The effect plyometric training with active-passive recovery for 8 weeks on performance physical abilities male judo athletes

Background and Study Aim. Judo is a popular sport with dynamic characteristics and requires high physical abilities to achieve achievement. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of plyometric exercises with active-passive recovery for eight weeks to improve the physical ability of male judo athletes. Material and Methods. This study used an experimental method. A total of 36 male judoka participated as samples and were randomly divided into three groups. The plyometric experimental group with active recovery (21.8±1.78 years, 1.70±0.06 m, 71.1±13.5 kg), plyometric experimental group with passive recovery (21.7±2.53 years, 1.71±0.06 m, 63.8±10.1 kg), and the control group (21.4±2.30 years, 1.72±0.05 m, 67.4±7.76 kg). The training program was conducted for eight weeks with a frequency of 3 times/week. The experimental group was treated with plyometric training after warm-up, judo training, and post-exercise active-passive recovery intervention. The control group continued regular judo training. The statistical analysis procedure used the ANOVA test to determine the difference and comparison of the pre-test and post-test mean values in the control and experimental groups with a significance level (p<0.05). Results. The results showed differences in the average value of experimental and control groups found significant to the VO2Max endurance and leg power. Meanwhile, no significant difference occurred in left and right grip strength, flexibility, and speed. Conclusions. The study concluded that plyometric training with active-passive recovery positively affects male judoka's VO2max endurance and leg power.

Cerebrovascular Response to an Acute Bout of Low-Volume High Intensity Interval Exercise and Recovery in Young Healthy Adults

Introduction: High intensity interval exercise (HIIT) is performed widely. However, there is a gap in knowledge regarding the acute cerebrovascular response to low-volume HIIT. Our objective was to characterize the middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv) response during an acute bout of low-volume HIIT in young healthy adults. We hypothesized MCAv would decrease below baseline (BL) 1) during HIIT, 2) immediately following HIIT, 3) and 30-minutes after HIIT. As a secondary objective, we investigated sex differences in the MCAv response during HIIT. Methods: Twenty-four young healthy adults completed HIIT (12 male, age 25 (SD 2)). HIIT included 10-minutes of 1-minute high intensity (~70% estimated maximal watts) and active recovery (10% estimated maximal watts) intervals on a recumbent stepper. MCAv, mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and end tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO2), were recorded at BL, during HIIT, immediately following HIIT, and 30-minutes after HIIT. Results: Contrary to our hypothesis, MCAv remained above BL during HIIT. MCAv peaked at minute 3 then decreased concomitantly with PETCO2. MCAv was lower than BL immediately following HIIT (p < 0.001). Thirty-minutes after HIIT, MCAv returned to BL (p = 0.47). Compared to men, women had a higher MCAv at BL (p = 0.001), during HIIT (p = 0.009), immediately following HIIT (p = 0.004) and 30-minutes after HIIT (p = 0.001). Conclusions: MCAv did not decrease below BL during low-volume HIIT. However, MCAv decreased below BL immediately following HIIT and returned to resting values 30-minutes after HIIT. MCAv also differed between sex.

High-intensity resistance exercise is not as effective as traditional high-intensity interval exercise for increasing the cardiorespiratory response and energy expenditure in recreationally active subjects

Purpose Traditional high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) highly stimulates the cardiorespiratory system and increases energy expenditure (EE) during exercise. High-intensity resistance exercise (HIRE) has become more popular in recreationally active subjects. The physiological responses to HIRE performed with light or moderate load is currently largely unknown. Here, we examined the effect of the type of interval exercise [HIRE at 40% (HIRE40) and 60% (HIRE60) 1-RM vs. traditional HIIE] on the cardiorespiratory response and EE during and after exercise. Methods Fifteen recreationally active adults randomly completed traditional HIIE on an ergocyle, HIRE40 and HIRE60. The sessions consisted of two sets of ten 30-s intervals (power at 100% VO2max during HIIE; maximal number of repetitions for 10 different free-weight exercises during HIRE40 and HIRE60) separated by 30-s active recovery periods. Gas exchange, heart rate (HR) and EE were assessed during and after exercise. Results VO2mean, VO2peak, HRmean, the time spent above 90% VO2max and HRmax, and aerobic EE were lower in both HIRE sessions compared with HIIE (P < 0.05). Anaerobic glycolytic contribution to total exercise EE was higher in HIRE40 and HIRE60 compared with HIIE (P < 0.001). EE from excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) was similar after the three sessions. Overall, similar cardiorespiratory responses and EE were found in HIRE40 and HIRE60. Conclusions HIRE is not as effective as HIIE for increasing the cardiorespiratory response and EE during exercise, while EPOC remains similar in HIRE and HIIE. These parameters are not substantially different between HIRE40 and HIRE60.

