3×3 Basketball: Performance Characteristics and Changes During Elite Tournament Competition

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1349-1356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul G. Montgomery ◽  
Brendan D. Maloney
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Inertial Sensor ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Percentage Difference ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Physiological Demands ◽  
Game Performance ◽  
Physical Preparation

Purpose: To determine the changes in game performance during tournament play of elite 3×3 basketball. Methods: A total of 361 men and 208 women competing in selected international tournaments had game demands assessed by wearable technology (global positioning system, inertial sensor, and heart rate) along with postgame blood lactate and perceived responses. Differences in the means for selected variables between games were compared using magnitude-based inferences and reported with effect size and associated confidence limits (CL), along with the percentage difference (ES; ±90% CL, %difference) of log-transformed data. Results: No clear differences were seen over a tournament period in PlayerLoad™ or PlayerLoad·minute−1. Tournament competition elicits variable changes between games for all inertial measures. Average peak heart rate was 198 (10) and 198 (9) beats·min−1, and average game heart rate was 164 (12) and 165 (18) beats·min−1 for men and women, respectively, with no change between games. Average game lactate was 6.3 (2.4) and 6.1 (2.2) mmol·L−1 for men and women, respectively. Average game ratings of perceived exertion were 5.7 (2.1) and 5.4 (2.0) AU for men and women, respectively. Although lactate and ratings of perceived exertion were variable between games, there was no difference over a tournament. Conclusions: The physical and physiological demands of elite 3×3 games over the duration of a tournament are similar regardless of pool or championship rounds. This may imply that maintaining technical and strategic aspects leads to success rather than minimizing fatigue through superior physical preparation. However, the physiological responses are high; caution is warranted in being underprepared for these demands in tournament play.

The perceptual, heart rate and technical-tactical characteristics of 3 × 3 basketball

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 772-782
Author(s):  
Riley B McGown ◽  
Nick B Ball ◽  
Jan S Legg ◽  
Jocelyn K Mara
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Peak Heart Rate ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Preparation Programs ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Physical Preparation ◽  
Pool Game

The aim of this study was to investigate the perceptual, heart rate and technical-tactical characteristics of elite male and female 3 × 3 basketball games. Eleven male and twenty-two female elite basketball players were monitored using heart rate telemetry, Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and video analysis across three 3 × 3 basketball tournaments. Linear mixed models were performed to determine the influence of round (pool game, quarter-final, semi-final, final, classification game) and sex on all dependent variables (alpha = 0.05). There was no difference between sexes for heart rate variables (p = 0.53 - 0.85). The greatest percentage (56.9 ± 20.1%) of game time was spent in heart rate zone 5 (90-100% peak heart rate). Overall RPE was higher in semi-finals (7.2 ± 1.5, p ≤ 0.001, ES: 1.27) and finals (7.7 ± 1.6 p ≤ 0.001, ES: 1.67) compared to pool games (5.1 ± 1.5). An analysis of the technical-tactical actions revealed that there were less steals in semi-finals (p = 0.01, ES = 0.56) and finals (p = 0.01, ES = 0.71) compared to pool games, with no sex-related differences present (p = 0.06 - 0.97). Players generally spent one minute on the bench for every three minutes on the court, creating a 3:1 work to rest ratio. Physical preparation programs for elite 3 × 3 basketball athletes should include exposure to high-intensity activity in which heart rates ≥80% of peak heart rate are reached for periods of time similar to that experienced during gameplay. A 3:1 work-to-rest ratio may be beneficial during conditioning training for this population.

Perceptual Responses to Deep Water Running and Treadmill Exercise

1996 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley P. Brown ◽  
Linda F. Chitwood ◽  
Kim R. Beason ◽  
Deena R. McLemore
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Discrete Variables ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Deep Water Running

Perceived exertion during deep water running and treadmill exercise was measured to examine gender and mode-specific responses. Deep water running to VO2 peak was performed in 3-min. stages at leg speeds controlled by a metronome. Treadmill exercise was performed at matched leg speeds. VO2 and heart rate were continuously monitored by open circuit spirometry and radiotelemetry. Perceived exertion was measured using Borg's 6–20 point scale. Statistical analyses were performed using multiple linear regression with dummy coded discrete variables. Ratings of perceived exertion were significantly higher during deep water running when exercising at equal leg speeds. Mean rated perceived exertion at each stage of the test for either exercise mode was not significantly different between men and women.

