Effect of Tethered Swimming as Postactivation Potentiation on Swimming Performance and Technical, Hemophysiological, and Psychophysiological Variables in Adolescent Swimmers

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Zied Abbes ◽  
Monoem Haddad ◽  
Khalid W. Bibi ◽  
Iñigo Mujika ◽  
Cyril Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Flight Time ◽  
Experimental Session ◽  
Postactivation Potentiation ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Warm Up

Objectives: To investigate whether tethered swimming (TS) performed 8 minutes before a 50-m freestyle swimming sprint could be an effective postactivation potentiation method to improve performance in young swimmers. Methods: Fourteen regional-level male adolescent swimmers (age 13.0 [2.0] y; height 161.1 [12.4] cm; body mass 52.5 [9.5] kg) underwent 2 trial conditions in a randomized and counterbalanced order (1 experimental [TS], 1 control) on different days. During the experimental session, the participants performed a standard warm-up of 1200 m followed by a TS exercise, which consisted of 3 × 10-second maximal efforts of TS with 1-minute rests between bouts. In the control condition, the warm-up phase was immediately followed by 200 m at a moderate pace (same duration as the TS in the experimental session). Performance (time trial); biomechanical (stroke length), physiological (blood lactate concentrations), and psychophysiological (ratings of perceived exertion) variables; and countermovement-jump (CMJ) flight time were collected. Results: TS warm-up had no significant effect on 50-m swimming performance (P = .27), postexercise ratings of perceived exertion, stroke length, or CMJ flight time (P ≥ .05). Blood lactate concentrations significantly increased at the end of the warm-up in the TS condition only (interaction effect: F1.91,29.91 = 4.91, P = .01, η2 = .27) and after the 50-m trial in both conditions (F1.57,20.41 = 62.39, P = .001, η2 = .82). Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that 3 × 10-second TS exercises performed 8 minutes prior to the event did not affect ratings of perceived exertion, stroke length, or CMJ flight time. In addition, tethered swimming did not affect 50-m freestyle sprint performance in young swimmers.

scholarly journals Self-Selected Versus Standardised Warm-Ups; Physiological Response on 500 m Sprint Kayak Performance

Sports ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 156
Author(s):  
Amelia F. Dingley ◽  
Alexander P. Willmott ◽  
John F. T. Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Performance Ratings ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Similar Performance

This study investigated the effectiveness of a self-selected (SS) warm-up on 500 m sprint kayak performance (K500) compared to continuous (CON) and intermittent high intensity (INT)-type warm-ups. Twelve nationally ranked sprint kayakers (age 17.7 ± 2.3 years, mass 69.2 ± 10.8 kg) performed CON (15 min at the power at 2 m·mol−1), INT (10 min at 2 m·mol−1, followed by 5 × 10 s sprints at 200% power at VO2max with 50 s recovery at 55% power at VO2max), and SS (athlete’s normal competition warm-up) warm-ups in a randomised order. After a five-minute passive recovery, K500 performance was determined on a kayak ergometer. Heart rate and blood lactate (BLa) were recorded before and immediately after each warm-up and K500 performance. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded at the end of the warm-up and K500. BLa, heart rate, and RPE were generally higher after the INT than CON and SS warm-ups (p < 0.05). No differences in these parameters were found between the conditions for the time trial (p > 0.05). RPE and changes in BLa and heart rate after the K500 were comparable. There were no differences in K500 performance after the CON, SS, or INT warm-ups. Applied practitioners can, therefore, attain similar performance independent of warm-up type.

Effects of Varying Post-Warm-Up Recovery Time on 200-m Time-Trial Swim Performance

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Zochowski ◽  
Elizabeth Johnson ◽  
Gordon G. Sleivert
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Swimming Time ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Trial Performance

Context:Warm-up before athletic competition might enhance performance by affecting various physiological parameters. There are few quantitative data available on physiological responses to the warm-up, and the data that have been reported are inconclusive. Similarly, it has been suggested that varying the recovery period after a standardized warm-up might affect subsequent performance.Purpose:To determine the effects of varying post-warm-up recovery time on a subsequent 200-m swimming time trial.Methods:Ten national-caliber swimmers (5 male, 5 female) each swam a 1500-m warm-up and performed a 200-m time trial of their specialty stroke after either 10 or 45 min of passive recovery. Subjects completed 1 time trial in each condition separated by 1 wk in a counterbalanced order. Blood lactate and heart rate were measured immediately after warm-up and 3 min before, immediately after, and 3 min after the time trial. Rating of perceived exertion was measured immediately after the warm-up and time trial.Results:Time-trial performance was significantly improved after 10 min as opposed to 45 min recovery (136.80 ± 20.38 s vs 138.69 ± 20.32 s, P < .05). There were no significant differences between conditions for heart rate and blood lactate after the warm-up. Pre-time-trial heart rate, however, was higher in the 10-min than in the 45-min rest condition (109 ± 14 beats/min vs 94 ± 21 beats/min, P < .05).Conclusions:A post-warm-up recovery time of 10 min rather than 45 min is more beneficial to 200-m swimming time-trial performance.

scholarly journals Does Warm-Up Have a Beneficial Effect on 100-m Freestyle?

