Cardiorespiratory Responses to Constant and Varied-Load Interval Training Sessions

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Fernando G. Beltrami ◽  
Elena Roos ◽  
Marco von Ow ◽  
Christina M. Spengler
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Pulmonary Ventilation ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Active Recovery ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Responses

Purpose: To compare the cardiorespiratory responses of a traditional session of high-intensity interval training session with that of a session of similar duration and average load, but with decreasing workload within each bout in cyclists and runners. Methods: A total of 15 cyclists (maximal oxygen uptake [] 62 [6] mL·kg−1·min−1) and 15 runners ( 58 [4] mL·kg−1·min−1) performed both sessions at the maximal common tolerable load on different days. The sessions consisted of four 4-minute intervals interspersed with 3 minutes of active recovery. Power output was held constant for each bout within the traditional day, whereas power started 40 W (2 km·h−1) higher and finished 40 W (2 km·h−1) lower than average within each bout of the decremental session. Results: Average oxygen uptake during the high-intensity intervals was higher in the decremental session in cycling (89 [4]% vs 86 [5]% of , P = .002) but not in running (91 [4]% vs 90 [4]% of , P = .38), as was the time spent >90% of and the time spent >90% of peak heart rate. Average heart rate (P < .001), pulmonary ventilation (P < .001), and blood lactate concentration (P < .001) were higher during the decremental sessions in both cycling and running. Conclusions: Higher levels of physiological perturbations were achieved during decremental sessions in both cycling and running. These differences were, however, more prominent in cycling, thus making cycling a more attractive modality for testing the effects of a training intervention.

Comparison of the 45-Second/15-Second Intermittent Running Field Test and the Continuous Treadmill Test

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hervé Assadi ◽  
Romuald Lepers
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Treadmill Test ◽  
Active Recovery ◽  
Intermittent Training

Purposes:To compare the physiological responses and maximal aerobic running velocity (MAV) during an incremental intermittent (45-s run/15-s rest) field test (45-15FIT) vs an incremental continuous treadmill test (TR) and to demonstrate that the MAV obtained during 45-15FIT (MAV45-15) was relevant to elicit a high percentage of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) during a 30-s/30-s intermittent training session.Methods:Oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR), and lactate concentration ([La]) were measured in 20 subjects during 2 maximal incremental tests and four 15-min intermittent tests. The time spent above 90% and 95% VO2max (t90% and t95% VO2max, respectively) was determined.Results:Maximal physiological parameters were similar during the 45-15FIT and TR tests (VO2max 58.6 ± 5.9 mL · kg−1 · min−1 for TR vs 58.5 ± 7.0 mL · kg−1 · min−1 for 45-15FIT; HRmax 200 ± 8 beats/min for TR vs 201 ± 7 beats/min for 45-15FIT). MAV45-15 was significantly (P < .001) greater than MAVTR (17.7 ± 1.1 vs 15.6 ± 1.4 km/h). t90% and t95% VO2max during the 30-s/30-s performed at MAVTR were significantly (P < .01) lower than during the 30-s/30-s performed at MAV45-15. Similar VO2 during intermittent tests performed at MAV45-15 and at MAVTR can be obtained by reducing the recovery time or using active recovery.Conclusions:The results suggested that the 45-15FIT is an accurate field test to determine VO2max and that MAV45-15 can be used during high-intensity intermittent training such as 30-s runs interspersed with 30-s rests (30-s/30-s) to elicit a high percentage of VO2max.

scholarly journals Effects of work-interval duration and sport specificity on blood lactate concentration, heart rate and perceptual responses during high intensity interval training

PLoS ONE ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. e0200690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Warr-di Piero ◽  
Teresa Valverde-Esteve ◽  
Juan Carlos Redondo-Castán ◽  
Carlos Pablos-Abella ◽  
José Vicente Sánchez-Alarcos Díaz-Pintado
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Interval Duration ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
High Intensity Interval

Einfluss einer intensiven Intervall­belastung auf die Beanspruchung der kortikalen Gehirnaktivität

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Cortical Activity ◽  
Active Recovery ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Beta 2

