Time Spent Near V˙O2max During Different Cycling Self-Paced Interval Training Protocols

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Cristiano Dall’ Agnol ◽  
Tiago Turnes ◽  
Ricardo Dantas De Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Exercise Duration ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Recovery Ratio ◽  
Active Recovery ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Work Recovery

Purpose: Cyclists may increase exercise intensity by prolonging exercise duration and/or shortening the recovery period during self-paced interval training, which could impact the time spent near . Thus, the main objective of this study was to compare the time spent near during 4 different self-paced interval training sessions. Methods: After an incremental test, 11 cyclists (mean [SD]: age = 34.4 [6.2] y; ) performed in a randomized order 4 self-paced interval training sessions characterized by a work–recovery ratio of 4:1 or 2:1. Sessions comprised 4 repetitions of 4 minutes of cycling with 1 minute (4/1) or 2 minutes (4/2) of active recovery or 8 minutes of cycling with 2 minutes (8/2) or 4 minutes (8/4) of active recovery. Time spent at 90% to 94% (), ≥95% (), and 90% to 100% () was analyzed in absolute terms and relative to the total work duration. Power output, heart rate, blood lactate, and rating of perceived exertion were compared. Results: The 8/4 session provided higher absolute and than 8/2 (P = .015 and .029) and 4/1 (P = .002 and .047). The 4/2 protocol elicited higher relative (47.7% [26.9%]) and (23.5% [22.7%]) than 4/1 (P = .015 and .028) and 8/2 (P < .01). Session 4/2 (275 [23] W) elicited greater mean power output (P < .01) than 4/1 (261 [27] W), 8/4 (250 [25] W), and 8/2 (234 [23] W). Conclusions: Self-paced interval training composed of 4-minute and 8-minute work periods efficiently elicit , but protocols with a work–recovery ratio of 2:1 (ie, 4/2 and 8/4) could be prioritized to maximize .

Similar time near VO2max regardless of work rate manipulation in cycling interval training

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daiane Wommer ◽  
Tiago Turnes ◽  
Kristopher Mendes Souza ◽  
Luiz Guilherme Antonacci Guglielmo
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Work Rate ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Active Recovery ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Constant Work Rate ◽  
Male Subjects

The current study aimed to compare time spent above 90% V̇O2max (tV̇O2max) during 3 work-matched interval training protocols comprising 8 x 60-second exercise efforts with decreasing, increasing, or constant work rate distribution within each exercise interval. Ten healthy male subjects (age: 27.6 ± 5.0 years; V̇O2max: 3.82 ± 0.52 L•min-1) performed an incremental test to determine V̇O2max and peak power output (Pmax). During visits 2, 3, and 4, three work-matched interval training sessions comprising 8 x 60 s efforts: 60 s active recovery with the power output held constant (100%Pmax; ITCON), decreasing (from 110 to 90%Pmax; ITDEC), or increasing (from 90 to 110%Pmax; ITINC) linearly throughout each work interval. Time sustained above 90% of V̇O2max (tV̇O2max) or HRmax (tHRmax), blood lactate concentrations (BLC) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured. The tV̇O2max (ITCON: 274 ± 132; ITDEC: 313 ± 102; ITINC: 310 ± 113 s, P = 0.37), tHRmax (ITCON: 396 ± 180; ITDEC: 441 ± 207; ITINC: 390 ± 212 s, P = 0.47), BLC (P = 0.73), and final RPE (P = 0.75) were similar among protocols. In conclusion, work-matched interval training induced similar time near V̇O2max and associated physiological responses regardless of work rate manipulation.

scholarly journals Influence of Warm-Up Music Preference on Anaerobic Exercise Performance in Division I NCAA Female Athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Corinne E. Meglic ◽  
Caroline M. Orman ◽  
Rebecca R. Rogers ◽  
Tyler D. Williams ◽  
Christopher G. Ballmann
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Anaerobic Exercise ◽  
Division I ◽  
Total Work ◽  
Active Recovery ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Warm Up

