scholarly journals Racing an Opponent: Alteration of Pacing, Performance, and Muscle-Force Decline but Not Rating of Perceived Exertion

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco J. Konings ◽  
Jordan Parkinson ◽  
Inge Zijdewind ◽  
Florentina J. Hettinga
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Muscle Force ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Voluntary Activation ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Experimental Conditions

Purpose: Performing against a virtual opponent has been shown to invite a change in pacing and improve time-trial (TT) performance. This study explored how this performance improvement is established by assessing changes in pacing, neuromuscular function, and perceived exertion. Methods: After a peak-power-output test and a familiarization TT, 12 trained cyclists completed two 4-km TTs in randomized order on a Velotron cycle ergometer. TT conditions were riding alone (NO) and riding against a virtual opponent (OP). Knee-extensor performance was quantified before and directly after the TT using maximal voluntary contraction force (MVC), voluntary activation (VA), and potentiated doublet-twitch force (PT). Differences between the experimental conditions were examined using repeated-measures ANOVAs. Linear-regression analyses were conducted to associate changes in pacing to changes in MVC, VA, and PT. Results: OP was completed faster than NO (mean power output OP 289.6 ± 56.1 vs NO 272.2 ± 61.6 W; P = .020), mainly due to a faster initial pace. This was accompanied by a greater decline in MVC (MVC pre vs post −17.5% ± 12.4% vs −11.4% ± 10.9%, P = .032) and PT (PT pre vs post −23.1% ± 14.0% vs −16.2% ±11.4%, P = .041) after OP than after NO. No difference between conditions was found for VA (VA pre vs post −4.9% ± 6.7% vs −3.4% ± 5.0%, P = .274). Rating of perceived exertion did not differ between OP and NO. Conclusion: The improved performance when racing against a virtual opponent was associated with a greater decline in voluntary and evoked muscle force than riding alone, without a change in perceived exertion, highlighting the importance of human–environment interactions in addition to one’s internal state for pacing regulation and performance.

scholarly journals Preexercise Cycling Protocol Alters Pacing Behavior in Competitive Time Trials

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 1303-1308
Author(s):  
Marco J. Konings ◽  
Florentina J. Hettinga
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact

Purpose: The behavior of an opponent has been shown to alter pacing and performance. To advance our understanding of the impact of perceptual stimuli such as an opponent on pacing and performance, this study examined the effect of a preexercise cycling protocol on exercise regulation with and without an opponent. Methods: Twelve trained cyclists performed 4 experimental, self-paced 4-km time-trial conditions on an advanced cycle ergometer in a randomized, counterbalanced order. Participants started the time trial in rested state (RS) or performed a 10-min cycling protocol at 67% peak power output (CP) before the time trial. During the time trials, participants had to ride alone (NO) or against a virtual opponent (OP). The experimental conditions were (1) RS-NO, (2) RS-OP, (3) CP-NO, and (4) CP-OP. Repeated-measures analyses of variance (P < .05) were used to examine differences in pacing and performance in terms of power output. Results: A faster pace was adopted in the first kilometer during RS-OP (318 [72] W) compared with RS-NO (291 [81] W; P = .03), leading to an improved finishing time during RS-OP compared with RS-NO (P = .046). No differences in either pacing or performance were found between CP-NO and CP-OP. Conclusions: The evoked response by the opponent to adopt a faster initial pace in the 4-km time trial disappeared when cyclists had to perform a preceding cycling protocol. The outcomes of this study highlight that perceived exertion alters the responsiveness to perceptual stimuli of cyclists during competition.

