Three-Dimensional Kinematics of the Throwing Arm during the Penalty Throw in Water Polo

1996 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Feltner ◽  
September T. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Ball Speed ◽  
Significant Inverse Relationship ◽  
Water Polo

The purpose was to compute the instantaneous contributions of anatomical rotations of the trunk, upper arm, forearm, and hand to ball speed and to quantify the three-dimensional angular kinematics of the trunk and throwing arm during water polo penalty throws. The largest contributors to predicted ball speed |(vB)'| at release were forearm extension and a counterclockwise twisting rotation of the trunk. Upper arm internal rotation contribution to |(vB)'| at release was highly variable and exhibited a significant inverse relationship with the upper arm horizontal adduction contribution to |(vB)'| at release (r= −.70). Subjects with large internal rotation contributions to |(vB)'| tended to have the upper arm in positions of less external rotation, but internally rotating at a faster rate, at release. Subjects with large upper arm horizontal adduction contributions to |(vB)'| exhibited a trend for faster rates of upper arm horizontal adduction and positions of increased forearm pronation at release. Findings suggest that a continuum of technique styles are used by water polo players to produce ball speed at release.

Dynamics of the Shoulder and Elbow Joints of the Throwing Arm during a Baseball Pitch

1986 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 235-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Feltner ◽  
Jesús Dapena
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Linear Transformation ◽  
Shoulder Joint ◽  
Elbow Joint ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Kinematic Parameters ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Joint Forces ◽  
Coordinate Data

Fastball pitches of eight intercollegiate varsity baseball pitchers were filmed using the direct linear transformation (DLT) method of three-dimensional cinematography. Coordinate data were obtained, and the resultant joint forces and torques at the shoulder and elbow joints were calculated. Various kinematic parameters were also calculated to help describe the motions of the shoulder and elbow joints throughout the pitch. At the instant of stride foot contact, a horizontal adduction torque was present at the shoulder joint, and the shoulder was externally rotating. After the onset of the horizontal adduction torque, abduction and internal rotation torques were also present at the shoulder joint and a varus torque was present at the elbow joint. After the instant of maximum external rotation (30 ms prior to ball release), the upper arm started to internally rotate, but it was still in a position of external rotation at the instant of release. This paper discusses the roles of the torques in producing the observed motions of the throwing arm.

scholarly journals Validity and reliability of smartphone applications for measurement of hip rotation, compared with three‐dimensional motion analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Phob Ganokroj ◽  
Nuchanun Sompornpanich ◽  
Pichitpol Kerdsomnuek ◽  
Bavornrat Vanadurongwan ◽  
Pisit Lertwanich
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Motion Analysis ◽  
Supine Position ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Angle Measurement ◽  
Smartphone Applications ◽  
Rater Reliability ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Hip Rotation

Abstract Background Measurement of hip rotation is a crucial clinical parameter for the identification of hip problems and the monitoring of symptoms. The objective of this study was to determine whether the use of two smartphone applications is valid and reliable for the measurement of hip rotation. Methods An experimental, cross-sectional study was undertaken to assess passive hip internal and external rotation in three positions by two examiners. The hip rotational angles were measured by a smartphone clinometer application in the sitting and prone positions, and by a smartphone compass application in the supine position; their results were compared with those of the standard, three-dimensional, motion analysis system. The validities and inter-rater and intra-rater reliabilities of the smartphone applications were evaluated. Results The study involved 24 participants. The validities were good to excellent for the internal rotation angles in all positions (ICC 0.81–0.94), good for the external rotation angles in the prone position (ICC 0.79), and fair for the sitting and supine positions (ICC 0.70–0.73). The measurement of the hip internal rotation in the supine position had the highest ICC value of 0.94 (0.91, 0.96). The two smartphone applications showed good-to-excellent intra-rater reliability, but good-to-excellent inter-rater reliability for only three of the six positions (two other positions had fair reliability, while one position demonstrated poor reliability). Conclusions The two smartphone applications have good-to-excellent validity and intra-rater reliability, but only fair-to-good inter-rater reliability for the measurement of the hip rotational angle. The most valid hip rotational position in this study was the supine IR angle measurement, while the lowest validity was the ER angle measurement in the sitting position. The smartphone application is one of the practical measurements in hip rotational angles. Trial registration Number 20181022003 at the Thai Clinical Trials Registry (http://www.clinicaltrials.in.th) which was retrospectively registered at 2018-10-18 15:30:29.