Due to methodological and technical challenges brain cortical activity has rarely been investigated during endurance exercise. In this respect, it is not surprising that effects of an acute bout of interval training on central nervous activity have not been examined yet. Therefore, the aim of the present investigation was to characterize acute adaptations of brain cortical activity and established parameters to a high intensity endurance session. In a laboratory study sixteen endurance-trained cyclists completed an exercise bout including 3 interval series on a high-performance bicycle ergometer. Changes in cortical activity were recorded with quantitative electroencephalography (EEG) and analyzed in five specific frequency ranges (theta, alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, beta-2). Additionally, heart rate, blood lactate concentration and received perception of effort (RPE) were measured. During warm-up brain cortical activity increased above resting levels. Compared to warm-up and active recovery, EEG spectral power in Alpha-2- and Beta-2-band was higher in each interval series. Similarly, heart rate, blood lactate concentration and RPE increased from active recovery to the following interval loads. Whereas those parameters also increased from the first to the last series of intervals, a significant reduction of spectral EEG power was recorded in the theta-, alpha-2-, beta-1- and beta-2-band. The results provide evidence on specific regulations of brain cortical activity during interval training. Gained insights on the dose-response relationship can be transferred into the training practice to optimize load control.

Effect of Repeated Active Recovery During a High-Intensity Interval-Training Shock Microcycle on Markers of Fatigue

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1060-1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thimo Wiewelhove ◽  
Christian Raeder ◽  
Tim Meyer ◽  
Michael Kellmann ◽  
Mark Pfeiffer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
Active Recovery ◽  
Junior Tennis ◽  
International Ranking ◽  
Repeated Use ◽  
High Intensity Interval ◽  
Recovery Act

Purpose:To investigate the effect of repeated use of active recovery during a 4-d shock microcycle with 7 high-intensity interval-training (HIT) sessions on markers of fatigue. Methods:Eight elite male junior tennis players (age 15.1 ± 1.4 y) with an international ranking between 59 and 907 (International Tennis Federation) participated in this study. After each training session, they completed 15 min of either moderate jogging (active recovery [ACT]) or passive recovery (PAS) with a crossover design, which was interrupted by a 4-mo washout period. Countermovement-jump (CMJ) height, serum concentration of creatine kinase (CK), delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and perceived recovery and stress (Short Recovery and Stress Scale) were measured 24 h before and 24 h after the training program. Results:The HIT shock microcycle induced a large decrease in CMJ performance (ACT: effect size [ES] = –1.39, P < .05; PAS: ES = –1.42, P < .05) and perceived recovery (ACT: ES = –1.79, P < .05; PAS: ES = –2.39, P < .05), as well as a moderate to large increase in CK levels (ACT: ES = 0.76, P > .05; PAS: ES = 0.81, P >.05), DOMS (ACT: ES = 2.02, P < .05; PAS: ES = 2.17, P < .05), and perceived stress (ACT: ES = 1.98, P < .05; PAS: ES = 3.06, P < .05), compared with the values before the intervention. However, no significant recovery intervention × time interactions or meaningful differences in changes were noted in any of the markers between ACT and PAS. Conclusions:Repeated use of individualized ACT, consisting of 15 min of moderate jogging, after finishing each training session during an HIT shock microcycle did not affect exercise-induced fatigue.

Energetics and Mechanics of Steep Treadmill Versus Overground Pole Walking: A Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Nicola Giovanelli ◽  
Lara Mari ◽  
Asia Patini ◽  
Stefano Lazzer
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Vertical Velocity ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Average Intensity ◽  
Rate Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Spatiotemporal Parameters ◽  
Pole Walking