Time Spent Near V˙O2max During Different Cycling Self-Paced Interval Training Protocols

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Cristiano Dall’ Agnol ◽  
Tiago Turnes ◽  
Ricardo Dantas De Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Exercise Duration ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Recovery Ratio ◽  
Active Recovery ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Work Recovery

Purpose: Cyclists may increase exercise intensity by prolonging exercise duration and/or shortening the recovery period during self-paced interval training, which could impact the time spent near . Thus, the main objective of this study was to compare the time spent near during 4 different self-paced interval training sessions. Methods: After an incremental test, 11 cyclists (mean [SD]: age = 34.4 [6.2] y; ) performed in a randomized order 4 self-paced interval training sessions characterized by a work–recovery ratio of 4:1 or 2:1. Sessions comprised 4 repetitions of 4 minutes of cycling with 1 minute (4/1) or 2 minutes (4/2) of active recovery or 8 minutes of cycling with 2 minutes (8/2) or 4 minutes (8/4) of active recovery. Time spent at 90% to 94% (), ≥95% (), and 90% to 100% () was analyzed in absolute terms and relative to the total work duration. Power output, heart rate, blood lactate, and rating of perceived exertion were compared. Results: The 8/4 session provided higher absolute and than 8/2 (P = .015 and .029) and 4/1 (P = .002 and .047). The 4/2 protocol elicited higher relative (47.7% [26.9%]) and (23.5% [22.7%]) than 4/1 (P = .015 and .028) and 8/2 (P < .01). Session 4/2 (275 [23] W) elicited greater mean power output (P < .01) than 4/1 (261 [27] W), 8/4 (250 [25] W), and 8/2 (234 [23] W). Conclusions: Self-paced interval training composed of 4-minute and 8-minute work periods efficiently elicit , but protocols with a work–recovery ratio of 2:1 (ie, 4/2 and 8/4) could be prioritized to maximize .

Making the Grade: An Exploration of Incline Running on a Bodyweight-Supportive Treadmill

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Megan Wagner ◽  
Kevin D. Dames
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Metabolic Demand ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Cross Sectional

Context: Bodyweight-supporting treadmills are popular rehabilitation tools for athletes recovering from impact-related injuries because they reduce ground reaction forces during running. However, the overall metabolic demand of a given running speed is also reduced, meaning athletes who return to competition after using such a device in rehabilitation may not be as fit as they had been prior to their injury. Objective: To explore the metabolic effects of adding incline during bodyweight-supported treadmill running. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Research laboratory. Participants: Fourteen apparently healthy, recreational runners (6 females and 8 males; 21 [3] y, 1.71 [0.08] m, 63.11 [6.86] kg). Interventions: The participants performed steady-state running trials on a bodyweight-supporting treadmill at 8.5 mph. The control condition was no incline and no bodyweight support. All experimental conditions were at 30% bodyweight support. The participants began the sequence of experimental conditions at 0% incline; this increased to 1%, and from there on, 2% incline increases were introduced until a 15% grade was reached. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare all bodyweight-support conditions against the control condition. Main Outcome Measures: Oxygen consumption, heart rate, and rating of perceived exertion. Results: Level running with 30% bodyweight support reduced oxygen consumption by 21.6% (P < .001) and heart rate by 12.0% (P < .001) compared with the control. Each 2% increase in incline with bodyweight support increased oxygen consumption by 6.4% and heart rate by 3.2% on average. A 7% incline elicited similar physiological measures as the unsupported, level condition. However, the perceived intensity of this incline with bodyweight support was greater than the unsupported condition (P < .001). Conclusions: Athletes can maintain training intensity while running on a bodyweight-supporting treadmill by introducing incline. Rehabilitation programs should rely on quantitative rather than qualitative data to drive exercise prescription in this modality.

N-acetylcysteine alters substrate metabolism during high-intensity cycle exercise in well-trained humans

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 1217-1227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam J. Trewin ◽  
Aaron C. Petersen ◽  
Francois Billaut ◽  
Leon R. McQuade ◽  
Bernie V. McInerney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Substrate Metabolism

