scholarly journals Does Warm-Up Have a Beneficial Effect on 100-m Freestyle?

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrique P. Neiva ◽  
Mario C. Marques ◽  
Ricardo J. Fernandes ◽  
João L. Viana ◽  
Tiago M. Barbosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Stroke Index ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Training Frequency ◽  
Swimming Efficiency ◽  
Strategy Performance ◽  
Competitive Swimmers

Purpose:To investigate the effect of warm-up on 100-m swimming performance.Methods:Twenty competitive swimmers (with a training frequency of 8.0 ± 1.0 sessions/wk) performed 2 maximal 100-m freestyle trials on separate days, with and without prior warm-up, in a counterbalanced and randomized design. The warm-up distance totaled 1000 m and replicated the swimmers’ usual precompetition warm-up strategy. Performance (time), physiological (capillary blood lactate concentrations), psychophysiological (perceived exertion), and biomechanical variables (distance per stroke, stroke frequency, and stroke index) were assessed on both trials.Results:Performance in the 100-m was fastest in the warm-up condition (67.15 ± 5.60 vs 68.10 ± 5.14 s; P = .01), although 3 swimmers swam faster without warm-up. Critical to this was the 1st 50-m lap (32.10 ± 2.59 vs 32.78 ± 2.33 s; P < .01), where the swimmers presented higher distance per stroke (2.06 ± 0.19 vs. 1.98 ± 0.16 m; P = .04) and swimming efficiency compared with the no-warm-up condition (stroke index 3.46 ± 0.53 vs 3.14 ± 0.44 m2 · c−1 · s−1; P < .01). Notwithstanding this better stroke-kinematic pattern, blood lactate concentrations and perceived exertion were similar between trials.Conclusions:These results suggest that swimmers’ usual warm-up routines lead to faster 100-m freestyle swimming performance, a factor that appears to be related to better swimming efficiency in the 1st lap of the race. This study highlights the importance of performing swimming drills (for higher distance per stroke) before a maximal 100-m freestyle effort in similar groups of swimmers.

Effect of Tethered Swimming as Postactivation Potentiation on Swimming Performance and Technical, Hemophysiological, and Psychophysiological Variables in Adolescent Swimmers

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Zied Abbes ◽  
Monoem Haddad ◽  
Khalid W. Bibi ◽  
Iñigo Mujika ◽  
Cyril Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Flight Time ◽  
Experimental Session ◽  
Postactivation Potentiation ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Warm Up

Objectives: To investigate whether tethered swimming (TS) performed 8 minutes before a 50-m freestyle swimming sprint could be an effective postactivation potentiation method to improve performance in young swimmers. Methods: Fourteen regional-level male adolescent swimmers (age 13.0 [2.0] y; height 161.1 [12.4] cm; body mass 52.5 [9.5] kg) underwent 2 trial conditions in a randomized and counterbalanced order (1 experimental [TS], 1 control) on different days. During the experimental session, the participants performed a standard warm-up of 1200 m followed by a TS exercise, which consisted of 3 × 10-second maximal efforts of TS with 1-minute rests between bouts. In the control condition, the warm-up phase was immediately followed by 200 m at a moderate pace (same duration as the TS in the experimental session). Performance (time trial); biomechanical (stroke length), physiological (blood lactate concentrations), and psychophysiological (ratings of perceived exertion) variables; and countermovement-jump (CMJ) flight time were collected. Results: TS warm-up had no significant effect on 50-m swimming performance (P = .27), postexercise ratings of perceived exertion, stroke length, or CMJ flight time (P ≥ .05). Blood lactate concentrations significantly increased at the end of the warm-up in the TS condition only (interaction effect: F1.91,29.91 = 4.91, P = .01, η2 = .27) and after the 50-m trial in both conditions (F1.57,20.41 = 62.39, P = .001, η2 = .82). Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that 3 × 10-second TS exercises performed 8 minutes prior to the event did not affect ratings of perceived exertion, stroke length, or CMJ flight time. In addition, tethered swimming did not affect 50-m freestyle sprint performance in young swimmers.

