wales (NSW) second-tier competitions.Methods:Eighteen NSW Cup (NSWC) and 22 National Youth Competition (NYC) players, participating in this prospective cohort study, were categorized into 3 positional groups: forwards, adjustables, and outside backs. Global positioning system devices were used to examine activity profiles (distance and relative distance covered in walking, jogging, moderate, high, very high, and sprinting speed zones and quantification of high-speed movement) during match play in 21 NSWC and 22 NYC matches (N = 339 files).Results:NSWC players performed more sprints (36.5 ± 9.3 vs 28.4 ± 9.2) and greater relative distance in moderate speed zones (18.4 ± 3.2 vs 15.8 ± 3.1 m/min) than NYC. NSWC outside backs covered greater relative distance in jogging (29.4 ± 2.9 vs 24.8 ± 2.7 m/min) and moderate speed zones (17.0 ± 2.6 vs 12.8 ± 2.8 m/min) than their NYC counterparts. Adjustables performed more sprints (39.4 ± 10.1 vs 27.0 ± 9.2), high-intensity accelerations (3.7 ± 1.4 vs 1.9 ± 1.4), and relative distance (84.8 ± 4.3 vs 88.6 ± 4.8 m/min) than forwards and greater relative distance (81.5 ± 3.8 m/min) and sprints (31.0 ± 8.0) than outside backs. Adjustables recorded greater relative distance (19.8 m/min) in moderate speed zones than forwards (16.7 ± 3.1 m/min) and outside backs (14.9 ± 2.7 m/min). Adjustables covered ~685 m more than outside backs during a win.Conclusions:This is the first study to document the activity profiles of the NSW second-tier rugby league competition. The findings underscore the elevated match demands of adjustables and indicate higher intensity of play in NSWC than NYC that may more closely resemble the demands of National Rugby League match play.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Internal and External Training Load in Field Hockey

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrine Tuft ◽  
Mykolas Kavaliauskas
Keyword(s):  
High Power ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Power Distance ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Field Hockey ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Perceived Wellness ◽  
External Training ◽  
High Power Distance ◽  
Training Efficiency

Training load monitoring in team sports is important in order to plan and evaluate training strategies and ensure optimal performance. Integration of internal and external training load measures into a single training efficiency metric reduces the effect of confounding variables on training loads. The purpose of this study was to generate a training efficiency metric to evaluate in-season field hockey training. Further, the relationship between players’ perceived wellness the training efficiency metric was determined. Internal (training impulse and session rating of perceived exertion; TRIMP and sRPE) and external (total distance, high-speed distance, acceleration load, high-power distance, metabolic work, mechanical work, and impulse) training load was collected over a 6-week period for 11 male national level field hockey players (21.1 ± 1.2 years, 178.7 ± 8.6 cm, 4.6 ± 6.3 kg). The relationships between internal and external training load were assessed, and two training efficiency models were generated through mixed model analyses using sRPE and TRIMP. Subsequently, the relationships between training efficiency and perceived wellness were examined. The statistical analyses determined that total distance, high-speed distance, high-power distance, and metabolic work (r = 0.311-0.573) were included in the TRIMP training efficiency model. The sRPE training efficiency model included total distance, high-speed distance, high-power distance, metabolic work, and mechanical work (r = 0.329-0.757). Moreover, neither of the training efficiency models were related to daily cumulative wellness scores (TRIMP: r = -0.046; p = 0.336; sRPE: r = -0.034; p = 0.370). The study showed that the sRPE training efficiency model provided a better reflection of in-season field hockey training demands than the TRIMP model. Additionally, practitioners are not advised to adjust training based on acute changes in players’ perceived wellness.

scholarly journals Combining Internal- and External-Training-Load Measures in Professional Rugby League

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 905-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Weaving ◽  
Phil Marshall ◽  
Keith Earle ◽  
Alan Nevill ◽  
Grant Abt
Keyword(s):  
Principal Components ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Rugby League ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Dose ◽  
External Training ◽  
Training Impulse

Purpose:This study investigated the effect of training mode on the relationships between measures of training load in professional rugby league players.Methods:Five measures of training load (internal: individualized training impulse, session rating of perceived exertion; external—body load, high-speed distance, total impacts) were collected from 17 professional male rugby league players over the course of two 12-wk preseason periods. Training was categorized by mode (small-sided games, conditioning, skills, speed, strongman, and wrestle) and subsequently subjected to a principal-component analysis. Extraction criteria were set at an eigenvalue of greater than 1. Modes that extracted more than 1 principal component were subjected to a varimax rotation.Results:Small-sided games and conditioning extracted 1 principal component, explaining 68% and 52% of the variance, respectively. Skills, wrestle, strongman, and speed extracted 2 principal components each explaining 68%, 71%, 72%, and 67% of the variance, respectively.Conclusions:In certain training modes the inclusion of both internal and external training-load measures explained a greater proportion of the variance than any 1 individual measure. This would suggest that in training modes where 2 principal components were identified, the use of only a single internal or external training-load measure could potentially lead to an underestimation of the training dose. Consequently, a combination of internal- and external-load measures is required during certain training modes.