We investigated the effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on metabolism during fixed work rate high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and self-paced 10-min time-trial (TT10) performance. Nine well-trained male cyclists (V̇O2peak, 69.4 ± 5.8 mL·kg−1·min−1; peak power output (PPO), 385 ± 43 W; mean ± SD) participated in a double-blind, repeated-measures, randomised crossover trial. Two trials (NAC supplementation and placebo) were performed 7 days apart consisting of 6 × 5 min HIIE bouts at 82% PPO (316 ± 40 W) separated by 1 min at 100 W, and then after 2 min of recovery at 100 W, TT10 was performed. Expired gases, venous blood, and electromyographic (EMG) data were collected. NAC did not influence blood glutathione but decreased lipid peroxidation compared with the placebo (P < 0.05). Fat oxidation was elevated with NAC compared with the placebo during HIIE bouts 5 and 6 (9.9 ± 8.9 vs. 3.9 ± 4.8 μmol·kg−1·min−1; P < 0.05), as was blood glucose throughout HIIE (4.3 ± 0.6 vs. 3.8 ± 0.6 mmol·L−1; P < 0.05). Blood lactate was lower with NAC after TT10 (3.3 ± 1.3 vs. 4.2 ± 1.3 mmol·L−1; P < 0.05). Median EMG frequency of the vastus lateralis was lower with NAC during HIIE (79 ± 10 vs. 85 ± 10 Hz; P < 0.05), but not TT10 (82 ± 11 Hz). Finally, NAC decreased mean power output 4.9% ± 6.6% (effect size = –0.3 ± 0.4, mean ± 90% CI) during TT10 (305 ± 57 W vs. 319 ± 45 W). These data suggest that NAC alters substrate metabolism and muscle fibre type recruitment during HIIE, which is detrimental to time-trial performance.

scholarly journals Warm-up durations in a hot-dry climate affect thermoregulation, mean power-output and fatigue, but not peak power in specific soccer repeated-sprint ability

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Frikha ◽  
Nesrine Chaâri ◽  
Noureddine Ben Said ◽  
Mohammed Shaab Alibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Tympanic Temperature ◽  
Muscular Power ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Repeated Sprint ◽  
Mean Power Output

Abstract Background This study addressed the lack of data on the effect of warm-up (WU) duration in hot-dry climate (~ 30 °C; ~ 18% RH), on thermoregulation, muscular power-output, and fatigue after specific soccer repeated-sprint test (RSA). Methods Eleven amateur soccer players participated in a cross-over randomized study and they underwent the Bangsbo repeated-sprint test, after three WU durations (i.e. WU10, WU15 and WU20 min) at 70% of MAV, and on different days. Peak power (PP), mean power (MP) and the fatigue index (FI) were recorded and analyzed. Likewise, heart rate (HR), tympanic temperature (Ttym), mean body temperature (MBT) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded during each session. Results The repeated measure ANOVA showed that MP improved after WU15 in comparison to WU10 and WU20 (p = 0.04 and p = 0.001; respectively). Nonetheless, no significant effect on PP was recorded after all WU durations. FI during RSA increased after WU20 in comparison to WU15 and WU10 (p < 0.001 and p = 0.003; respectively). Higher RPE values (p < 0.001) were recorded after WU15 and WU20 in comparison to WU10 duration. The two-way ANOVA showed higher ΔTtym and ΔMBT values after WU15 and WU20 compared to WU10 (p = 0.039 and p < 0.001for Ttym; p = 0.005 and p < 0.001 for MBT, respectively). Conclusions The WU15 at 70% of MAV better assists mean power-output during soccer RSA in hot-dry (~ 30 °C; 18% RH) climate, but not peak power. Reducing WU duration up to 10 min seems to be insufficient to induce beneficial physiological changes necessary for optimizing repeated-sprint performance, while its extension up to 20 min remains detrimental for muscular power and induces higher fatigue.

scholarly journals Emotion Regulation and Sport Performance

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R. D. Wagstaff
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Repeated Measures Design

