scholarly journals Is There an Optimal Ischemic-Preconditioning Dose to Improve Cycling Performance?

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Cocking ◽  
Mathew G. Wilson ◽  
David Nichols ◽  
N. Timothy Cable ◽  
Daniel J. Green ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Ischemic Preconditioning ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Number Of Cycles

Introduction: Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) may enhance endurance performance. No previous study has directly compared distinct IPC protocols for optimal benefit. Purpose: To determine whether a specific IPC protocol (ie, number of cycles, amount of muscle tissue, and local vs remote occlusion) elicits greater performance outcomes. Methods: Twelve cyclists performed 5 different IPC protocols 30 min before a blinded 375-kJ cycling time trial (TT) in a laboratory. Responses to traditional IPC (4 × 5-min legs) were compared with those to 8 × 5-min legs and sham (dose cycles), 4 × 5-min unilateral legs (dose tissue), and 4 × 5-min arms (remote). Rating of perceived exertion and blood lactate were recorded at each 25% TT completion. Power (W), heart rate (beats/min), and oxygen uptake () (mL · kg−1 · min−1) were measured continuously throughout TTs. Magnitude-based-inference statistics were employed to compare variable differences to the minimal practically important difference. Results: Traditional IPC was associated with a 17-s (0, 34) faster TT time than sham. Applying more dose cycles (8 × 5 min) had no impact on performance. Traditional IPC was associated with likely trivial higher blood lactate and possibly beneficial lower responses vs sham. Unilateral IPC was associated with 18-s (−11, 48) slower performance than bilateral (dose tissue). TT times after remote and local IPC were not different (0 [−16, 16] s). Conclusion: The traditional 4 × 5-min (local or remote) IPC stimulus resulted in the fastest TT time compared with sham; there was no benefit of applying a greater number of cycles or employing unilateral IPC.

Improved Cycling Time-Trial Performance after Ingestion of a Caffeine Energy Drink

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Ivy ◽  
Lynne Kammer ◽  
Zhenping Ding ◽  
Bei Wang ◽  
Jeffrey R. Bernard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Energy Drink ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Time ◽  
Trial Performance

Context:Not all athletic competitions lend themselves to supplementation during the actual event, underscoring the importance of preexercise supplementation to extend endurance and improve exercise performance. Energy drinks are composed of ingredients that have been found to increase endurance and improve physical performance.Purpose:The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of a commercially available energy drink, ingested before exercise, on endurance performance.Methods:The study was a double-blind, randomized, crossover design. After a 12-hr fast, 6 male and 6 female trained cyclists (mean age 27.3 ± 1.7 yr, mass 68.9 ± 3.2 kg, and VO2 54.9 ± 2.3 ml · kg–1 · min–1) consumed 500 ml of either flavored placebo or Red Bull Energy Drink (ED; 2.0 g taurine, 1.2 g glucuronolactone, 160 mg caffeine, 54 g carbohydrate, 40 mg niacin, 10 mg pantothenic acid, 10 mg vitamin B6, and 10 μg vitamin B12) 40 min before a simulated cycling time trial. Performance was measured as time to complete a standardized amount of work equal to 1 hr of cycling at 70% Wmax.Results:Performance improved with ED compared with placebo (3,690 ± 64 s vs. 3,874 ± 93 s, p < .01), but there was no difference in rating of perceived exertion between treatments. β-Endorphin levels increased during exercise, with the increase for ED approaching significance over placebo (p = .10). Substrate utilization, as measured by open-circuit spirometry, did not differ between treatments.Conclusion:These results demonstrate that consuming a commercially available ED before exercise can improve endurance performance and that this improvement might be in part the result of increased effort without a concomitant increase in perceived exertion.