The reliability and accuracy of Polar Team Pro GPS units

2020 ◽  
pp. 175433712097666
Author(s):  
Zeki Akyildiz ◽  
Mehmet Yildiz ◽  
Filipe Manuel Clemente
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Reference Standard ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Typical Error ◽  
Very High ◽  
Error Of Measurement

This study aimed to investigate the accuracy and reliability of Polar Team Pro GPS units (10 Hz) when used to measure distance and total distance covered in different speed zones. Eight amateur soccer players (age: 21.37 ± 1.40 years, height: 176.75 ± 5 cm, body mass: 176.75 ± 9.47 kg) completed a team sport simulation cycle. Two Polar Team Pro GPS units were positioned on each player’s chest, and one GPSports GPS unit (15 Hz) was positioned between the scapulae. The data obtained from the two Polar Team Pro GPS units were compared to determine inter-unit reliability. The data obtained from one of the Polar Team Pro GPS units and the GPSports GPS unit (reference standard) were compared to determine concurrent accuracy. There was acceptable inter-unit reliability of Polar Team Pro GPS units for total distance (TD), low speed running (LSR) (0.00–13.99 km h−1), high speed running (HSR) (14.00–19.99 km h−1) and very high speed running (VHSR) (>20.0 km h−1) with high ICCs (0.63, 0.99, 0.99 and 0.99, respectively), and low typical error of measurement (%) (TEM%) (4.64, 5.05, 1.06 and 2.89, respectively). Regarding accuracy, the ICCs were extremely high for LSR and HSR (0.99 and 0.92, respectively), but high for TD and VHSR (0.63 and 0.65, respectively). Moreover, TEM (%) values were very low for TD and LSR (0.6 and 1.6, respectively), but they were high for HSR and VHSR (13.8 and 13.1, respectively). Consequently, acceptable inter-unit reliability was observed, indicating that the Polar Team Pro GPS unit is suitable for tracking pertinent team-sport variables. Moreover, the Polar Team Pro GPS units (10 Hz) are accurate under the same conditions. However, the research showed that the two systems cannot be used interchangeably for quantifying distances covered at higher speeds.

Workload Monitoring in Top-level Soccer Players During Congested Fixture Periods

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (10) ◽  
pp. 677-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Gualtieri ◽  
Ermanno Rampinini ◽  
Roberto Sassi ◽  
Marco Beato
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Time ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Maximum Peak ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Soccer Team ◽  
Peak Speed ◽  
Very High

AbstractThis study assessed the internal and external workload of starters and non-starters in a professional top-level soccer team during a congested fixture period. Twenty Serie A soccer players were monitored in this study during two mesocycles of 21 days each. Starters and non-starters were divided based on the match time played in each mesocycle. The following metrics were recorded: exposure time, total distance, relative total distance, high-speed running distance over 20 km·h−1, very high-speed running distance over 25 km·h−1, individual very high-speed distance over 80% of maximum peak speed, and rating of perceived exertion. Differences between starters and non-starters were found for: exposure time (effect size=large to very large), rating of perceived exertion (large to very large), total distance (large to very large), and individual very high-speed distance over 80% of maximum peak speed (moderate to large). Furthermore, differences for relative total distance, high-speed running distance over 20 km·h−1 and very high-speed running distance over 25 km·h−1 were small to moderate, but not significant. This study reports that during congested fixture periods, starters had higher exposure time, rating of perceived exertion, total distance, and individual very high-speed distance over 80% of maximum peak speed than non-starters.

scholarly journals External and internal training load relationships in soccer players: the metabolic power approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 36-45
Author(s):  
Eser Çalı ◽  
Utku Alemdaroğlu
Keyword(s):  
External Load ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Metabolic Power ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Metabolic Distance ◽  
Training Impulse ◽  
External Loads

