Consistent Immediate Effects of Foot Orthoses on Comfort and Lower Extremity Kinematics, Kinetics, and Muscle Activity

In order to accommodate patients to new foot orthoses over time, two steps are required: The first is to obtain a baseline reading of the immediate effects across several weeks to ensure consistency. The second step is to look at changes with progressively longer wear periods similar to what occurs in general practice. This study addressed the first step. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the baseline reading of the immediate effects of foot orthoses on comfort and lower extremity kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activity is consistent between days. Participants were 21 recreational runners who volunteered for the study. Three orthotic conditions (posting, custom-molding, posting and custom-molding) were compared to a control (flat) insert. Lower extremity kinematic, kinetic, and EMG data were collected for 108 trials per participant and condition in 9 sessions for each person for running at 4 m/s. Comfort for all orthotic conditions was assessed in each session using a visual analog scale. Statistically significant session effects were detected using repeated-measures ANOVA (α = .05). Three of the 93 variables had a significant session effect. A significant interaction between orthotic condition and session was observed for 6 of the 93 variables. The results of this study showed that the effects of foot orthoses on comfort, lower extremity kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activity are consistent across a 3-week period when the wear time for each condition is restricted. Thus, foot orthoses lead to immediate changes in comfort, kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activity with limited use. These immediate effects of foot orthoses on comfort, kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activity are consistent between days.

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Midsole Thickness Affects Running Patterns in Habitual Rearfoot Strikers During a Sustained Run

Journal of Applied Biomechanics ◽

10.1123/jab.2012-0224 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 521-528 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Trampas M. TenBroek ◽

Pedro A. Rodrigues ◽

Edward C. Frederick ◽

Joseph Hamill

Keyword(s):

Lower Extremity ◽

Internal Rotation ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Repeated Measures Anova ◽

Kinematic Pattern ◽

Using Data ◽

Over Time

The purpose of this study was to: (1) investigate how kinematic patterns are adjusted while running in footwear with THIN, MEDIUM, and THICK midsole thicknesses and (2) determine if these patterns are adjusted over time during a sustained run in footwear of different thicknesses. Ten male heel-toe runners performed treadmill runs in specially constructed footwear (THIN, MEDIUM, and THICK midsoles) on separate days. Standard lower extremity kinematics and acceleration at the tibia and head were captured. Time epochs were created using data from every 5 minutes of the run. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used (P< .05) to determine differences across footwear and time. At touchdown, kinematics were similar for the THIN and MEDIUM conditions distal to the knee, whereas only the THIN condition was isolated above the knee. No runners displayed midfoot or forefoot strike patterns in any condition. Peak accelerations were slightly increased with THIN and MEDIUM footwear as was eversion, as well as tibial and thigh internal rotation. It appears that participants may have been anticipating, very early in their run, a suitable kinematic pattern based on both the length of the run and the footwear condition.

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Role of Occupational Footwear and Prolonged Walking on Lower Extremity Muscle Activation during Maximal Exertions and Postural Stability Tasks

Biomechanics ◽

10.3390/biomechanics1020017 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 202-213

Author(s):

Harish Chander ◽

Sachini N. K. Kodithuwakku Arachchige ◽

Alana J. Turner ◽

Reuben F. Burch V ◽

Adam C. Knight ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lower Extremity ◽

Muscle Activity ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Postural Stability ◽

Muscle Activation ◽

Medial Gastrocnemius ◽

Lower Extremity Muscle ◽

Prolonged Duration ◽

The Mean ◽

The Impact

Background: Occupational footwear and a prolonged duration of walking have been previously reported to play a role in maintaining postural stability. The purpose of this paper was to analyze the impact of three types of occupational footwear: the steel-toed work boot (ST), the tactical work boot (TB), and the low-top work shoe (LT) on previously unreported lower extremity muscle activity during postural stability tasks. Methods: Electromyography (EMG) muscle activity was measured from four lower extremity muscles (vastus medialis (VM), medial hamstrings (MH), tibialis anterior (TA), and medial gastrocnemius (MG) during maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) and during a sensory organization test (SOT) every 30 min over a 4 h simulated workload while wearing ST, TB, and LT footwear. The mean MVIC and the mean and percentage MVIC during each SOT condition from each muscle was analyzed individually using a repeated measures ANOVA at an alpha level of 0.05. Results: Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found for maximal exertions, but this was limited to only the time main effect. No significant differences existed for EMG measures during the SOT. Conclusion: The findings suggest that occupational footwear type does not influence lower extremity muscle activity during both MVIC and SOT. Significantly lower muscle activity during maximal exertions over the course of the 4 h workload was evident, which can be attributed to localized muscular fatigue, but this was not sufficient to impact muscle activity during postural stability tasks.