A Comparative Analysis Between the Effects of Galactose and Glucose Supplementation on Endurance Performance

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul W. Macdermid ◽  
Stephen Stannard ◽  
Dean Rankin ◽  
David Shillington
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Work Intensity ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Performance Trial

Purpose:To determine beneficial effects of short-term galactose (GAL) supplementation over a 50:50 glucose–maltodextrin (GLUC) equivalent on self-paced endurance cycling performance.Methods:On 2 separate occasions, subjects performed a 100-km self-paced time trial (randomized and balanced order). This was interspersed with four 1-km and four 4-km maximal efforts reflecting the physical requirements of racing. Before each trial 38 ± 3 g of GAL or GLUC was ingested in a 6% concentrate fluid form 1 hr preexercise and then during exercise at a rate of 37 ± 3 g/hr. Performance variables were recorded for all 1- and 4-km efforts, all interspersed intervals, and the total 100-km distance. Noninvasive indicators of work intensity (heart rate [HR] and rating of perceived exertion) were also recorded.Results:Times taken to complete the 100-km performance trial were 8,298 ± 502 and 8,509 ± 578 s (p = .132), with mean power outputs of 271 ± 37 and 256 ± 45 W (p = .200), for GAL and GLUC, respectively. Mean HR did not differ (GAL 157 ± 7 and GLUC 157 ± 7 beats/min, p = .886). A main effect of carbohydrate (CHO) type on time to complete 4-km efforts occurred, with no CHO Type × Effort Order interaction observed. No main effect of CHO type or interaction of CHO Type × Sequential Order occurred for 1-km efforts.Conclusion:A 6% GAL drink does not enhance performance time during a self-paced cycling performance trial in highly trained endurance cyclists compared with a formula typically used by endurance athletes but may improve the ability to produce intermediate self-paced efforts.

scholarly journals Blinded and unblinded hypohydration similarly impair cycling time trial performance in the heat in trained cyclists

2019 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 870-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark P. Funnell ◽  
Stephen A. Mears ◽  
Kurt Bergin-Taylor ◽  
Lewis J. James
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
The Many ◽  
Trial Performance

Knowledge of hydration status may contribute to hypohydration-induced exercise performance decrements; therefore, this study compared blinded and unblinded hypohydration on cycling performance. Fourteen trained, nonheat-acclimated cyclists (age: 25 ± 5 yr; V̇o2peak: 63.3 ± 4.7 ml·kg−1·min−1; cycling experience: 6 ± 3 yr) were pair matched to blinded (B) or unblinded (UB) groups. After familiarization, subjects completed euhydrated (B-EUH; UB-EUH) and hypohydrated (B-HYP; UB-HYP) trials in the heat (31°C); 120-min cycling preload (50% Wpeak) and a time trial (~15 min). During the preload of all trials, 0.2 ml water·kg body mass−1 was ingested every 10 min, with additional water provided during EUH trials to match sweat losses. To blind the B group, a nasogastric tube was inserted in both trials and used to provide water in B-EUH. The preload induced similar ( P = 0.895) changes in body mass between groups (B-EUH: −0.6 ± 0.5%; B-HYP: −3.0 ± 0.5%; UB-EUH: −0.5 ± 0.3%; UB-HYP −3.0 ± 0.3%). All variables responded similarly between B and UB groups ( P ≥ 0.558), except thirst ( P = 0.004). Changes typical of hypohydration (increased heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, gastrointestinal temperature, serum osmolality and thirst, and decreased plasma volume; P ≤ 0.017) were apparent in HYP by 120 min. Time trial performance was similar between groups ( P = 0.710) and slower ( P ≤ 0.013) with HYP for B (B-EUH: 903 ± 89 s; B-HYP: 1,008 ± 121 s; −11.4%) and UB (UB-EUH: 874 ± 108 s; UB-HYP: 967 ± 170 s; −10.1%). Hypohydration of ~3% body mass impairs time trial performance in the heat, regardless of knowledge of hydration status. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrates, for the first time, that knowledge of hydration status does not exacerbate the negative performance consequences of hypohydration when hypohydration is equivalent to ~3% body mass. This is pivotal for the interpretation of the many previous studies that have not blinded subjects to their hydration status and suggests that these previous studies are not likely to be confounded by the overtness of the methods used to induce hypohydration.

scholarly journals Improvement of 10-km Time-Trial Cycling With Motivational Self-Talk Compared With Neutral Self-Talk