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of listening to preferred versus non-preferred warm-up music on anaerobic sprint performance in Division I NCAA female athletes. Female collegiate athletes (n = 14) were recruited for this study. In a counterbalanced, crossover study design, participants completed two separate visits, each with a different warm-up music condition: preferred (Pref) or non-preferred (Non-pref). During each visit, participants completed a 3 min standardized cycling warm-up at 50 Watts while listening to Pref or Non-pref music. Following this, participants completed 3 × 15 s Wingate Anaerobic Tests (WAnTs) with a 2 min active recovery period in between tests. Motivation to exercise was measured immediately following the warm-up (WU), WAnT1, WAnT2, and WAnT3. The rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was also measured after each WAnT. Each visit was separated by a minimal recovery period of 48 h. Mean power, total work, RPE, and motivation were analyzed. Mean power (p = 0.044; d = 0.91) and total work (p = 0.045; d = 0.78) were significantly higher during the Pref music condition versus Non-pref. RPE remained unchanged regardless of condition (p = 0.536; d = 0.01). Motivation was significantly higher with Pref warm-up music compared to Non-pref (p < 0.001; d = 1.55). These results show that listening to Pref warm-up music has an ergogenic benefit during repeated sprints in comparison to Non-pref music and improves motivation to exercise. Listening to warm-up music prior to high-intensity repeated exercise may aid in optimizing performance and training in collegiate athletes.

scholarly journals Warm-up durations in a hot-dry climate affect thermoregulation, mean power-output and fatigue, but not peak power in specific soccer repeated-sprint ability

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Frikha ◽  
Nesrine Chaâri ◽  
Noureddine Ben Said ◽  
Mohammed Shaab Alibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Tympanic Temperature ◽  
Muscular Power ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Repeated Sprint ◽  
Mean Power Output

Abstract Background This study addressed the lack of data on the effect of warm-up (WU) duration in hot-dry climate (~ 30 °C; ~ 18% RH), on thermoregulation, muscular power-output, and fatigue after specific soccer repeated-sprint test (RSA). Methods Eleven amateur soccer players participated in a cross-over randomized study and they underwent the Bangsbo repeated-sprint test, after three WU durations (i.e. WU10, WU15 and WU20 min) at 70% of MAV, and on different days. Peak power (PP), mean power (MP) and the fatigue index (FI) were recorded and analyzed. Likewise, heart rate (HR), tympanic temperature (Ttym), mean body temperature (MBT) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded during each session. Results The repeated measure ANOVA showed that MP improved after WU15 in comparison to WU10 and WU20 (p = 0.04 and p = 0.001; respectively). Nonetheless, no significant effect on PP was recorded after all WU durations. FI during RSA increased after WU20 in comparison to WU15 and WU10 (p < 0.001 and p = 0.003; respectively). Higher RPE values (p < 0.001) were recorded after WU15 and WU20 in comparison to WU10 duration. The two-way ANOVA showed higher ΔTtym and ΔMBT values after WU15 and WU20 compared to WU10 (p = 0.039 and p < 0.001for Ttym; p = 0.005 and p < 0.001 for MBT, respectively). Conclusions The WU15 at 70% of MAV better assists mean power-output during soccer RSA in hot-dry (~ 30 °C; 18% RH) climate, but not peak power. Reducing WU duration up to 10 min seems to be insufficient to induce beneficial physiological changes necessary for optimizing repeated-sprint performance, while its extension up to 20 min remains detrimental for muscular power and induces higher fatigue.

scholarly journals Warming Up Before a 20-Minute Endurance Effort: Is It Really Worth It?