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrique P. Neiva ◽  
Mario C. Marques ◽  
Ricardo J. Fernandes ◽  
João L. Viana ◽  
Tiago M. Barbosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Stroke Index ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Training Frequency ◽  
Swimming Efficiency ◽  
Strategy Performance ◽  
Competitive Swimmers

Purpose:To investigate the effect of warm-up on 100-m swimming performance.Methods:Twenty competitive swimmers (with a training frequency of 8.0 ± 1.0 sessions/wk) performed 2 maximal 100-m freestyle trials on separate days, with and without prior warm-up, in a counterbalanced and randomized design. The warm-up distance totaled 1000 m and replicated the swimmers’ usual precompetition warm-up strategy. Performance (time), physiological (capillary blood lactate concentrations), psychophysiological (perceived exertion), and biomechanical variables (distance per stroke, stroke frequency, and stroke index) were assessed on both trials.Results:Performance in the 100-m was fastest in the warm-up condition (67.15 ± 5.60 vs 68.10 ± 5.14 s; P = .01), although 3 swimmers swam faster without warm-up. Critical to this was the 1st 50-m lap (32.10 ± 2.59 vs 32.78 ± 2.33 s; P < .01), where the swimmers presented higher distance per stroke (2.06 ± 0.19 vs. 1.98 ± 0.16 m; P = .04) and swimming efficiency compared with the no-warm-up condition (stroke index 3.46 ± 0.53 vs 3.14 ± 0.44 m2 · c−1 · s−1; P < .01). Notwithstanding this better stroke-kinematic pattern, blood lactate concentrations and perceived exertion were similar between trials.Conclusions:These results suggest that swimmers’ usual warm-up routines lead to faster 100-m freestyle swimming performance, a factor that appears to be related to better swimming efficiency in the 1st lap of the race. This study highlights the importance of performing swimming drills (for higher distance per stroke) before a maximal 100-m freestyle effort in similar groups of swimmers.

scholarly journals Diurnal Variation in Swim Performance Remains, Irrespective of Training Once or Twice Daily

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Martin ◽  
Alan M. Nevill ◽  
Kevin G. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Oral Temperature ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Training Groups ◽  
Swim Performance

Purpose:Fast swim times in morning rounds are essential to ensure qualification in evening finals. A significant time-of-day effect in swimming performance has consistently been observed, although physical activity early in the day has been postulated to reduce this effect. The aim of this study was to compare intradaily variation in race-pace performance of swimmers routinely undertaking morning and evening training (MEG) with those routinely undertaking evening training only (EOG).Methods:Each group consisted of 8 swimmers (mean ± SD: age = 15.2 ± 1.0 and 15.4 ± 1.4 y, 200-m freestyle time 132.8 ± 8.4 and 136.3 ± 9.1 s) who completed morning and evening trials in a randomized order with 48 h in between on 2 separate occasions. Oral temperature, heart rate, and blood lactate were assessed at rest, after a warm-up, after a 150-m race-pace swim, and after a 100-m time trial. Stroke rate, stroke count, and time were recorded for each length of the 150-m and 100-m swims.Results:Both training groups recorded significantly slower morning 100-m performances (MEG = +1.7 s, EOG = +1.4 s; P < .05) along with persistently lower morning temperatures that on average were –0.47°C and –0.60°C, respectively (P < .05). No differences were found in blood-lactate, heart-rate, and stroke-count responses (P > .05). All results were found to be reproducible (P > .05).Conclusions:The long-term use of morning training does not appear to significantly reduce intradaily variation in race-pace swimming or body temperature.

scholarly journals Blueberry supplementation reduces the blood lactate response to running in normobaric hypoxia but has no effect on performance in recreational runners

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason P. Brandenburg ◽  
Luisa V. Giles
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Normobaric Hypoxia ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Running Performance ◽  
Blueberry Supplementation ◽  
Recreational Runners

Abstract Background Blueberries are concentrated with anthocyanins possessing antioxidant properties. As these properties counter fatigue, blueberry supplementation may improve performance and recovery, particularly in hypoxia, where oxidative stress is elevated. Methods This study examined the effects of blueberry supplementation on running performance, physiological responses, and recovery in normobaric hypoxia. Eleven experienced runners completed a 30-minute time-trial (TT) in normobaric hypoxia (%O2 = 15.5 %) on separate days after supplementation with four days of blueberries (BLU) or four days of placebo (PLA). Heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation (SaO2) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were monitored during the TT. Blood lactate and fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) were assessed pre-TT, post-TT, and during recovery. Results No significant differences were observed in the distance run during the TT, HR, SaO2, and RPE. The post-TT increase in blood lactate was significantly lower in BLU than PLA (p = 0.036). Pre-TT and post-TT FENO did not differ between conditions. Blood lactate recovery following the TT was similar between conditions. Conclusions Four days of blueberry supplementation did not alter running performance or cardiovascular and perceptual responses in normobaric hypoxia. Supplementation lowered the blood lactate response to running, however, the significance of this finding is uncertain given the absence of an ergogenic effect.