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin J. Barwood ◽  
Jo Corbett ◽  
Christopher R.D. Wagstaff ◽  
Dan McVeigh ◽  
Richard C. Thelwell
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Completion Time ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Performance Effect ◽  
Higher Power ◽  
Self Talk

Purpose:Unpleasant physical sensations during maximal exercise may manifest themselves as negative cognitions that impair performance, alter pacing, and are linked to increased rating of perceived exertion (RPE). This study examined whether motivational self-talk (M-ST) could reduce RPE and change pacing strategy, thereby enhancing 10-km time-trial (TT) cycling performance in contrast to neutral self-talk (N-ST).Methods:Fourteen men undertook 4 TTs, TT1–TT4. After TT2, participants were matched into groups based on TT2 completion time and underwent M-ST (n = 7) or N-ST (n = 7) after TT3. Performance, power output, RPE, and oxygen uptake (VO2) were compared across 1-km segments using ANOVA. Confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated for performance data.Results:After TT3 (ie, before intervention), completion times were not different between groups (M-ST, 1120 ± 113 s; N-ST, 1150 ± 110 s). After M-ST, TT4 completion time was faster (1078 ± 96 s); the N-ST remained similar (1165 ± 111 s). The M-ST group achieved this through a higher power output and VO2 in TT4 (6th–10th km). RPE was unchanged. CI data indicated the likely true performance effect lay between 13- and 71-s improvement (TT4 vs TT3).Conclusion:M-ST improved endurance performance and enabled a higher power output, whereas N-ST induced no change. The VO2 response matched the increase in power output, yet RPE was unchanged, thereby inferring a perceptual benefit through M-ST. The valence and content of self-talk are important determinants of the efficacy of this intervention. These findings are primarily discussed in the context of the psychobiological model of pacing.

On- Versus Off-Bike Power Training in Professional Cyclists: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro L. Valenzuela ◽  
Jaime Gil-Cabrera ◽  
Eduardo Talavera ◽  
Lidia B. Alejo ◽  
Almudena Montalvo-Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Power Training ◽  
Sprint Training

Purpose: To compare the effectiveness of resistance power training (RPT, training with the individualized load and repetitions that maximize power output) and cycling power training (CPT, short sprint training) in professional cyclists. Methods: The participants (20 [2] y, peak oxygen uptake 78.0 [4.4] mL·kg−1·min−1) were randomly assigned to perform CPT (n = 8) or RPT (n = 10) in addition to their usual training regime for 7 weeks (2 sessions/wk). The training loads were continuously registered using the session rating of perceived exertion. The outcomes included endurance performance (8-min time trial and incremental test), as well as measures of muscle strength/power (1-repetition maximum and mean maximum propulsive power on the squat, hip thrust, and lunge exercises) and body composition (assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry). Results: No between-group differences were found for training loads or for any outcome (P > .05). Both interventions resulted in increased time-trial performance, as well as in improvements in other endurance-related outcomes (ie, ventilatory threshold, respiratory compensation point; P < .05). A significant or quasi-significant increase (P = .068 and .047 for CPT and RPT, respectively) in bone mineral content was observed after both interventions. A significant reduction in fat mass (P = .017), along with a trend (P = .059) toward a reduced body mass, was observed after RPT, but not CPT (P = .076 for the group × time interaction effect). Significant benefits (P < .05) were also observed for most strength-related outcomes after RPT, but not CPT. Conclusion: CPT and RPT are both effective strategies for the improvement of endurance performance and bone health in professional cyclists, although the latter tends to result in greater improvements in body composition and muscle strength/power.