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 964-970
Author(s):  
David Barranco-Gil ◽  
Lidia B. Alejo ◽  
Pedro L. Valenzuela ◽  
Jaime Gil-Cabrera ◽  
Almudena Montalvo-Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Warm Up

Purpose: To analyze the effects of different warm-up protocols on endurance-cycling performance from an integrative perspective (by assessing perceptual, neuromuscular, physiological, and metabolic variables). Methods: Following a randomized crossover design, 15 male cyclists (35 [9] y; peak oxygen uptake [VO2peak] 66.4 [6.8] mL·kg−1·min−1) performed a 20-minute cycling time trial (TT) preceded by no warm-up, a standard warm-up (10 min at 60% of VO2peak), or a warm-up that was intended to induce potentiation postactivation (PAP warm-up; 5 min at 60% of VO2peak followed by three 10-s all-out sprints). Study outcomes were jumping ability and heart-rate variability (both assessed at baseline and before the TT), TT performance (mean power output), and perceptual (rating of perceived exertion) and physiological (oxygen uptake, muscle oxygenation, heart-rate variability, blood lactate, and thigh skin temperature) responses during and after the TT. Results: Both standard and PAP warm-up (9.7% [4.7%] and 12.9% [6.5%], respectively, P < .001), but not no warm-up (−0.9% [4.8%], P = .074), increased jumping ability and decreased heart-rate variability (−7.9% [14.2%], P = .027; −20.3% [24.7%], P = .006; and −1.7% [10.5%], P = .366). Participants started the TT (minutes 0–3) at a higher power output and oxygen uptake after PAP warm-up compared with the other 2 protocols (P < .05), but no between-conditions differences were found overall for the remainder of outcomes (P > .05). Conclusions: Compared with no warm-up, warming up enhanced jumping performance and sympathetic modulation before the TT, and the inclusion of brief sprints resulted in a higher initial power output during the TT. However, no warm-up benefits were found for overall TT performance or for perceptual or physiological responses during the TT.

scholarly journals Racing an Opponent: Alteration of Pacing, Performance, and Muscle-Force Decline but Not Rating of Perceived Exertion

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco J. Konings ◽  
Jordan Parkinson ◽  
Inge Zijdewind ◽  
Florentina J. Hettinga
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Muscle Force ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Voluntary Activation ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Experimental Conditions

Purpose: Performing against a virtual opponent has been shown to invite a change in pacing and improve time-trial (TT) performance. This study explored how this performance improvement is established by assessing changes in pacing, neuromuscular function, and perceived exertion. Methods: After a peak-power-output test and a familiarization TT, 12 trained cyclists completed two 4-km TTs in randomized order on a Velotron cycle ergometer. TT conditions were riding alone (NO) and riding against a virtual opponent (OP). Knee-extensor performance was quantified before and directly after the TT using maximal voluntary contraction force (MVC), voluntary activation (VA), and potentiated doublet-twitch force (PT). Differences between the experimental conditions were examined using repeated-measures ANOVAs. Linear-regression analyses were conducted to associate changes in pacing to changes in MVC, VA, and PT. Results: OP was completed faster than NO (mean power output OP 289.6 ± 56.1 vs NO 272.2 ± 61.6 W; P = .020), mainly due to a faster initial pace. This was accompanied by a greater decline in MVC (MVC pre vs post −17.5% ± 12.4% vs −11.4% ± 10.9%, P = .032) and PT (PT pre vs post −23.1% ± 14.0% vs −16.2% ±11.4%, P = .041) after OP than after NO. No difference between conditions was found for VA (VA pre vs post −4.9% ± 6.7% vs −3.4% ± 5.0%, P = .274). Rating of perceived exertion did not differ between OP and NO. Conclusion: The improved performance when racing against a virtual opponent was associated with a greater decline in voluntary and evoked muscle force than riding alone, without a change in perceived exertion, highlighting the importance of human–environment interactions in addition to one’s internal state for pacing regulation and performance.

scholarly journals When It HIITs, You Feel No Pain: Psychological and Psychophysiological Effects of Respite–Active Music in High-Intensity Interval Training

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Costas I. Karageorghis ◽  
Leighton Jones ◽  
Luke W. Howard ◽  
Rhys M. Thomas ◽  
Panayiotis Moulashis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
Active Recovery ◽  
Affective Valence ◽  
Fast Tempo ◽  
High Intensity Interval