Comparisons of urine protein-to-creatinine ratios and their dynamic change patterns during labor at term between normal pregnant women and women with pregnancy induced hypertension

Objective to compare the urine protein-to-creatinine ratios (uPCRs) during labor at term between normal and women with pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), and to evaluate the patterns of change in uPCRs. Design observational study Setting Tertiary referral hospital in Taiwan Population normal pregnant or women only with PIH at term were enrolled Methods and Main outcome measures uPCRs in four phases (latent, active, recovery and early postpartum) and related clinical data at delivery were collected. Multivariate analysis with a linear regression model were performed to analyze continuous variables after adjusting for clinical data between two groups. Results 68 normal and 24 pregnant women with PIH were included. There were no differences in the uPCR or the proportion cases of uPCRs ≥ 300 mg/g between normal and PIH group in the latent, active, recovery or early postpartum phases. There was a statistically significant tendency for the proportion of uPCRs ≥ 300 mg/g to increase from the latent to the early postpartum phase in both groups. The proportion of uPCRs ≥ 300 mg/g significantly increased from the active to the recovery phase and then declined from the recovery to the early postpartum phase in normal pregnant women.Thus no differences in uPCRs cases change between any two phases in women with PIH, except the duration above stated. Conclusion. This is the first study to demonstrate that uPCRs data are not different between normal pregnant and PIH groups during the course of labor, but it did show different dynamic change patterns throughout the labor phases.

Interval Training with Different Intensities in Overweight/Obese Adolescent Females

To compare the effects of 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) versus moderate-intensity interval training (MIIT) on hematological and inflammatory markers in youth females, 38 overweight/obese females (16.4±1.0 yrs.) were randomly assigned to HIIT (2×6–8 repetitions of 30 s at 100–110% maximal aerobic speed (MAS), with 30 s active recovery between repetitions at 50% MAS; n=13), MIIT (2×6–8 repetitions of 30 s at 70–80% MAS, with 30 s active recovery between repetitions at 50% MAS; n=13), and a control group (CG, no intervention; n=12). Body composition, blood pressure, maximal heart rate, hematological and inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein [CRP], and erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR]) markers were assessed in all groups before and following the training program. Results revealed a significant (P<0.05) interaction effect for body composition, systolic blood pressure (SBP), MAS, maximal heart rate, and CRP. Within-group analyses for the HIIT and MIIT groups showed significant improvements in body mass (P=0.009 and P=0.025, respectively), BMI Z-score (P=0.011 and P=0.028, respectively), and MAS (P<0.001 and P=0.011, respectively). The HIIT program showed a significant decrease in body fat (P=0.002), waist circumference (P=0.002), maximal heart rate (P=0.003), SBP (P=0.001), and plasma CRP (P=0.004). In both groups, no significant changes were observed in ESR and hematological markers after intervention. No variable changed in CG. HIIT was the effective method to manage cardiometabolic health and inflammatory disorders in obese youth.