Four Days of Blueberry Powder Supplementation Lowers the Blood Lactate Response to Running But Has No Effect on Time-Trial Performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 636-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason P. Brandenburg ◽  
Luisa V. Giles
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Lactate Production ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Strength Index ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Blueberry Supplementation

Blueberries are abundant with anthocyanins possessing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. As these properties combat fatigue and promote recovery, blueberry supplementation may enhance performance and recovery. Thus, the objectives were to examine the effects of two blueberry supplementation protocols on running performance, physiological responses, and short-term recovery. Using a randomized, double-blind, placebo (PLA)-controlled crossover design, 14 runners completed an 8-km time trial (TT) after supplementation with 4 days of blueberries (4DAY), 4 days of a PLA, or 2 days of placebo followed by 2 days of blueberries (2DAY). Heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion were monitored during the TT. Blood lactate, vertical jump, reactive strength index, and salivary markers were assessed before and after. No significant differences were observed for time to complete the TT (PLA: 3,010 ± 459 s; 2DAY: 3,014 ± 488 s; 4DAY: 3,011 ± 423 s), heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion, or any of the salivary markers. An interaction effect (p = .027) was observed for blood lactate, with lower post-TT concentrations in 4DAY (5.4 ± 2.0 mmol/L) than PLA (6.6 ± 2.5 mmol/L; p = .038) and 2DAY (7.4 ± 3.4 mmol/L; p = .034). Post-TT decreases in vertical jump height were not different, whereas the decline in reactive strength index was less following 4DAY (−6.1% ± 13.5%) than the other conditions (PLA: −12.6% ± 10.1%; 2DAY: −11.6% ± 11.5%; p = .038). Two days of supplementation did not influence performance or physiological stress. Although 4 days of supplementation did not alter performance, it blunted the increase in blood lactate, perhaps reflecting altered lactate production and/or clearance, and offset the decrease in dynamic muscle function post-TT, as indicated by the reactive strength index differences.

Hydrogen Rich Water Improved Ventilatory, Perceptual and Lactate Responses to Exercise

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (14) ◽  
pp. 879-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Botek ◽  
Jakub Krejčí ◽  
Andrew J. McKune ◽  
Barbora Sládečková ◽  
Nenad Naumovski
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Exercise Protocol ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Ventilatory Equivalent ◽  
Lower Blood ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Double Blinded

AbstractThe potential anti-fatigue and performance benefits of hydrogen rich water (HRW) have resulted in increased research interest over the past 5 years. The aim of this study was to assess physiological and perceptual responses to an incremental exercise protocol after administration of 600 ml HRW within 30 min before exercise. This randomized, double blinded placebo-controlled cross over study included twelve healthy males aged 27.1±4.9 years. The exercise protocol consisted of a 10 min warm-up at 1.0 W.kg−1, followed by 8 min at 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 W.kg−1, respectively. Cardio-respiratory variables, lactate and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were assessed in the last minute of each step. A significantly lower blood lactate was found with HRW (4.0±1.6 and 8.9±2.2 mmol.l−1) compared to Placebo (5.1±1.9 and 10.6±3.0 mmol.l−1) at 3.0, and 4.0 W.kg−1, respectively. Ventilatory equivalent for oxygen and RPE exhibited significantly lower values with HRW (32.3±7.2, and 17.8±1.2 points, respectively) compared to Placebo (35.0±8.4, and 18.5±0.8 points, respectively) at 4 W.kg−1. To conclude, acute pre-exercise supplementation with HRW reduced blood lactate at higher exercise intensities, improved exercise-induced perception of effort, and ventilatory efficiency.