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The Impact of Overnight Orthokeratology on Accommodative Response in Myopic Subjects

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm9113687 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 3687

Author(s):

Ana F. Pereira-da-Mota ◽

Jéssica Costa ◽

Ana Amorim-de-Sousa ◽

José M. González-Méijome ◽

António Queirós

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Friedman Test ◽

Repeated Measures Anova ◽

Accommodative Response ◽

Baseline Levels ◽

Accommodative Lag ◽

Objectively Measured ◽

The Impact ◽

Lens Wear ◽

Over Time

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of two months of orthokeratology (OK) treatment in the accommodative response of young adult myopes. Twenty eyes (21.8 ± 1.8 years) were fitted with the Paragon CRT® 100 LENS to treat myopia between −1.00 and −2.00 D. Low- and high-contrast visual acuity (LCDVA and HCDVA), central objective refraction, light disturbance (LD), and objective accommodative response (using the Grand Seiko WAM-5500 open-field autorefractometer coupled with a Badal system) were measured at baseline (BL) before lens wear and after 1, 15, 30, and 60 nights of OK. Refractive error correction was achieved during the first fifty days of OK lens wear, with minimal changes afterwards. LD analysis showed a transient increase followed by a reduction to baseline levels over the first 30 nights of treatment. The accommodative response was lower than expected for all target vergences in all visits (BL: 0.61 D at 1.00 D to 0.96 D at 5.00 D; 60 N: 0.36 D at 1.00 D to 0.79 D at 5.00 D). On average, the accommodative lag decreases over time with OK lens wear. However, these differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.050, repeated-measures ANOVA and Friedman test). This shows that overnight OK treatment does not affect objectively measured the accommodative response of young, low myopic eyes after two months of treatment stabilization.

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Effects of Walking on Cigarette Cravings and Affect in the Context of Nesbitt’s Paradox and the Circumplex Model

Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology ◽

10.1123/jsep.28.1.18 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 18-31 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Adrian Taylor ◽

Magdalena Katomeri ◽

Michael Ussher

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Significant Interaction ◽

Interaction Effects ◽

Crossover Design ◽

Circumplex Model ◽

Affective Valence ◽

Repeated Measures Anova ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

Cigarette Cravings

The study examined whether walking can mimic the effects of nicotine during temporary abstinence, by eliciting changes in mood and affect and by reducing cravings. In a randomized crossover design, 15 participants did a self-paced 1-mile walk or sat passively on separate days. A repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant reduction in desire to smoke during and for up to 20 min following exercise. Further MANOVAs and univariate ANOVAs revealed significant interaction effects for time-by-condition for tension, and affective valence and activation. Walking reduced tension and increased affective valence and activation during and up to 20 min after exercise, but increased activation only at the end of exercise. ANCOVAs revealed that exercise-induced reductions in cravings were mediated through reduced tension. Walking should be recommended for reducing cravings, but further research is needed to understand whether the arousing properties of exercise can help manage cravings.

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Repeated measures ANOVA for responses developing over time

European Journal of Anaesthesiology ◽

10.1097/00003643-199805000-00029 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 381-382 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

E. CHEKALUK ◽

T. P. HUTCHINSON ◽

D. CAIRNS

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Repeated Measures Anova ◽

Over Time

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Augmented Experiences: Investigating the Feasibility of Virtual Reality as Part of a Workplace Wellbeing Intervention

Interacting with Computers ◽

10.1093/iwc/iwz033 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 31 (5) ◽

pp. 507-523 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Matthew Naylor ◽

Ben Morrison ◽

Brad Ridout ◽

Andrew Campbell

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Virtual Reality ◽

Negative Affect ◽

Influencing Factors ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Significant Interaction ◽

Positive And Negative Affect ◽

Post Test ◽

Exploratory Experiment ◽

Over Time

Abstract This exploratory experiment tested the effect of two virtual reality (VR) relaxation interventions on measures of physiological arousal and affect, compared to a control. Forty-nine participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions, all using the Oculus Rift. Participants wore a heart rate (HR) monitor and completed pre- and post-test surveys, including the positive and negative affect schedule, Likert-type and open feedback questions. Mixed repeated measures ANOVAs revealed significant reductions in HR and affect over time across all conditions, with a significant interaction identified for the breathing condition’s effect on negative affect. Participants were able to identify feeling relaxation, as well as influencing factors. Further, the majority expected, and supported, the introduction of VR interventions in their workplace and/or college, with privacy being a common concern. These results demonstrate the potential of VR augmented relaxation interventions with recommendations for further study provided. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS VR can potentially provide wellbeing interventions with a uniquely immersive quality Results suggest interactive and immersive VR experiences may facilitate relaxation and reduce stress Participants believe there may be substantial benefits to having VR wellbeing interventions at work and college.