Effects of Varying Post-Warm-Up Recovery Time on 200-m Time-Trial Swim Performance

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Zochowski ◽  
Elizabeth Johnson ◽  
Gordon G. Sleivert
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Swimming Time ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Trial Performance

Context:Warm-up before athletic competition might enhance performance by affecting various physiological parameters. There are few quantitative data available on physiological responses to the warm-up, and the data that have been reported are inconclusive. Similarly, it has been suggested that varying the recovery period after a standardized warm-up might affect subsequent performance.Purpose:To determine the effects of varying post-warm-up recovery time on a subsequent 200-m swimming time trial.Methods:Ten national-caliber swimmers (5 male, 5 female) each swam a 1500-m warm-up and performed a 200-m time trial of their specialty stroke after either 10 or 45 min of passive recovery. Subjects completed 1 time trial in each condition separated by 1 wk in a counterbalanced order. Blood lactate and heart rate were measured immediately after warm-up and 3 min before, immediately after, and 3 min after the time trial. Rating of perceived exertion was measured immediately after the warm-up and time trial.Results:Time-trial performance was significantly improved after 10 min as opposed to 45 min recovery (136.80 ± 20.38 s vs 138.69 ± 20.32 s, P < .05). There were no significant differences between conditions for heart rate and blood lactate after the warm-up. Pre-time-trial heart rate, however, was higher in the 10-min than in the 45-min rest condition (109 ± 14 beats/min vs 94 ± 21 beats/min, P < .05).Conclusions:A post-warm-up recovery time of 10 min rather than 45 min is more beneficial to 200-m swimming time-trial performance.

scholarly journals Relationship between Swimming Performance, Biomechanical Variables and the Calculated Predicted 1-RM Push-up in Competitive Swimmers

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (21) ◽  
pp. 11395
Author(s):  
Sofiene Amara ◽  
Oussama Gaied Chortane ◽  
Yassine Negra ◽  
Raouf Hammami ◽  
Riadh Khalifa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Stroke Index ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Body Strength ◽  
Velocity Relationship ◽  
Upper Body Strength ◽  
Competitive Swimmers ◽  
Push Up

One repetition maximum (1RM) push-ups, based upon the load–velocity relationship, are able to predict the maximum upper body strength. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between the predicted 1RM push-up based upon the load–velocity relationship and swimming performance and kinematical variables in competitive swimmers. Thirty-three competitive male swimmers (age = 16.46 ± 0.59 years, body mass = 72.82 ± 8.41 kg, body height = 180.56 ± 5.69 cm) performed push-up exercises without a weight vest and with a 10, 20 and 30 kg weight vests. A load–velocity relationship was established as a product of the load and velocity of the push-up per participant, and the equation was used to establish a predicted 1RM. Our findings showed a predicted 1RM push-up of 82.98 ± 9.95 kg. Pearson correlations revealed a nearly perfect relationship between the 1RM push-up and the 25 or 50 m front crawl (r = −0.968, r = −0.955), and between 1RM push-up and the 25 or 50 m front crawl with arms (r = −0.955, r = x0.941). Similarly, our results revealed significant near-perfect correlations between 1RM push-up and kinematical variables (r = 0.93–0.96) except the stroke index, which had a large relationship (r = 0.56). This study suggests that swimming performance and kinematical variables are correlated with the predicted 1RM push-up. The 1RM push-up based upon the load–velocity relationship is a low cost and time-effective alternative for swimmers and coaches to predict maximum upper body strength to optimize swimming performance in short races.

scholarly journals Do Performance Parameters Compare Between an Anaerobic Set and the 100-M Event in Swimming?