Purpose: To compare energetics and spatiotemporal parameters of steep uphill pole walking on a treadmill and overground. Methods: First, the authors evaluated 6 male trail runners during an incremental graded test on a treadmill. Then, they performed a maximal overground test with poles and an overground test at 80% (OG80) of vertical velocity of maximal overground test with poles on an uphill mountain path (length = 1.3 km, elevation gain = 433 m). Finally, they covered the same elevation gain using poles on a customized treadmill at the average vertical velocity of the OG80. During all the tests, the authors measured oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, heart rate, blood lactate concentration, and rate of perceived exertion. Results: Treadmills required lower metabolic power (15.3 [1.9] vs 16.6 [2.0] W/kg, P = .002) and vertical cost of transport (49.6 [2.7] vs 53.7 [2.1] J/kg·m, P < .001) compared with OG80. Also, oxygen uptake was lower on a treadmill (41.7 [5.0] vs 46.2 [5.0] mL/kg·min, P = .001). Conversely, respiratory quotient was higher on TR80 compared with OG80 (0.98 [0.02] vs 0.89 [0.04], P = .032). In addition, rate of perceived exertion was higher on a treadmill and increased with elevation (P < .001). The authors did not detect any differences in other physiological measurements or in spatiotemporal parameters. Conclusions: Researchers, coaches, and athletes should be aware that steep treadmill pole walking requires lower energy consumption but same heart rate and rate of perceived exertion than overground pole walking at the same average intensity.

scholarly journals Response to Three Weeks of Sprint Interval Training Cannot Be Explained by the Exertional Level

Medicina ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
pp. 395
Author(s):  
Raulas Krusnauskas ◽  
Nerijus Eimantas ◽  
Neringa Baranauskiene ◽  
Tomas Venckunas ◽  
Audrius Snieckus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Average Power ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Sprint Interval Training ◽  
Low Responders ◽  
Before And After

Background and Objectives: The all-out mode of sprint interval training (SIT) has been shown to be an efficient method for improving sports performance, exercise capacity, and aerobic fitness. Although the benefits of SIT are well described, the mechanisms underlying the different degrees of response remain largely unexplored. We aimed to assess the effects of exertion on the responsiveness to SIT. Materials and Methods: The participants were 28 young untrained men (mean ± SD age 25.7 ± 6.03 years) who exhibited either a large or small increase in Wingate test average power in response to nine SIT sessions performed over three weeks. Each training session comprised four–six bouts of 30 s all-out cycling interspaced with 4 min of rest. Individual responses were assessed using heart rate (HR) during exercise for all nine sessions, as well as blood lactate concentration up to 1 h, and the decrement in maximal voluntary knee extension torque (MVC) up to 24 h after the first and last training sessions. Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and maximum HR were measured before and after training during an incremental cycling test to exhaustion. Results: Although all participants showed benefits of SIT such as increased VO2peak, the increase in anaerobic cycling power varied between participants. We identified 17 high responders and nine low responders, whose average power outputs were 0.80 ± 0.22 and 0.22 ± 0.19 W/kg, respectively. The HR achieved during any of the training sessions did not differ between high and low responders. The lactate kinetics did not differ between groups before and after the intervention. Training resulted in a more rapid recovery of MVC without any discernible differences between the high and low responders. Conclusion: The differences in the responses to SIT are not dependent on the exertion level during training.

scholarly journals Physiological responses to partial-body cryotherapy performed during a concurrent strength and endurance session

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Piras ◽  
Francesco Campa ◽  
Stefania Toselli ◽  
Rocco Di Michele ◽  
Milena Raffi
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Strength Training ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Passive Recovery ◽  
Partial Body

This investigation examined the effect of partial-body cryostimulation (PBC) performed in the recovery time between a strength training and an interval running (IR) session. Nine rugby players (age, 23.7 ± 3.6 years; body mass index, 28.0 ± 2.6 kg·m−2) were randomly exposed to 2 different conditions: (i) PBC: 3 min at −160 °C, and (ii) passive recovery at 21 °C. We performed the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and recorded temperature and cardiac autonomic variables at 3 time points: at baseline, after strength training, and after 90 min of recovery. In addition, blood lactate concentration was measured 1 min before and 2.5 min after the IR. Heart rate (HR), energy cost, minute ventilation, oxygen uptake, and metabolic power were assessed during the IR. Homeostatic hydration status was affected by the execution of an intense strength training subsession. Then, after PBC, the BIA vector was restored close to normohydration status. Autonomic variables changed over time in both conditions, although the mean differences and effect sizes were greater in the PBC condition. During IR, HR was 3.5% lower after PBC, and the same result was observed for oxygen uptake (∼4.9% lower) and ventilation (∼6.5% lower). The energy cost measured after cryotherapy was ∼9.0% lower than after passive recovery. Cryotherapy enhances recovery after a single strength training session, and during subsequent IR, it shows a reduction in cardiorespiratory and metabolic parameters. PBC may be useful for those athletes who compete or train more than once in the same day, to improve recovery between successive training sessions or competitions.