This study used a single-blind, within-participant, counterbalanced, repeated-measures design to examine the relationship between emotional self-regulation and sport performance. Twenty competitive athletes completed four laboratory-based conditions; familiarization, control, emotion suppression, and nonsuppression. In each condition participants completed a 10-km cycling time trial requiring self-regulation. In the experimental conditions participants watched an upsetting video before performing the cycle task. When participants suppressed their emotional reactions to the video (suppression condition) they completed the cycling task slower, generated lower mean power outputs, and reached a lower maximum heart rate and perceived greater physical exertion than when they were given no self-regulation instructions during the video (nonsuppression condition) and received no video treatment (control condition). The findings suggest that emotional self-regulation resource impairment affects perceived exertion, pacing and sport performance and extends previous research examining the regulation of persistence on physical tasks. The results are discussed in line with relevant psychophysiological theories of self-regulation and fatigue and pertinent potential implications for practice regarding performance and well-being are suggested.

scholarly journals Warming Up Before a 20-Minute Endurance Effort: Is It Really Worth It?

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 964-970
Author(s):  
David Barranco-Gil ◽  
Lidia B. Alejo ◽  
Pedro L. Valenzuela ◽  
Jaime Gil-Cabrera ◽  
Almudena Montalvo-Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Warm Up

Purpose: To analyze the effects of different warm-up protocols on endurance-cycling performance from an integrative perspective (by assessing perceptual, neuromuscular, physiological, and metabolic variables). Methods: Following a randomized crossover design, 15 male cyclists (35 [9] y; peak oxygen uptake [VO2peak] 66.4 [6.8] mL·kg−1·min−1) performed a 20-minute cycling time trial (TT) preceded by no warm-up, a standard warm-up (10 min at 60% of VO2peak), or a warm-up that was intended to induce potentiation postactivation (PAP warm-up; 5 min at 60% of VO2peak followed by three 10-s all-out sprints). Study outcomes were jumping ability and heart-rate variability (both assessed at baseline and before the TT), TT performance (mean power output), and perceptual (rating of perceived exertion) and physiological (oxygen uptake, muscle oxygenation, heart-rate variability, blood lactate, and thigh skin temperature) responses during and after the TT. Results: Both standard and PAP warm-up (9.7% [4.7%] and 12.9% [6.5%], respectively, P < .001), but not no warm-up (−0.9% [4.8%], P = .074), increased jumping ability and decreased heart-rate variability (−7.9% [14.2%], P = .027; −20.3% [24.7%], P = .006; and −1.7% [10.5%], P = .366). Participants started the TT (minutes 0–3) at a higher power output and oxygen uptake after PAP warm-up compared with the other 2 protocols (P < .05), but no between-conditions differences were found overall for the remainder of outcomes (P > .05). Conclusions: Compared with no warm-up, warming up enhanced jumping performance and sympathetic modulation before the TT, and the inclusion of brief sprints resulted in a higher initial power output during the TT. However, no warm-up benefits were found for overall TT performance or for perceptual or physiological responses during the TT.

scholarly journals Peer presence increases session ratings of perceived exertion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey M Minett ◽  
Valentin Fels-Camilleri ◽  
Joshua J Bon ◽  
Franco Milko Impellizzeri ◽  
David N Borg
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Credible Interval ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Group Setting

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the effect of peer presence on the session rating of perceived exertion (RPE) responses. Design: Within-participant design. Method: Fourteen males, with mean (standard deviation) age 22.4 (3.9) years, peak oxygen uptake 48.0 (6.6) mL·kg-1·min-1 and peak power output 330 (44) W, completed an incremental cycling test and three identical experimental sessions, in groups of four or five. Experimental sessions involved 24 min of cycling, whereby the work rate alternated between 40% and 70% peak power output every 3 min. During cycling, heart rate was collected every 3 min, and session-RPE was recorded 10 min after cycling, in three communication contexts: in written form unaccompanied (intrapersonal communication); verbally by the researcher only (interpersonal communication); and in the presence of the training group. Session-RPE was analysed using ordinal regression and heart rate using a linear mixed-effects model, with models fit in a Bayesian framework. Results: Session-RPE was voted higher when collected in the group's presence compared to when written (odds ratio = 5.3, 95% credible interval = 1.6 to 17.6). On average, the posterior probability that session-RPE was higher in the group setting than when written was 0.57. Session-RPE was not different between the group and verbal, or verbal and written collection contexts. Conclusions: This study suggests contextual psychosocial inputs influence session-RPE, and highlights the importance of session-RPE users controlling the measurement environment when collecting votes.