scholarly journals A Kinematic Analysis of Fundamental Movement Skills

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 261-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cain C. T. Clark ◽  
Claire M. Barnes ◽  
Mark Holton ◽  
Huw D. Summers ◽  
Gareth Stratton
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Rotation Velocity ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Mass Range ◽  
Centre Of Mass ◽  
Movement Skills ◽  
Fundamental Movement Skills ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Fundamental movement skills are considered the basic building blocks for movement and provide the foundation for specialized and sport-specific movement skills required for participation in a variety of physical activities. However, kinematic analyses of fundamental movement has not been performed. The aims of this study were to, (1) characterise the relationship between facets of fundamental movement and, (2) characterise the relationship between overall integrated acceleration and three-dimensional kinematic variables whilst performing fundamental movement skills. Eleven participants (10±0.8y, 1.41±0.07m, 33.4±8.6kg, body mass index; 16.4±3.1 kg·m2) took part in this study, had anthropometric variables recorded and performed a series of fundamental movement tasks, whilst wearing a tri-axial accelerometer and were recorded using a three-dimensional motion capture system. Maximum shoulder external rotation (°) and maximum shoulder internal rotation velocity (°.s−1) (r=0.86, p<0.001), mediolateral centre of mass range (cm) and centre of mass coefficient of variation (%) (r=0.83, p<0.001), maximum stride angle (°) in the jog and walk (r=0.74, p=0.01) and maximum sprint stride angle and maximum shoulder internal rotation velocity (°.s−1) (r=0.67, p<0.02) were significantly correlated. Maximum sprint stride angle (hip: r=0.96, p<0.001, ankle: r=0.97, p<0.001) and maximum internal rotation velocity (ankle: r=0.6, p=0.05) were significantly correlated to overall integrated acceleration. Overall integrated acceleration was comparable between participants (CV: 10.5), whereas three-dimensional variables varied by up to 65%. Although overall integrated acceleration was comparable between participants, three-dimensional variables were much more varied. Indicating that although overall activity may be correspondent, the characteristics of a child’s movement may be highly varied.

Can the Effect of Soft Tissue Artifact Be Eliminated in Upper-Arm Internal-External Rotation?

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanxin Zhang ◽  
David G. Lloyd ◽  
Amity C. Campbell ◽  
Jacqueline A. Alderson
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Optimization Model ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Movement Artifact ◽  
Sinusoidal Pattern ◽  
Soft Tissue Artifact

The purpose of this study was to quantify the effect of soft tissue artifact during three-dimensional motion capture and assess the effectiveness of an optimization method to reduce this effect. Four subjects were captured performing upper-arm internal-external rotation with retro-reflective marker sets attached to their upper extremities. A mechanical arm, with the same marker set attached, replicated the tasks human subjects performed. Artificial sinusoidal noise was then added to the recorded mechanical arm data to simulate soft tissue artifact. All data were processed by an optimization model. The result from both human and mechanical arm kinematic data demonstrates that soft tissue artifact can be reduced by an optimization model, although this error cannot be successfully eliminated. The soft tissue artifact from human subjects and the simulated soft tissue artifact from artificial sinusoidal noise were demonstrated to be considerably different. It was therefore concluded that the kinematic noise caused by skin movement artifact during upper-arm internal-external rotation does not follow a sinusoidal pattern and cannot be effectively eliminated by an optimization model.

Three-Dimensional Scapular Kinematics during the Throwing Motion

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin E. Meyer ◽  
Erin E. Saether ◽  
Emily K. Soiney ◽  
Meegan S. Shebeck ◽  
Keith L. Paddock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Glenohumeral Joint ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Angular Position ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Dynamic Activity ◽  
Motion Data ◽  
Asymptomatic Subjects ◽  
Scapular Motion