Effects of Varying Post-Warm-Up Recovery Time on 200-m Time-Trial Swim Performance

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Zochowski ◽  
Elizabeth Johnson ◽  
Gordon G. Sleivert
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Swimming Time ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Trial Performance

Context:Warm-up before athletic competition might enhance performance by affecting various physiological parameters. There are few quantitative data available on physiological responses to the warm-up, and the data that have been reported are inconclusive. Similarly, it has been suggested that varying the recovery period after a standardized warm-up might affect subsequent performance.Purpose:To determine the effects of varying post-warm-up recovery time on a subsequent 200-m swimming time trial.Methods:Ten national-caliber swimmers (5 male, 5 female) each swam a 1500-m warm-up and performed a 200-m time trial of their specialty stroke after either 10 or 45 min of passive recovery. Subjects completed 1 time trial in each condition separated by 1 wk in a counterbalanced order. Blood lactate and heart rate were measured immediately after warm-up and 3 min before, immediately after, and 3 min after the time trial. Rating of perceived exertion was measured immediately after the warm-up and time trial.Results:Time-trial performance was significantly improved after 10 min as opposed to 45 min recovery (136.80 ± 20.38 s vs 138.69 ± 20.32 s, P < .05). There were no significant differences between conditions for heart rate and blood lactate after the warm-up. Pre-time-trial heart rate, however, was higher in the 10-min than in the 45-min rest condition (109 ± 14 beats/min vs 94 ± 21 beats/min, P < .05).Conclusions:A post-warm-up recovery time of 10 min rather than 45 min is more beneficial to 200-m swimming time-trial performance.

Drink-Flavor Change’s Lack of Effect on Endurance Cycling Performance in Trained Athletes

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 315-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Desbrow ◽  
Clare Minahan ◽  
Michael Leveritt
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Exercise Protocol ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Subsequent Performance ◽  
Sports Drink ◽  
Endurance Cycling

This study investigated whether a change in beverage favor during endurance cycling improves subsequent performance. Eight trained male athletes (age 24.3 ± 3.9 y, weight 74.7 ± 6.0 kg, peak O2 uptake [VO2peak] 65.4 ± 5.4 mL·kg−1·min−1; mean ± SD) undertook 3 trials, with training and diet being controlled. Trials consisted of 120 min of steady-state (SS) cycling at ~70% VO2peak, immediately followed by a 7-kJ/kg time trial (TT). During exercise subjects were provided with fluids every 20 min. After 80 min of SS cycling subjects either continued drinking the same-favor sports drink or changed to an alternate favor—either an alternate-favor sports drink (AFSD) or cola. All beverages were carbohydrate and volume matched. Changing drink favor caused no significant change in TT time (sports drink 27:16 ± 03:12, AFSD 27:06 ± 03:16, cola 27:03 ± 02:42; min: s). The various favors produced no treatment effects on heart rate, blood glucose, or rating of perceived exertion throughout the SS exercise protocol. The influence of other taste variables such as palatability, bitterness, or timing of favor change on endurance-exercise performance requires more rigorous investigation.

scholarly journals Effects of ischemic preconditioning on short-duration cycling performance

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 825-831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rogério Santos de Oliveira Cruz ◽  
Rafael Alves de Aguiar ◽  
Tiago Turnes ◽  
Amadeo Félix Salvador ◽  
Fabrizio Caputo
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Ischemic Preconditioning ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Oxygen Deficit ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Lactate Kinetics

It has been demonstrated that ischemic preconditioning (IPC) improves endurance performance. However, the potential benefits during anaerobic events and the mechanism(s) underlying these benefits remain unclear. Fifteen recreational cyclists were assessed to evaluate the effects of IPC of the upper thighs on anaerobic performance, skeletal muscle activation, and metabolic responses during a 60-s sprint performance. After an incremental test and a familiarization visit, subjects were randomly submitted in visits 3 and 4 to a performance protocol preceded by intermittent bilateral cuff inflation (4 × (5 min of blood flow restriction + 5 min reperfusion)) at either 220 mm Hg (IPC) or 20 mm Hg (control). To increase data reliability, each intervention was replicated, which was also in a random manner. In addition to the mean power output, the pulmonary oxygen uptake, blood lactate kinetics, and quadriceps electromyograms (EMGs) were analyzed during performance and throughout 45 min of passive recovery. After IPC, performance was improved by 2.1% compared with control (95% confidence intervals of 0.8% to 3.3%, P = 0.001), followed by increases in (i) the accumulated oxygen deficit, (ii) the amplitude of blood lactate kinetics, (iii) the total amount of oxygen consumed during recovery, and (iv) the overall EMG amplitude (P < 0.05). In addition, the ratio between EMG and power output was higher during the final third of performance after IPC (P < 0.05). These results suggest an increased skeletal muscle activation and a higher anaerobic contribution as the ultimate responses of IPC on short-term exercise performance.