Most effective mean for lactate clearance in Olympic wrestling (Medio más eficaz en el aclaramiento de lactato en luchadores olímpicos)

This research project determined the most effective training mean for lactate clearance using the subaerobic functional area in Olympic wrestling athletes of the freestyle modality. Eight Olympic wrestlers participated (age: 20.1±2.74 years), using a four-phase crossover study design, in which the athlete performed active recovery alternating each of the training means (Elliptical machine, treadmill, crank ergometer and stationary bicycle); lactate samples were taken 5 minutes after each bout and 15 minutes after finishing the active recovery. The elliptical machine presented the highest average efficiency, with 56.6%, followed by the treadmill with a 54.1% efficiency average; the repeated measures ANOVA F test evidenced differences among the means (p = .001). Likewise, differences were found when performing the post hoc comparisons of minimal significant difference, between the elliptical machine with respect to the crank ergometer (p = .001) and the stationary bicycle (p = .007), but they were not registered between the elliptical machine and the treadmill (p = .737). Of the means analyzed in this study, the highest efficiency in the process of blood lactate clearance during active recovery was evidenced by the elliptical machine and treadmill. Resumen. La presente investigación determinó el medio de entrenamiento más eficaz en el aclaramiento de lactato utilizando el área funcional subaeróbica en deportistas de lucha olímpica de la modalidad de libre. Participaron ocho luchadores olímpicos (edad: 20.1±2.74 años), utilizando un diseño de estudio cruzado de cuatro fases, en el que el deportista realizó la recuperación activa alternando cada uno de los medios de entrenamiento (Elíptica, banda trotadora, ergómetro de manivela y cicla estática); las muestras de lactato fueron tomadas a los 5 min finalizado cada combate y a los 15 min de terminar la recuperación activa. La elíptica presentó el mayor promedio de eficacia, con un 56.6%, seguido de la banda trotadora con un 54.1%; la prueba F de ANOVA de medidas repetidas evidenció diferencias entre los medios (p = .001). Asimismo, se encontraron diferencias al realizar las comparaciones post hoc de diferencia mínima significativa, entre la elíptica con respecto al ergómetro de manivela (p = .001) y la cicla estática (p = .007), pero no se registraron entre la elíptica y la banda trotadora (p = .737). De los medios analizados en este estudio, la mayor eficacia en el proceso de aclaramiento de lactato sanguíneo durante la recuperación activa, lo evidenciaron la elíptica y la banda trotadora.

Sodium Alginate Supplementation Plus HIIT and MICT Can Induce CCK and PYY Increment in Men With Metabolic Syndrome

Background: Abdominal obesity is a common phenomenon in metabolic syndrome (MetS). Inducing satiety by weight management plays an important role in reducing the risk of obesity and consequently MetS. This study was investigated effect of sodium alginate supplementation plus HIIT and MICT on CCK and PYY increment in MetS men. Methods: For this purpose, 40 men with MetS volunteered and were randomly divided into five groups as follow: HIIT groups with supplement (n=8, 4*4 min bouts at 85-95% of HRpeak, with 3 min of active recovery at 50-70% HRpeak, 3 ses/week), HIIT (n=8, 4*4 min bouts at 85-95% of HRpeak, with 3 min of active recovery at 50-70% HRpeak, 3 ses/week), MICT with supplement (n=8, 30 min at 60-70% HRpeak, 3 ses/week), MICT (n=8, 30 min at 60-70% HRpeak, 3 ses/week) and control group (n = 8, no exercise). The HITT+S and MICT+S groups consumed 1.5 g of Sigma sodium alginate (made in the USA) solution in 100 mg of sweet water (7 g of fructose), 30 minutes before 3 main meals three days per week during 8 weeks. Results: After 8 weeks of interventions, CCK and PYY were markedly increased in the studied groups, this increase was significantly greater in the HIIT+S than other groups. Also, the MetS Z score was significantly decreased in all studied groups and this decrease was significantly higher in the HIIT+S than other groups (P <0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that HIIT and MICT led to an overall improvement in men with MetS. However, combining sodium alginate supplementation triggers these improvements.Trial registration: IRCT20190916044788N1. Registered 12 march 2020, https://www.irct.ir/

The use of interval-training methods by coaches of well-trained middle- to long-distance runners