Three-by-Three Basketball: Inertial Movement and Physiological Demands During Elite Games

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1169-1174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul G. Montgomery ◽  
Brendan D. Maloney
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Confidence Limits ◽  
Percentage Difference ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Physiological Demands ◽  
Difference Effect

Purpose: To determine the demands of elite male and female 3 × 3 basketball games and compare these between various competition levels. Methods: A total of 361 males and 208 females competing in the Under-18 World, Senior European, and World Championships and selected professional tournaments had game demands assessed by wearable technology (global positioning system, inertial measurement, heart rate) along with postgame blood lactate and perceived responses. Differences in the means were compared using magnitude-based inferences and reported with effect size and 90% confidence limits, along with the percentage difference (effect size; ±90% confidence limits, %) of log-transformed data. Results: PlayerLoad™ and PlayerLoad·min−1 during play was 127.5 (31.1) and 6.7 (1.5) for males and 128.5 (32.0) and 6.5 (1.4) for females, respectively, with small differences between junior, senior, and professional levels. There were small differences in accelerations >3.5 m·s−1 between competition levels up to 0.31; ±0.20, 6.9% for males and 0.29; ±0.19, 10.8% for females and for decelerations >3.5 m·s−1, 0.29; ±0.19, 15.6% for males and 0.26; ±0.19, 5.4% for females, with European Championships generally greater than other levels. Average game heart rate was 165 (18) and 164 (12) beats·min−1 for males and females, with no difference between levels. Average rating of perceived exertion was 5.7 (2.1) and 5.4 (2.0) for males and females. Conclusions: 3 × 3 basketball games require high-speed inertial movements within limited distance, creating a relatively high physiological response. Practitioners working with 3 × 3 players should endeavor to focus on the attributes that will improve these player characteristics for greater success.

Physical and Physiological Demands of Elite Rugby Union Officials

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1199-1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Blair ◽  
Nathan Elsworthy ◽  
Nancy J. Rehrer ◽  
Chris Button ◽  
Nicholas D. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Rugby Union ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Relative Distance ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Physiological Demands ◽  
Physical Preparation

Purpose: To examine the movement and physiological demands of rugby union officiating in elite competition. Methods: Movement demands of 9 elite officials across 12 Super Rugby matches were calculated, using global positioning system devices. Total distance (in m), relative distance (in m·min−1), and percentage time spent in various speed zones were calculated across a match. Heart-rate (HR) responses were also recorded throughout each match. Cohen d effect sizes were reported to examine the within-match variations. Results: The total distance covered was 8030 (506) m, with a relative distance of 83 (5) m·min−1 and with no differences observed between halves. Most game time was spent at lower movement speeds (76% [2%]; <2.0 m·s−1), with large effects for time spent >7.0 m·s−1 between halves (d = 2.85). Mean HR was 154 (10) beats·min−1 (83.8 [2.9]%HRmax), with no differences observed between the first and second halves. Most game time was spent between 81%HRmax and 90%HRmax (40.5% [7.5%]) with no observable differences between halves. Distances covered above 5.1 m·s−1 were highest during the first 10 min of a match, while distance at speeds 3.7 to 5 m·s−1 decreased during the final 10 min of play. Conclusions: These findings highlight the highly demanding and intermittent nature of rugby union officiating, with only some minor variations in physical and physiological demands across a match. These results have implications for the physical preparation of professional rugby union referees.

Psychophysical and physiological comparison of squat and semi-squat lifting by young males

1999 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26
Author(s):  
Leon Straker ◽  
Carol Cain
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Lower Heart Rate ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Squat Lifting

A comparison between semi-squat and squat techniques was made for floor to knuckle height lifting using maximum acceptable weight (MAW), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate. Semi-squat lifting resulted in greater MAW with lower RPE and lower heart rate compared to squat lifting. Discomfort was most commonly reported in knees/quadriceps with squat lifting. Twelve of the 13 subjects preferred the semi-squat technique. The results provide evidence that the semi-squat technique may have benefits over the squat technique for lifting a medium sized box from floor to knuckle height.