scholarly journals Gastrointestinal Symptoms Related to Potato Ingestion During Cycling in Trained Athletes (P23-012-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susannah Scaroni ◽  
Amadeo Salvador ◽  
Colleen McKenna ◽  
Rafael Alamilla ◽  
Isabel Martinez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Random Factor ◽  
Mixed Model Analysis ◽  
Gi Symptoms ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Objectives Carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion is an established nutritional strategy to improve endurance performance, yet currently available products may contribute to gastrointestinal (GI) distress. Potatoes have a high-glycemic index, indicating that their CHO content is readily available. We aimed to compare the effects of ingesting potato purée (POT), commercial CHO gel (GEL), or a control (water, CTL) during cycling on GI Symptoms and affective indices in trained athletes. Methods In a randomized crossover study, twelve trained cyclists (9 M and 3F; 30.5 ± 8.7y; 70.6 ± 7.6 kg; 1.70 ± 7 cm; 60.7 ± 8.9 mL/kg/min) completed a 2 h cycling challenge (60–85%VO2max) followed by a 6 kJ/kg time trial. Cyclists were randomly assigned to consume POT, GEL, or CTL during the challenge. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE), GI symptoms, and affective responses (Feeling Scale −5/+5) were collected throughout the challenge via visual analog scales. Differences between treatments were assessed by mixed model analysis of variance using time and condition as a fixed factor and subject as a random factor. All data represent mean ± standard deviation. Results RPE was not different between POT, GEL, or CTL condition at the end of the cycling challenge (POT: 17 ± 1; GEL: 17 ± 1, CTL: 18 ± 1, P > 0.05). Higher GI symptoms (P < 0.01) were observed at the end of the challenge during POT condition (15 ± 3%) when compared to GEL (8 ± 3%) and CTL (7 ± 3%), with no significant difference in these symptoms prior to this time. FS response significantly increased (P = 0.04) during POT trial (2 ± 2) compared to GEL (0 ± 0.2) and CTL (0 ± 2) conditions at end of the challenge. Conclusions While POT ingestion resulted in greater GI distressed compared to CHO gel, cyclists perceived the exertion to be similar and even reported feeling more pleasant after POT ingestion in endurance exercise. Funding Sources Alliance for Potato Research and Education.

The Effect of Siberian Ginseng (Eleutherococcus Senticosus) on Substrate Utilization and Performance during Prolonged Cycling

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 444-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Christopher Eschbach ◽  
Michael J. Webster ◽  
Joseph C. Boyd ◽  
Patrick D. McArthur ◽  
Tammy K. Evetovich
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Substrate Utilization ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Eleutherococcus Senticosus ◽  
Siberian Ginseng

It has been suggested that Eleutherococcus senticosus (ES). also known as Siberian ginseng or ciwuija. increases fat utilization in humans. The purpose of this study was to examine the physiological responses to supplementation with ES in endurance cyclists. Using arandomized. double-blind crossover design. 9 highly-trained men (28 ± 2 years. V̇O2max 57.3±2.0 ml · kg−1 · min−1) cycled for 120 min at 60% V̇O2max followed by a simulated 10-km lime trial. Diet was controlled, and ES (1,200 mg · day−1) or a placebo (P) were administered for 7 days prior to each of the two trials. Oxygen consumption, respiratory exchange ratio, and heart rate were recorded every 30 min, and rating of perceived exertion. plasma [lactate], and plasma [glucose j were recorded every 20 min during the 120 min of steady state cycling. There were no significant differences (p > .05) between the ES and P groups at any steady-state time interval or during the cycling time trial (ES = 18.10 ± 0.42, P = 17.83 ± 0.47 min). In contrast with previous reports, the results of this study suggest that ES supplementation does not alter steady-state substrate utilization or 10-km cycling performance time.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document