Proper scapular motion is crucial for normal shoulder mechanics. Scapular motion affects glenohumeral joint function during throwing, yet little is known about this dynamic activity. Asymptomatic subjects (10 male and 10 female), ages 21 to 45, were analyzed. Electromagnetic surface sensors on the sternum, acromion, and humerus were used to collect 3-D motion data during three trials of low-velocity throwing. Scapular angular position data were described for five predetermined events throughout the throw corresponding with classic descriptions of throwing phases, and trial-to-trial reliability was determined. ANOVA compared scapular angles across events. Subjects demonstrated good to excellent reliability between trials of the throw (ICC 0.74–0.98). The scapula demonstrated a pattern of external rotation, upward rotation (peak of approx. 40°), and posterior tilting during the initial phases of the throw, progressing into internal rotation after maximum humeral horizontal abduction. During the arm acceleration phase, the scapula moved toward greater internal rotation and began anteriorly tilting. At maximum humeral internal rotation, the scapula ended in internal rotation (55°), upward rotation (20°), and anterior tilting (3°).

scholarly journals Effect of Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit on Shoulder in Baseball Pitchers during Fastball Pitching

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (21) ◽  
pp. 8211
Author(s):  
Hwai-Ting Lin ◽  
Yu-Chuan Lin ◽  
You-Li Chou ◽  
Hung-Chien Wu ◽  
Rong-Tyai Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Motion Analysis ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Shoulder Injury ◽  
Acceleration Phase ◽  
Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit ◽  
Baseball Pitchers ◽  
Analysis System

Previous studies have reported that pitchers with glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) may increase the risk of shoulder injury. However, limited information is available regarding the specific effects of GIRD in baseball pitching. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether baseball pitchers with GIRD change their pitching mechanism. Fifteen baseball pitchers with GIRD and 15 pitchers without GIRD were recruited from university or senior high-school teams. A three-dimensional motion analysis system (Eagle System, Motion Analysis Corporation, Santa Rosa, CA, USA) was used to capture the pitching motion while performing fastball pitches. The kinematics and kinetics of the throwing shoulder and trunk were analyzed based on motion captured data. The Mann–Whitney U test was used to test the differences of the analyzed parameters between two groups. At the instant of ball release, the GIRD group showed lower shoulder external rotation and trunk rotation, and larger shoulder horizontal adduction. In addition, the GIRD group exhibited a significantly larger shoulder inferior force in the cocking and acceleration phase, and a significantly larger internal rotation torque in the acceleration phase. The present results suggested that pitchers with GIRD need stretch training to enlarge joint range of motion, and to improve trunk strength and flexibility to alleviate potential problems associated with pitching in GIRD pitchers.

Internal Rotation of the Upper-Arm Segment during a Stretch-Shorten Cycle Movement

1999 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce C. Elliott ◽  
Kevin G. Baxter ◽  
Thor F. Besier
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Latissimus Dorsi ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Maximum Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Maximum Velocity ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Mean Delay ◽  
Anterior Deltoid

This research examined the influence on performance of no-pause and mean delays of 0.97 s and 1.5 s between the eccentric and concentric phases of the stretch-shorten cycle movement of internal rotation (IR) of me upper arm. Videography and surface electromyography were used in the assessment of 19 athletes throwing a baseball in a manner that constrained all degrees of freedom other than upper-arm IR. Results demonstrated that the pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, and anterior deltoid muscles were all active at above 100% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) during IR. The maximum velocity of the wrist decreased with increasing pause time between me eccentric and concentric phases of the IR movement. A mean 21.9% augmentation to the maximum wrist velocity was recorded when the no-pause delay and a mean delay of 1.5 s were compared. There were no electromyographically discernible differences recorded either prior to or after release for any of the monitored muscles during IR across the pause conditions. It is evident therefore that the benefits of a prestretch during external rotation (ER) have a significant influence on the subsequent velocity of IR.

The Influence of Grip Position on Upper Limb Contributions to Racket Head Velocity in a Tennis Forehand

1997 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Elliott ◽  
Kotaro Takahashi ◽  
Guillermo Noffal
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Linear Transformation ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Head Velocity ◽  
Individual Segment ◽  
Instantaneous Position

In tennis groundstrokes, the speed of the racket head depends on the rotational velocities of the upper limb segments and the corresponding instantaneous position of the racket. The method of holding the racket may influence these factors. Six high-performance tennis players who preferred the eastern method of holding the racket and a further 6 who preferred the western method were filmed. The displacement histories of 16 selected landmarks were calculated using the direct linear transformation approach and were used to calculate the contribution that the three-dimensional individual segment rotations for the upper limb made to racket head velocity. Horizontal flexion/abduction and internal rotation of the upper arm, in addition to linear velocity of the shoulder, were the primary contributors to racket head speed at impact, regardless of grip. Significant variations, however, were recorded for the contribution of the hand segment to racket head speed for the different grip positions.