scholarly journals Shorter but More Frequent Rest Periods: No Effect on Velocity and Power Compared to Traditional Sets not Performed to Failure

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 257-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Jukic ◽  
James J. Tufano
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Similar Degree ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Percentage Decrease ◽  
Frequent Sets ◽  
Rest Time ◽  
Body Mass Ratio

Abstract Performing traditional sets to failure is fatiguing, but redistributing total rest time to create short frequent sets lessens the fatigue. Since performing traditional sets to failure is not always warranted, we compared the effects of not-to-failure traditional sets and rest redistribution during free-weight back squats in twenty-six strength-trained men (28 ± 5.44 y; 84.6 ± 10.5 kg, 1RM-to-body-mass ratio of 1.82 ± 0.33). They performed three sets of ten repetitions with 4 min inter-set rest (TS) and five sets of six repetitions with 2 min inter-set rest (RR6) at 70% of one repetition maximum. Mean velocity (p > 0.05; d = 0.10 (-0.35, 0.56)) and mean power (p > 0.05; d = 0.19 (-0.27, 0.64)) were not different between protocols, but the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was less during RR6 (p < 0.05; d = 0.93 (0.44, 1.40)). Also, mean velocity and power output decreased (RR6: 14.10% and 10.95%; TS: 17.10% and 15.85%, respectively) from the first repetition to the last, but the percentage decrease was similar (velocity: p > 0.05; d = 0.16 (0.30, 0.62); power: p > 0.05; d = 0.22 (-0.24, 0.68)). These data suggest that traditional sets and rest redistribution maintain velocity and power output to a similar degree when traditional sets are not performed to failure. However, rest redistribution might be advantageous as RR6 displayed a lower RPE.

scholarly journals The Acute Impact of External Compression on Back Squat Performance in Competitive Athletes

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (13) ◽  
pp. 4674
Author(s):  
Mariola Gepfert ◽  
Michal Krzysztofik ◽  
Maciej Kostrzewa ◽  
Jakub Jarosz ◽  
Robert Trybulski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Arterial Occlusion ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Training Experience ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
External Compression ◽  
Back Squat ◽  
Velocity Changes ◽  
Bar Velocity

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of external compression with blood flow restriction on power output and bar velocity changes during the back-squat exercise (SQ). The study included 10 judo athletes (age = 28.4 ± 5.8 years; body mass = 81.3 ± 13.1 kg; SQ one-repetition maximum (1-RM) 152 ± 34 kg; training experience 10.7 ± 2.3 years). Methods: The experiment was performed following a randomized crossover design, where each participant performed three different exercise protocols: (1) control, without external compression (CONT); (2) intermittent external compression with pressure of 100% arterial occlusion pressure (AOP) (EC-100); and (3) intermittent external compression with pressure of 150% AOP (EC-150). To assess the differences between conditions, the participants performed 3 sets of 3 repetitions of the SQ at 70% 1-RM. The differences in peak power output (PP), mean power output (MP), peak bar velocity (PV), and mean bar velocity (MV) between the three conditions were examined using repeated measures two-way ANOVA. Results: The post hoc analysis for the main effect of conditions showed a significant increase in PP (p = 0.03), PV (p = 0.02), MP (p = 0.04), and MV (p = 0.03), for the EC-150, compared to the CONT. Furthermore, a statistically significant increase in PP (p = 0.04), PV (p = 0.03), MP (p = 0.02), and MV (p = 0.01) were observed for the EC-150 compared to EC-100. There were no significant changes in PP, PV, MP, and MV, between EC-100 and CONT conditions. Conclusion: The results indicate that the use of extremely high-pressure external compression (150% AOP) during high-loaded (70% 1-RM) lower limb resistance exercise elicits an acute increase in power output and bar velocity.

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