The authors investigated the effects of respite–active music (i.e., music used for active recovery in between high-intensity exercise bouts) on psychological and psychophysiological outcomes. Participants (N = 24) made four laboratory visits for a habituation, medium- and fast-tempo music conditions, and a no-music control. A high-intensity interval-training protocol comprising 8 × 60-s exercise bouts at 100% Wmax with 90-s active recovery was administered. Measures were taken at the end of exercise bouts and recovery periods (rating of perceived exertion [RPE], state attention, and core affect) and then upon cessation of the protocol (enjoyment and remembered pleasure). Heart rate was measured throughout. Medium-tempo music enhanced affective valence during exercise and recovery, while both music conditions increased dissociation (only during recovery), enjoyment, and remembered pleasure relative to control. Medium-tempo music lowered RPE relative to control, but the heart rate results were inconclusive. As predicted, medium-tempo music, in particular, had a meaningful effect on a range of psychological outcomes.

scholarly journals Shorter but More Frequent Rest Periods: No Effect on Velocity and Power Compared to Traditional Sets not Performed to Failure

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 257-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Jukic ◽  
James J. Tufano
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Similar Degree ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Percentage Decrease ◽  
Frequent Sets ◽  
Rest Time ◽  
Body Mass Ratio

Abstract Performing traditional sets to failure is fatiguing, but redistributing total rest time to create short frequent sets lessens the fatigue. Since performing traditional sets to failure is not always warranted, we compared the effects of not-to-failure traditional sets and rest redistribution during free-weight back squats in twenty-six strength-trained men (28 ± 5.44 y; 84.6 ± 10.5 kg, 1RM-to-body-mass ratio of 1.82 ± 0.33). They performed three sets of ten repetitions with 4 min inter-set rest (TS) and five sets of six repetitions with 2 min inter-set rest (RR6) at 70% of one repetition maximum. Mean velocity (p > 0.05; d = 0.10 (-0.35, 0.56)) and mean power (p > 0.05; d = 0.19 (-0.27, 0.64)) were not different between protocols, but the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was less during RR6 (p < 0.05; d = 0.93 (0.44, 1.40)). Also, mean velocity and power output decreased (RR6: 14.10% and 10.95%; TS: 17.10% and 15.85%, respectively) from the first repetition to the last, but the percentage decrease was similar (velocity: p > 0.05; d = 0.16 (0.30, 0.62); power: p > 0.05; d = 0.22 (-0.24, 0.68)). These data suggest that traditional sets and rest redistribution maintain velocity and power output to a similar degree when traditional sets are not performed to failure. However, rest redistribution might be advantageous as RR6 displayed a lower RPE.

Can the Lamberts and Lambert Submaximal Cycle Test Indicate Fatigue and Recovery in Trained Cyclists?

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 328-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Hammes ◽  
Sabrina Skorski ◽  
Sascha Schwindling ◽  
Alexander Ferrauti ◽  
Mark Pfeiffer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Heart Rate Recovery ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Maximum Heart Rate ◽  
Training Camp ◽  
Standardized Mean Difference ◽  
Fatigue Recovery