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Terzi ◽  
Skari ◽  
Nikolaidis ◽  
Papadimitriou ◽  
Kabasakalis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Short Distance ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Stroke Index ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
Training Set ◽  
Time Test ◽  
Competitive Swimmers ◽  
Peak Blood ◽  
Peak Blood Lactate

AIM: Anaerobic interval sets are commonly used in the training program of swimmers competing in short-distance events. However, data regarding the way that these sets compare to the competitive events are lacking. The aim of this study was to examine if there are differences in speed, blood lactate, stroke rate (SR), and stroke index (SI) between an anaerobic set of 4 × 50 m maximal swimming with work-to-rest ratio of approximately 1:4 and the 100-m event in freestyle stroke. MATERIAL & METHOD: Twenty-seven competitive swimmers (11 males, 16 females), aged 16.1 ± 1.1 years, completed the two tests on different days, in a random counterbalanced order. In each test, blood lactate was measured before and repeatedly after exercise through a portable lactate analyzer. Time and SR were recorded for each 50 m of the tests, and speed and SI were subsequently calculated. Three-way analysis of variance (time × test × gender) and Pearson’s correlation analysis were used. The level of statistical significance was set at α = 0.05. RESULTS: Average speed was higher at 4 × 50 m compared to 100 m (1.62 ± 0.10 and 1.56 ± 0.10, respectively, p < 0.001) and was correlated between tests (r = 0.930, p < 0.001). Peak blood lactate after 4 × 50 m was higher compared to 100 m (14.8 ± 3.1 and 10.9 ± 3.3 mmol/L, respectively, p < 0.001) and was correlated between tests (r = 0.640, p < 0.001). Average SR was higher in 4 × 50 m compared to 100 m (47.0 ± 3.6 and 44.5 ± 3.2 cycles/min, respectively, p < 0.001) and was correlated between tests (r = 0.836, p < 0.001). Average SI did not differ but was correlated between tests (r = 0.937, p < 0.001). Males had higher SR and SI and were faster than females (p < 0.05) but did not differ from females regarding lactate. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the aforementioned differences and correlations, the 4 × 50 m training set could be used to improve the parameters that have impact on performance in the 100-m event.

Linking Selected Kinematic, Anthropometric and Hydrodynamic Variables to Young Swimmer Performance

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 649-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge E. Morais ◽  
Sérgio Jesus ◽  
Vasco Lopes ◽  
Nuno Garrido ◽  
António Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Technical Training ◽  
Stroke Index ◽  
Arm Span ◽  
Swimming Efficiency ◽  
Speed Fluctuation

The aim of this study was to develop a structural equation model (i.e., a confirmatory technique that analyzes relationships among observed variables) for young swimmer performance based on selected kinematic, anthropometric and hydrodynamic variables. A total of 114 subjects (73 boys and 41 girls of mean age of 12.31 ± 1.09 years; 47.91 ± 10.81 kg body mass; 156.57 ± 10.90 cm height and Tanner stages 1–2) were evaluated. The variables assessed were the: (i) 100 [m] freestyle performance; (ii) stroke index; (iii) speed fluctuation; (iv) stroke distance; (v) active drag; (vi) arm span and; (vii) hand surface area. All paths were significant (p < .05). However, in deleting the path between the hand surface area and the stroke index, the model goodness-of-fit significantly improved. Swimming performance in young swimmers appeared to be dependent on swimming efficiency (i.e., stroke index), which is determined by the remaining variables assessed, except for the hand surface area. Therefore, young swimmer coaches and practitioners should design training programs with a focus on technical training enhancement (i.e., improving swimming efficiency).

scholarly journals Diurnal Variation in Swim Performance Remains, Irrespective of Training Once or Twice Daily

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Martin ◽  
Alan M. Nevill ◽  
Kevin G. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Oral Temperature ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Training Groups ◽  
Swim Performance