Warm-Up Intensity and Duration’s Effect on Traditional Rowing Time-Trial Performance

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iñigo Mujika ◽  
Rafa González de Txabarri ◽  
Sara Maldonado-Martín ◽  
David B. Pyne
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Lower Intensity ◽  
Physiological Strain ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Trial Performance

The warm-up procedure in traditional rowing usually involves continuous low-intensity rowing and short bouts of intense exercise, lasting about 60 min.Purpose:To compare the effects of a traditional and an experimental 30-min warm-up of lower intensity on indoor rowing time-trial performance.Methods:Fourteen highly trained male rowers (age 25.9 ± 5.3 y, height 1.86 ± 0.06 m, mass 80.4 ± 5.2 kg, peak aerobic power 352.0 ± 24.4 W; mean ± SD) performed 2 indoor rowing trials 12 d apart. Rowers were randomly assigned to either LONG or SHORT warm-ups using a crossover design, each followed by a 10-min all-out fixed-seat rowing-ergometer time trial.Results:Mean power output during the time trial was substantially higher after SHORT (322 ± 18 vs 316 ± 17 W), with rowers generating substantially more power in the initial 7.5 min of the time trial after SHORT. LONG elicited substantially higher mean warm-up heart rate than SHORT (134 ± 11 vs 121 ± 13 beats/min), higher pre–time-trial rating of perceived exertion (10.2 ± 1.4 vs 7.6 ± 1.7) and blood lactate (1.7 ± 0.4 mM vs 1.2 ± 0.2 mM), but similar heart rate (100 ± 14 vs 102 ± 9 beats/min). No substantial differences were observed between LONG and SHORT in stroke rate (39.4 ± 2.0 vs 39.4 ± 2.2 strokes/min) or mean heart rate (171 ± 6 vs 171 ± 8 beats/min) during the time trial, nor in blood lactate after it (11.8 ± 2.5 vs 12.1 ± 2.0 mM).Conclusion:A warm-up characterized by lower intensity and shorter duration should elicit less physiological strain and promote substantially higher power production in the initial stages of a rowing time trial.

Cycling Versus Uphill Walking: Impact on Locomotor Muscle Fatigue and Running Exercise

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1310-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Pageaux ◽  
Jean Theurel ◽  
Romuald Lepers
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Knee Extensor ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Postactivation Potentiation ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Running Exercise ◽  
Uphill Walking

Purpose: To describe the effects of uphill walking versus cycling exercises on knee-extensor (KE) neuromuscular properties and subsequent running exercise. Methods: Nine athletes performed 4 different sessions (1 familiarization and 3 experimental sessions, visit 2–4). Visit 2 (cycling +10-km condition) consisted of the completion of 1-h cycling followed by a 10-km running time trial. Visit 3 consisted of the completion of 1-h uphill walking followed by a 10-km running exercise (RE). During the fourth visit, athletes only ran 10 km. Visits 3 and 4 were randomized. The uphill walking and cycling exercises were performed at the same intensity, and pacing of the RE was similar between conditions. Neuromuscular function of the KE was assessed before warm-up, after first exercise, and after RE. Heart rate and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded during all exercises. Results: RPE during RE was greater following the 1-h cycling and uphill walking exercises than during RE alone. KE force (−21%), twitch torque (−20%), doublet torque (−16%), and twitch rate of force development (−13%) significantly decreased following cycling exercise and not after uphill walking exercise. Postactivation potentiation was observed after uphill walking and RE. KE force-production capacity partially recovered after running in the cycling +10-km condition. Conclusion: Uphill walking and running induced postactivation potentiation, limiting the decrease in KE force postexercise. Despite different alterations in force-production capacity induced by cycling and uphill walking, both exercises increased perception of effort during the subsequent RE.

scholarly journals Case Study: Dose Response of Caffeine on 20-km Handcycling Time Trial Performance in a Paratriathlete

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terri Graham-Paulson ◽  
Claudio Perret ◽  
Victoria Goosey-Tolfrey
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Upper Body Exercise

Caffeine’s (CAF) ability to influence upper-body exercise endurance performance may be related to an individual’s training status. This case study therefore aimed to investigate the ergogenic effects of CAF dose on 20-km time trial (TT) performance of an elite male paratriathlete (wheelchair user; age = 46 years, body mass = 76.9 kg, body fat = 25.4%, and handcycling ). The athlete completed four 20-km handcycling TTs on a Cyclus II ergometer under controlled laboratory conditions following the ingestion of 2, 4, and 6 mg/kg CAF or placebo (PLA). Blood lactate concentration, power output, arousal, and ratings of perceived exertion were recorded. Ingestion of 2, 4, and 6 mg/kg CAF resulted in a 2%, 1.5%, and 2.7% faster TT compared with PLA (37:40 min:s). The participant’s blood lactate concentration increased throughout all trials and was greater during CAF compared with PLA. There were no obvious differences in ratings of perceived exertion between trials despite different performance times. Baseline arousal scores differed between PLA and 4 mg/kg CAF (1 = low), and 2 and 6 mg/kg CAF (3 = moderate). Arousal increased at each time point following the ingestion of 4 and 6 mg/kg CAF. The largest CAF dose resulted in a positive pacing strategy, which, when combined with an end spurt, resulted in the fastest TT. CAF improved 20-km TT performance of an elite male paratriathlete, which may be related to greater arousal and an increased power output for a given rating of perceived exertion.

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