The aim of the present study was to examine the relationships between internal training loads (TL) (Banister, Edwards Training-Impulse (TRIMP), session RPE (s-RPE)) and external TL (Total distance (TD), high speed distance (HSD), high metabolic distance (HMD) in amateur soccer players. Nine male amateur soccer players (age = 28.74±5.2 years; height 173.74± 8.04 cm; weight 72.73±5.5 kg) voluntarily participated in the study. Individual field-based training sessions were monitored over 8 weeks. The results showed that there were moderate and very large correlations between s-RPE and both Edwards and Banister’s TRIMP (respectively, r = 0.42-0.86; r= 0.45-0.85). Additionally, from large to nearly perfect correlations were observed between the HR-based methods (r= 0.58-0.98). We also found moderate to very large correlations between s-RPE and HMD and large to nearly perfect correlations between HR-based TL methods and HMD. Correlations between internal load and external load parameters was weaker in HSD than TD. In the light of the results of the current study, internal and external loads should not be used interchangeable and HMD seems to be appropriate to monitor TL in soccer players because its equations include both speed and acceleration values.

Can Small-side Games Provide Adequate High-speed Training in Professional Soccer?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Asian-Clemente ◽  
Alberto Rabano-Muñoz ◽  
Borja Muñoz ◽  
Jesus Franco ◽  
Luis Suarez-Arrones
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Small Magnitude ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Young Professional ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Running Activity ◽  
Speed Training ◽  
Peak Speed ◽  
Very High ◽  
Moderate Magnitude

AbstractThe aim was to compare the running activity in official matches with that achieved in two small-sided games, designed with the same relative area per player but with different constraints and field dimensions, aiming to stimulate high-speed and very-high-speed running. Seventeen young professional players played one 5 vs. 5+5 with 2 floaters, varying in terms of whether there was a change of playing area (SSGCA) or not change (SSGNC). Running activity was monitored using GPS and the following variables were recorded: total distance covered; high-speed distance (18–21 km·h−1); very high-speed distance (>21 km·h−1); peak speed; accelerations and decelerations between 2–3 m·s−2 and above 3 m·s−2. SSGCA achieved statistically higher total distance, high-speed, peak speed and number of accelerations and decelerations than SSGNC (large to small magnitude). Both drills showed statistically greater high speed, number of accelerations and decelerations than official matches (large to small magnitude). Moreover, SSGCA exhibited statistically more total distance and distance at higher speed than official matches (moderate and small magnitude, respectively). In contrast, official matches showed statistically higher peak speeds than both training tasks and more very high speed than SSGNC (large and moderate magnitude, respectively). Coaches could use SSGCA to promote greater running activity in soccer players.

scholarly journals Match-to-match variations in external load measures during congested weeks in professional male soccer players

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
External Load ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Positioning Systems ◽  
Load Variations ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Maximal Speed

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze within-week and within-match external load variations in male soccer players over three consecutive matches during a congested week. Methods: The study cohort included nineteen elite professional male players (age: 26.5 ± 4.3 years) from a European First League team. Players were monitored daily over a full season using measurements collected by global positioning systems (GPSs). GPS-derived measures of total distance (TD), high-speed running (HSR), high metabolic load (HML), and maximal speed (maxSpeed) were collected during each match. Results: TD and HML intensity were meaningfully lower during the second half of the season than the first half for all weeks (p < 0.05), regardless of the number of matches. Also, the standardized differences for both metrics presented moderate-to-strong effect sizes. Although no significant differences between halves were found for HSR or maxSpeed (p > 0.05), these measures presented inconsistently minimum-to-strong effect sizes in some matches in overall weeks. Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that TD and HML distances were significantly different between halves for all weeks, regardless of the number of matches. Meanwhile, HSR and maxSpeed measures presented no significant differences across matches overall.

Structural changes in silicon-on-insulator material during post-implantation annealing

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 736-737
Author(s):  
C. O. Jung ◽  
S. J. Krause ◽  
S.R. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Oxide Layer ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Device Fabrication ◽  
Silicon On Insulator ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Radiation Hardened ◽  
Post Implantation ◽  
Very High

Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structures have excellent potential for future use in radiation hardened and high speed integrated circuits. For device fabrication in SOI material a high quality superficial Si layer above a buried oxide layer is required. Recently, Celler et al. reported that post-implantation annealing of oxygen implanted SOI at very high temperatures would eliminate virtually all defects and precipiates in the superficial Si layer. In this work we are reporting on the effect of three different post implantation annealing cycles on the structure of oxygen implanted SOI samples which were implanted under the same conditions.

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