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Changes in Lung Diffusing Capacity of Elite Artistic Swimmers During Training

International Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1055/a-1212-1020 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Iker García ◽

Franchek Drobnic ◽

Victoria Pons ◽

Ginés Viscor

Keyword(s):

Carbon Monoxide ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Significant Interaction ◽

Physiological Responses ◽

Individual Variability ◽

Diffusing Capacity ◽

Repeated Measures Anova ◽

National Team ◽

Single Breath ◽

Single Breath Method

AbstractArtistic swimmers (AS) are exposed to repeated apnoeas in the aquatic environment during high intensity exercise provoking specific physiological responses to training, apnoea, and immersion. This study aimed to evaluate the changes in lung diffusing capacity in AS pre-, mid- and post-training in a combined session of apnoeic swimming, figures and choreography. Eleven elite female AS from the Spanish national team were the study’s participants. The single-breath method was used to measure lung diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and one-way repeated measures ANOVA was utilized to evaluate the statistical analysis. Basal values of DLCO were higher than normal for their age and height (33.6±4.9 mL·min−1·mmHg−1; 139±19%) and there were a significant interaction between DLCO and AS training (ŋ2 p=0.547). After the apnoeic swimming (mid-training) there was an increase in DLCO from basal to 36.7±7.3 mL·min−1·mmHg−1 (p=0.021), and after the figures and choreography (post-training) there was a decrease compared to mid-training (32.3±4.6 mL·min−1·mmHg−1, p=0.013). Lung diffusing capacity changes occur during AS training, including a large increase after apnoeic swimming. There were no differences in lung diffusing capacity from pre- to post-training, although large inter-individual variability was observed.

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Muscle-Activation Onset Times With Shoes and Foot Orthoses in Participants With Chronic Ankle Instability

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-50.2.02 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 50 (7) ◽

pp. 688-696 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Bart Dingenen ◽

Louis Peeraer ◽

Kevin Deschamps ◽

Steffen Fieuws ◽

Luc Janssens ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lower Extremity ◽

Linear Model ◽

Muscle Activity ◽

Muscle Activation ◽

Ankle Instability ◽

Chronic Ankle Instability ◽

Foot Orthoses ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Peroneus Longus ◽

Hip Muscles

Context Participants with chronic ankle instability (CAI) use an altered neuromuscular strategy to shift weight from double-legged to single-legged stance. Shoes and foot orthoses may influence these muscle-activation patterns. Objective To evaluate the influence of shoes and foot orthoses on onset times of lower extremity muscle activity in participants with CAI during the transition from double-legged to single-legged stance. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Musculoskeletal laboratory. Patients or Other Participants A total of 15 people (9 men, 6 women; age = 21.8 ± 3.0 years, height = 177.7 ± 9.6 cm, mass = 72.0 ± 14.6 kg) who had CAI and wore foot orthoses were recruited. Intervention(s) A transition task from double-legged to single-legged stance was performed with eyes open and with eyes closed. Both limbs were tested in 4 experimental conditions: (1) barefoot (BF), (2) shoes only, (3) shoes with standard foot orthoses, and (4) shoes with custom foot orthoses (SCFO). Main Outcome Measure(s) The onset of activity of 9 lower extremity muscles was recorded using surface electromyography and a single force plate. Results Based on a full-factorial (condition, region, limb, vision) linear model for repeated measures, we found a condition effect (F3,91.8 = 9.39, P < .001). Differences among experimental conditions did not depend on limb or vision condition. Based on a 2-way (condition, muscle) linear model within each region (ankle, knee, hip), earlier muscle-activation onset times were observed in the SCFO than in the BF condition for the peroneus longus (P < .001), tibialis anterior (P = .003), vastus medialis obliquus (P = .04), and vastus lateralis (P = .005). Furthermore, the peroneus longus was activated earlier in the shoes-only (P = .02) and shoes-with-standard-foot-orthoses (P = .03) conditions than in the BF condition. No differences were observed for the hip muscles. Conclusions Earlier onset of muscle activity was most apparent in the SCFO condition for ankle and knee muscles but not for hip muscles during the transition from double-legged to single-legged stance. These findings might help clinicians understand how shoes and foot orthoses can influence neuromuscular control in participants with CAI.

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Comparative Assessment of Novel Sailing Trapeze Harness Designs

International Journal of Sport Biomechanics ◽

10.1123/ijsb.5.3.289 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 289-296 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Susan J. Hall ◽

Jane A. Kent ◽

Vern R. Dickinson

Keyword(s):

Low Back Pain ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Comparative Assessment ◽

Myoelectric Activity ◽

Low Back ◽

Repeated Measures Anova ◽

Muscular Tension ◽

Pilot Work ◽

Integrated Emg ◽

Over Time

Prolonged trapezing during sailing often results in low back pain among elite sailors. Modifications of the trapeze harness have been proposed as one approach to ameliorating this problem. To evaluate six harnesses incorporating novel features that had tested well during pilot work, myoelectric activity was monitored at C5, T6, and L5 levels of sacrospinalis and at an abdominal site while five elite sailors wore the harnesses. Integrated EMG (IEMG) values were stored by a microcomputer at periodic intervals during each 10-min trial, as each subject maintained a static horizontal trapezing position in the laboratory. Factorial repeated-measures ANOVA indicated no change in IEMG values over time, but significant (p<0.001) differences among harnesses at all four electrode sites. Features of trapeze harness design that appear to minimize muscular tension include heavy, rigid padding throughout the harness, full-length shoulder-to-buttocks support of the trunk, and adjustable leg strap supports as opposed to a crotch strap.

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