Limited research exists on how coaches of well-trained middle- to long-distance runners implement interval-training (IT) methods. IT interventions within research focus on physiological measures whereas coaches focus on performance, leading to a disconnect between the IT methods utilized in research and practice. This study aimed to identify how coaches of well-trained middle- to long-distance runners implement IT methods within the training regimen. A survey was developed that comprised 5 sections: participant demographics, the use of IT, the type and characteristics of IT, recovery from IT, and reasons for including IT. Thirty (29 male, 1 female) coaches completed the survey. All coaches prescribed short, medium and long work intervals into the training regimen using race paces of 800m, 3000m, and 10000m, respectively, to prescribe intensity. Active recovery modalities were prescribed by the majority of coaches between sets and repetitions of all types of work intervals. The majority of coaches periodized the type of work interval prescribed relative to the competition date, with 1-2 IT sessions prescribed per week, year-round. Most coaches reported learning about IT primarily from their own training and coaching books, however, the most valuable sources of education for IT were ranked as scientific literature, coaching courses and workshops.

Sprint Interval Training: Recovery Format, Enjoyment and Blood Pressure in Inactive Men

ABSTRACT Background: While the efficacy of sprint interval training (SIT) to provide positive health effects in inactive populations is established, feasibility is associated with enjoyment and safety, which are dependent on the acute physiological and perceptual responses. The recovery format likely influences physiological and perceptual responses that occur during and immediately after SIT. It was hypothesized that during SIT interspersed with active recovery periods, enjoyment and blood pressure (BP) values would be higher compared with passive recovery periods, in inactive participants. Methods: Twelve males (mean ± SD; age 23 ± 3 y) completed 3 exercise sessions on a cycle ergometer in a randomized order on separate days: (a) SIT with passive recovery periods between 4 bouts (SITPASS), (b) SIT with active recovery periods between 4 bouts (SITACT), and (c) SITACT with the 4 SIT bouts replaced with passive periods. BP was measured immediately after each bout and every 2 min during a 6 min recovery. Physical activity enjoyment was measured during postexercise recovery. Results: There were no significant differences in physical activity enjoyment or systolic BP between SITPASS and SITACT. Diastolic BP was lower during recovery in SITACT (P = 0.025) and SITPASS (P = 0.027), compared with resting BP. Furthermore, diastolic BP was lower after 6 min of recovery following SITPASS, compared with SITACT (P = 0.01). Conclusion: Exercise enjoyment and acute systolic BP responses were independent of SIT recovery format in inactive men. Reductions in diastolic BP were greater and more prolonged after SIT protocols that included passive recovery periods.

Effects of Various Physical Interventions on Reducing Neuromuscular Fatigue Assessed by Electromyography: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Introduction: Various interventions have been applied to improve recovery from muscle fatigue based on evidence from subjective outcomes, such as perceived fatigue and soreness, which may partly contribute to conflicting results of reducing muscle fatigue. There is a need to assess the effectiveness of various intervention on reducing neuromuscular fatigue assessed by a quantitative outcome, such as electromyography (EMG). The objective of this review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effectiveness of different interventions and intervention timing for reducing fatigue rates during exercise.Methods: The literature was searched from the earliest record to March 2021. Eighteen studies with a total of 87 data points involving 281 participants and seven types of interventions [i.e., active recovery (AR), compression, cooling, electrical stimulation (ES), light-emitting diode therapy (LEDT), massage, and stretching] were included in this meta-analysis.Results: The results showed that compression (SMD = 0.28; 95% CI = −0.00 to 0.56; p = 0.05; I2 = 58%) and LEDT (SMD = 0.49; 95% CI = 0.11 to 0.88; p = 0.01; I2 = 52%) have a significant recovery effect on reducing muscle fatigue. Additionally, compression, AR, and cooling have a significant effect on reducing muscle fatigue when conducted during exercise, whereas a non-effective trend when applied after exercise.Discussion: This meta-analysis suggests that compression and LEDT have a significant effect on reducing muscle fatigue. The results also suggest that there is a significant effect or an effective trend on reducing muscle fatigue when compression, AR, cooling, and ES are applied during exercise, but not after exercise.