Purpose:Fast swim times in morning rounds are essential to ensure qualification in evening finals. A significant time-of-day effect in swimming performance has consistently been observed, although physical activity early in the day has been postulated to reduce this effect. The aim of this study was to compare intradaily variation in race-pace performance of swimmers routinely undertaking morning and evening training (MEG) with those routinely undertaking evening training only (EOG).Methods:Each group consisted of 8 swimmers (mean ± SD: age = 15.2 ± 1.0 and 15.4 ± 1.4 y, 200-m freestyle time 132.8 ± 8.4 and 136.3 ± 9.1 s) who completed morning and evening trials in a randomized order with 48 h in between on 2 separate occasions. Oral temperature, heart rate, and blood lactate were assessed at rest, after a warm-up, after a 150-m race-pace swim, and after a 100-m time trial. Stroke rate, stroke count, and time were recorded for each length of the 150-m and 100-m swims.Results:Both training groups recorded significantly slower morning 100-m performances (MEG = +1.7 s, EOG = +1.4 s; P < .05) along with persistently lower morning temperatures that on average were –0.47°C and –0.60°C, respectively (P < .05). No differences were found in blood-lactate, heart-rate, and stroke-count responses (P > .05). All results were found to be reproducible (P > .05).Conclusions:The long-term use of morning training does not appear to significantly reduce intradaily variation in race-pace swimming or body temperature.

scholarly journals Energetic and Biomechanical Contributions for Longitudinal Performance in Master Swimmers

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Marinho ◽  
Maria I. Ferreira ◽  
Tiago M. Barbosa ◽  
José Vilaça-Alves ◽  
Mário J. Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Stroke Index ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Propelling Efficiency ◽  
Peak Blood ◽  
Peak Blood Lactate

Background: The current study aimed to verify the changes in performance, physiological and biomechanical variables throughout a season in master swimmers. Methods: Twenty-three master swimmers (34.9 ± 7.4 years) were assessed three times during a season (December: M1, March: M2, June: M3), in indoor 25 m swimming pools. An incremental 5 × 200 m test was used to evaluate the speed at 4 mmol·L−1 of blood lactate concentration (sLT), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), peak blood lactate ([La-]peak) after the test, stroke frequency (SF), stroke length (SL), stroke index (SI) and propelling efficiency (ηp). The performance was assessed in the 200 m front crawl during competition. Results: Swimming performance improved between M1, M2 (2%, p = 0.03), and M3 (4%, p < 0.001). Both sLT and VO2max increased throughout the season (4% and 18%, p < 0.001, respectively) but not [La-]peak. While SF decreased 5%, SL, SI and ηp increased 5%, 7%, and 6% (p < 0.001) from M1 to M3. Conclusions: Master swimmers improved significantly in their 200 m front crawl performance over a season, with decreased SF, and increased SL, ηp and SI. Despite the improvement in energetic variables, the change in performance seemed to be more dependent on technical than energetic factors.

Swimming Performance After Passive and Active Recovery of Various Durations

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Argyris G. Toubekis ◽  
Argiro Tsolaki ◽  
Ilias Smilios ◽  
Helen T. Douda ◽  
Thomas Kourtesis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Active Recovery ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Passive Recovery ◽  
Lactate Removal ◽  
Swimming Test ◽  
Competitive Swimmers

Purpose:To examine the effects of active and passive recovery of various durations after a 100-m swimming test performed at maximal effort.Methods:Eleven competitive swimmers (5 males, 6 females, age: 17.3 ± 0.6 y) completed two 100-m tests with a 15-min interval at a maximum swimming effort under three experimental conditions. The recovery between tests was 15 min passive (PAS), 5 min active, and 10 min passive (5ACT) or 10 min active and 5 min passive (10ACT). Self-selected active recovery started immediately after the first test, corresponding to 60 ± 5% of the 100-m time. Blood samples were taken at rest, 5, 10, and 15 min after the first as well as 5 min after the second 100-m test for blood lactate determination. Heart rate was also recorded during the corresponding periods.Results:Performance time of the first 100 m was not different between conditions (P > .05). The second 100-m test after the 5ACT (64.49 ± 3.85 s) condition was faster than 10ACT (65.49 ± 4.63 s) and PAS (65.89 ± 4.55 s) conditions (P < .05). Blood lactate during the 15-min recovery period between the 100-m efforts was lower in both active recovery conditions compared with passive recovery (P < .05). Heart rate was higher during the 5ACT and 10ACT conditions compared with PAS during the 15-min recovery period (P < .05).Conclusion:Five minutes of active recovery during a 15-min interval period is adequate to facilitate blood lactate removal and enhance performance in swimmers. Passive recovery and/or 10 min of active recovery is not recommended.