scholarly journals Optimizing Interval Training Through Power-Output Variation Within the Work Intervals

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 982-989
Author(s):  
Arthur H. Bossi ◽  
Cristian Mesquida ◽  
Louis Passfield ◽  
Bent R. Rønnestad ◽  
James G. Hopker
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Constant Intensity ◽  
Varied Intensity

Purpose: Maximal oxygen uptake () is a key determinant of endurance performance. Therefore, devising high-intensity interval training (HIIT) that maximizes stress of the oxygen-transport and -utilization systems may be important to stimulate further adaptation in athletes. The authors compared physiological and perceptual responses elicited by work intervals matched for duration and mean power output but differing in power-output distribution. Methods: Fourteen cyclists ( 69.2 [6.6] mL·kg−1·min−1) completed 3 laboratory visits for a performance assessment and 2 HIIT sessions using either varied-intensity or constant-intensity work intervals. Results: Cyclists spent more time at during HIIT with varied-intensity work intervals (410 [207] vs 286 [162] s, P = .02), but there were no differences between sessions in heart-rate- or perceptual-based training-load metrics (all P ≥ .1). When considering individual work intervals, minute ventilation () was higher in the varied-intensity mode (F = 8.42, P = .01), but not respiratory frequency, tidal volume, blood lactate concentration [La], ratings of perceived exertion, or cadence (all F ≤ 3.50, ≥ .08). Absolute changes (Δ) between HIIT sessions were calculated per work interval, and Δ total oxygen uptake was moderately associated with (r = .36, P = .002). Conclusions: In comparison with an HIIT session with constant-intensity work intervals, well-trained cyclists sustain higher fractions of when work intervals involved power-output variations. This effect is partially mediated by an increased oxygen cost of hyperpnea and not associated with a higher [La], perceived exertion, or training-load metrics.

Acute Cardiometabolic and Perceptual Responses to Individual and Group-Based Body-Weight Resistance Exercise in Girls

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Jeanette M. Ricci ◽  
Katharine D. Currie ◽  
Todd A. Astorino ◽  
Karin A. Pfeiffer
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Acute Responses ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Speed ◽  
The Mean

Girls’ acute responses to group-based high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) are not well characterized. Purpose: To compare acute responses to treadmill-based HIIE (TM) and body-weight resistance exercise circuit (CIRC) and to CIRC performed in a small-group setting (group CIRC). Method: Nineteen girls (9.1 [1.1] y) completed exercise testing on a TM to determine peak oxygen uptake, peak heart rate (HRpeak), and maximal aerobic speed. The TM involved eight 30-second sprints at 100% maximal aerobic speed. The CIRC consisted of 8 exercises of maximal repetitions performed for 30 seconds. Each exercise bout was followed by 30 seconds of active recovery. The blood lactate concentration was assessed preexercise and postexercise. The ratings of perceived exertion, affective valence, and enjoyment were recorded at preexercise, Intervals 3 and 6, and postexercise. Results: The mean heart rate was higher during group CIRC (92% [7%] HRpeak) than CIRC (86% [7%] HRpeak) and TM (85% [4%] HRpeak) ( = .49). The mean oxygen uptake equaled 76% (11%) of the peak oxygen uptake for CIRC and did not differ from TM (d = 0.02). The CIRC elicited a greater postexercise blood lactate concentration versus TM (5.8 [1.7] vs 1.4 [0.4] mM, d = 3.61). The perceptual responses were similar among conditions (P > .05), and only the rating of perceived exertion increased during exercise ( = .78). Conclusion: Whether performed individually or in a small group, CIRC represents HIIE and may be a feasible alternative to running-based HIIE.

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