The Lamberts and Lambert Submaximal Cycle Test (LSCT) is a novel test designed to monitor performance and fatigue/recovery in cyclists. Studies have shown the ability to predict performance; however, there is a lack of studies concerning monitoring of fatigue/recovery. In this study, 23 trained male cyclists (age 29 ± 8 y, VO2max 59.4 ± 7.4 mL · min−1 · kg−1) completed a training camp. The LSCT was conducted on days 1, 8, and 11. After day 1, an intensive 6-day training period was performed. Between days 8 and 11, a recovery period was realized. The LSCT consists of 3 stages with fixed heart rates of 6 min at 60% and 80% and 3 min at 90% of maximum heart rate. During the stages, power output and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were determined. Heart-rate recovery was measured after stage 3. Power output almost certainly (standardized mean difference: 1.0) and RPE very likely (1.7) increased from day 1 to day 8 at stage 2. Power output likely (0.4) and RPE almost certainly (2.6) increased at stage 3. From day 8 to day 11, power output possibly (–0.4) and RPE likely (–1.5) decreased at stage 2 and possibly (–0.1) and almost certainly (–1.9) at stage 3. Heart-rate recovery was likely (0.7) accelerated from day 1 to day 8. Changes from day 8 to day 11 were unclear (–0.1). The LSCT can be used for monitoring fatigue and recovery, since parameters were responsive to a fatiguing training and a following recovery period. However, consideration of multiple LSCT variables is required to interpret the results correctly.

scholarly journals Effects of Listening to Preferred versus Non-Preferred Music on Repeated Wingate Anaerobic Test Performance

Sports ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher G. Ballmann ◽  
Daniel J. Maynard ◽  
Zachary N. Lafoon ◽  
Mallory R. Marshall ◽  
Tyler D. Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Anaerobic Capacity ◽  
Active Recovery ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Wingate Anaerobic Test ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Rate Of Perceived Exertion

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of listening to preferred or non-preferred music on repeated sprint performance. Fourteen physically active males (ages 18–25 years) were recruited for this study. In a counterbalanced crossover study design, participants completed two separate visits. During each visit, participants listened to either preferred or non-preferred music and completed 3 × 15 s Wingate Anaerobic Tests (WAnTs) separated by 2 min active recovery periods. Each visit was separated by a minimal recovery period of 48 h. Anaerobic performance measures, heart rate, rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and motivation were analyzed. Mean power (p = 0.846, effect size (ES) = 0.019), anaerobic capacity (p = 0.686, ES = 0.058), and total work (p = 0.677, ES = 0.039) were not significantly different between preferred and non-preferred music conditions. Mean heart rate (p = 0.608; ES = 0.125) was also unchanged. Motivation to exercise (p < 0.001; ES = 1.520) was significantly higher in the preferred music condition. Additionally, the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) (p = 0.028; ES = 0.540) was significantly lower during the preferred music condition. Our results show that listening to preferred music showed no ergogenic benefit during repeated anaerobic cycling sprints when compared to non-preferred music. However, preferred music increased motivation to exercise and decreased perceived exertion. The results from this study could hold important implications for the application of music and enduring repeated high-intensity sprint exercise.

scholarly journals Acute Effects of Work Rest Interval Duration of 3 HIIT Protocols on Cycling Power in Trained Young Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4225
Author(s):  
José Manuel García-De Frutos ◽  
Fco. Javier Orquín-Castrillón ◽  
Pablo Jorge Marcos-Pardo ◽  
Jacobo Á. Rubio-Arias ◽  
Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Density Ratio ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Exercise Duration ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
Rest Interval ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
Active Recovery ◽  
Acute Responses ◽  
High Intensity Interval

High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is described as a succession of short duration and maximum or near-maximum intensity efforts, alternated by recovery periods during which exercise continues at a lower intensity (active recovery) or is interrupted (passive recovery). Our objective was to evaluate the acute responses of three HIIT protocols of different work/rest interval times over the total time of the session, with self-selectable load and up to exhaustion, “all out”.The sample was composed of 22 male participants (n = 22) between 19 and 24 years old. The HIIT protocol consisted of one of the three HIIT protocols, of 30, 60 and 90 s density ratio 1:1 and with passive rest, with a total exercise duration of 10 min. The test was performed in a cycloergometer set in workload mode independent of the pedaling frequency. The comparison of the three HIIT protocols shows that the duration of the work/rest intervals, starting from 30 s of work, in the cycloergometer, there are no significant differences in the levels of lactate concentration in the blood, nor in the heart rate, since a similar amount is obtained in the three protocols. The percentage of maximum power developed reached in each HIIT protocol is related to the duration of the working intervals.

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