Oxygen Uptake, Heart Rate, and Ratings of Perceived Exertion at the PWC&OV0312;o2

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 1292-1299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Mielke ◽  
Terry J Housh ◽  
C Russell Hendrix ◽  
Clayton L Camic ◽  
Jorge M Zuniga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion

Physiological Demands of Basic Fire Management Tasks in Members of the Canadian Armed Forces: A Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Étienne Chassé ◽  
Daniel Théoret ◽  
Martin P Poirier ◽  
François Lalonde
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Fire Management ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Minimum Standard ◽  
Canadian Armed Forces ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Physiological Demands ◽  
Task Simulation

ABSTRACT Introduction Members of the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) are required to meet the minimum standards of the Fitness for Operational Requirements of CAF Employment (FORCE) job-based simulation test (JBST) and must possess the capacity to perform other common essential tasks. One of those tasks is to perform basic fire management tasks during fire emergencies to mitigate damage and reduce the risk of injuries and/or death until professional firefighters arrive at the scene. To date however, the physiological demands of common firefighting tasks have mostly been performed on professional firefighters, thus rendering the transferability of the demands to the general military population unclear. This pilot study aimed to quantify, for the first time, the physiological demands of basic fire management tasks in the military, to determine if they are reflected in the FORCE JBST minimum standard. We hypothesized that the physiological demands of basic fire management tasks within the CAF are below the physiological demands of the FORCE JBST minimum standard, and as such, be lower than the demands of professional firefighting. Materials and methods To achieve this, 21 CAF members (8 females; 13 males; mean [SD] age: 33 [10] years; height: 174.5 [10.5] cm; weight: 85.4 [22.1] kg, estimated maximal oxygen uptake [$\dot V$O2peak]: 44.4 (7.4) mL kg−1 min−1) participated in a realistic, but physically demanding, JBST developed by CAF professional firefighting subject matter experts. The actions included lifting, carrying, and manipulating a 13-kg powder fire extinguisher and connecting, coupling, and dragging a 38-mm fire hose over 30 m. The rate of oxygen uptake ($\dot V$O2), heart rate, and percentage of heart rate reserve were measured continuously during two task simulation trials, which were interspersed by a recovery period. Rating of perceived exertion (6-no exertion; 20-maximal exertion) was measured upon completion of both task simulations. Peak $\dot V$O2 ($\dot V$O2peak) was estimated based on the results of the FORCE JBST. Results The mean (SD) duration of both task simulation trials was 3:39 (0:19) min:s, whereas the rest period in between both trials was 62 (19) minutes. The mean O2 was 21.1 (4.7) mL kg−1 min−1 across trials, which represented 52.1 (12.2) %$\dot V$O2peak and ∼81% of the FORCE JBST. This was paralleled by a mean heart rate of 136 (18) beats min−1, mean percentage of heart rate reserve of 61.2 (10.8), and mean rating of perceived exertion of 11 ± 2. Other physical components of the JBST consisted of lifting, carrying, and manipulating a 13-kg load for ∼59 seconds, which represents 65% of the load of the FORCE JBST. The external resistance of the fire hose drag portion increased up to 316 N, translating to a total of 6205 N over 30 m, which represents 96% of the drag force measured during the FORCE JBST. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that the physiological demands of basic fire management tasks in the CAF are of moderate intensity, which are reflected in the CAF physical fitness standard. As such, CAF members who achieve the minimum standard on the FORCE JBST are deemed capable of physically performing basic fire management tasks during fire emergencies.

A Pilot Study Comparing Physiological Responses of Phase III Cardiac Patients to Recumbent and Upright Exercise Using the RPE Scale

2005 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meir Magal ◽  
Robert F. Zoeller
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Cardiac Rehabilitation ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Cardiac Patients ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Physiological Differences ◽  
Stepping Exercise

Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) are used for exercise programming of cardiac rehabilitation patients, whenever it is difficult to use heart rate to set intensity due to medication or other factors. This investigation examined the physiological responses to two stepping exercise modes (upright and recumbent) at the same RPE. Analysis indicated significant physiological differences between the modes of exercise which may be mediated by postural differences. Specifically, the physiological responses to the recumbent exercise, but not the upright exercise, had the expected relationship with RPE, with recumbent stepping requiring less physiological effort than the upright stepping at the same RPE. As such, we cannot recommend with confidence that the prescription for upright exercise be made based on data from recumbent exercise or vice-versa.

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