scholarly journals Is Swimmers’ Performance Influenced by Wetsuit Use?

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Gay ◽  
Gracia López-Contreras ◽  
Ricardo J. Fernandes ◽  
Raúl Arellano
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Stroke Index ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Propelling Efficiency

Purpose: To observe changes in performance, physiological, and general kinematic variables induced by the use of wetsuits vs swimsuits in both swimming-pool and swimming-flume conditions. Methods: In a randomized and counterbalanced order, 33 swimmers (26.46 [11.72] y old) performed 2 × 400-m maximal front crawl in a 25-m swimming pool (with wetsuit and swimsuit), and their mean velocities were used later in 2 swimming-flume trials with both suits. Velocity, blood lactate concentration, heart rate (HR), Borg scale (rating of perceived exertion), stroke rate, stroke length (SL), stroke index, and propelling efficiency were evaluated. Results: The 400-m performance in the swimming pool was 0.07 m·s−1 faster when using the wetsuit than when using the swimsuit, evidencing a reduction of ∼6% in time elapsed (P < .001). Maximal HR, maximal blood lactate concentration, rating of perceived exertion, stroke rate, and propelling efficiency were similar when using both swimsuits, but SL and stroke index presented higher values with the wetsuit in both the swimming pool and the swimming flume. Comparing swimming conditions, maximal HR and maximal blood lactate concentration were lower, and SL, stroke index, and propelling efficiency were higher when swimming in the flume than when swimming in the pool with both suits. Conclusions: The 6% velocity improvement was the result of an increase of 4% in SL. Swimmers reduced stroke rate and increased SL to benefit from the hydrodynamic reduction of the wetsuit and increase their swimming efficiency. Wetsuits might be utilized during training seasons to improve adaptations while swimming.

Hydrogen Rich Water Improved Ventilatory, Perceptual and Lactate Responses to Exercise

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (14) ◽  
pp. 879-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Botek ◽  
Jakub Krejčí ◽  
Andrew J. McKune ◽  
Barbora Sládečková ◽  
Nenad Naumovski
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Exercise Protocol ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Ventilatory Equivalent ◽  
Lower Blood ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Double Blinded

AbstractThe potential anti-fatigue and performance benefits of hydrogen rich water (HRW) have resulted in increased research interest over the past 5 years. The aim of this study was to assess physiological and perceptual responses to an incremental exercise protocol after administration of 600 ml HRW within 30 min before exercise. This randomized, double blinded placebo-controlled cross over study included twelve healthy males aged 27.1±4.9 years. The exercise protocol consisted of a 10 min warm-up at 1.0 W.kg−1, followed by 8 min at 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 W.kg−1, respectively. Cardio-respiratory variables, lactate and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were assessed in the last minute of each step. A significantly lower blood lactate was found with HRW (4.0±1.6 and 8.9±2.2 mmol.l−1) compared to Placebo (5.1±1.9 and 10.6±3.0 mmol.l−1) at 3.0, and 4.0 W.kg−1, respectively. Ventilatory equivalent for oxygen and RPE exhibited significantly lower values with HRW (32.3±7.2, and 17.8±1.2 points, respectively) compared to Placebo (35.0±8.4, and 18.5±0.8 points, respectively) at 4 W.kg−1. To conclude, acute pre-exercise supplementation with HRW reduced blood lactate at higher exercise intensities, improved exercise-induced perception of effort, and ventilatory efficiency.

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