scholarly journals Validity and Reliability of Smartphone Applications for Measurement of Hip Rotation, Compared With Three-dimensional Motion Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phob Ganokroj ◽  
Nuchanun Sompornpanich ◽  
Pichitpol Kerdsomnuek ◽  
Bavornrat Vanadurongwan ◽  
Pisit Lertwanich
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Motion Analysis ◽  
Supine Position ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Smartphone Applications ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Rater Reliability ◽  
Rotational Angle ◽  
Hip Rotation

Abstract BackgroundMeasurement of hip rotation is a crucial clinical parameter for the identification of hip problems and the monitoring of symptoms. The objective of this study was to determine whether the use of two smartphone applications is valid and reliable for the measurement of hip rotation.MethodsAn experimental, cross-sectional study was undertaken to assess passive hip internal and external rotation in three positions by two examiners. The hip rotational angles were measured by a smartphone clinometer application in the sitting and prone positions, and by a smartphone compass application in the supine position; their results were compared with those of the standard, three-dimensional, motion analysis system. The validities and inter-rater and intra-rater reliabilities of the smartphone applications were evaluated.ResultsThe study involved 24 participants. The validities were good to excellent for the internal rotation angles in all positions (ICC 0.81–0.94), good for the external rotation angles in the prone position (ICC 0.79), and fair for the sitting and supine positions (ICC 0.70–0.73). The measurement of the hip internal rotation in the supine position had the highest ICC value of 0.94 (0.91, 0.96). The two smartphone applications showed good-to-excellent intra-rater reliability, but good-to-excellent inter-rater reliability for only three of the six positions (two other positions had fair reliability, while one position demonstrated poor reliability).ConclusionsThe two smartphone applications have good-to-excellent validity and intra-rater reliability, but only fair-to-good inter-rater reliability for the measurement of the hip rotational angle.Trial registration: Number20181022003 at the Thai Clinical Trials Registry (http://www.clinicaltrials.in.th) which was retrospectively registered at 2018-10-18 15:30:29.http://www.clinicaltrials.in.th/index.php?tp=utf8&task=regtrial&id=4100&menu=regtrial&smenu=trialmodify&ts=20200711091413

Biomechanical Comparison of 3 Current Ankle Syndesmosis Repair Techniques

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas O. Clanton ◽  
Scott R. Whitlow ◽  
Brady T. Williams ◽  
Daniel J. Liechti ◽  
Jonathon D. Backus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Screw Fixation ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Compressive Load ◽  
Rotational Stability ◽  
Suture Button ◽  
Biomechanical Comparison ◽  
Single Suture ◽  
Repair Techniques

Background: Significant debate exists regarding optimal repair for unstable syndesmosis injuries. Techniques range from screw fixation, suture-button fixation, or a combination of the two. In this study, 3 common repairs were compared using a simulated weightbearing protocol with internal and external rotation of the foot. Methods: Twenty-four lower leg specimens with mean age 54 years (range, 38-68 years) were used for testing. Following creation of a complete syndesmotic injury (AITFL, ITFL, PITFL, interosseous membrane), specimens were repaired using 1 of 3 randomly assigned techniques: (1) one 3.5-mm syndesmotic screw, (2) 1 suture-button construct, and (3) 2 divergent suture-button constructs. Repairs were cycled for 500 cycles between 7.5 Nm of internal/external rotation torque under a constant 750 N axial compressive load in a neutral dorsiflexion position. At 0, 10, 100, and 500 cycles, torsional cyclic loading was interrupted to assess torsional resistance to rotation within a physiologic range of motion (15 degrees external rotation to 10 degrees internal rotation). Torque (Nm), rotational position (degrees), and 3-dimensional data were collected throughout the testing to characterize relative spatial relationships of the tibiofibular articulation. Results: There were no significant differences between repair techniques in resistance to internal and external rotation with respect to the intact syndesmosis. Three-dimensional analysis revealed significant differences between repair techniques for sagittal fibular translation with external rotation of the foot. Screw fixation had the smallest magnitude of posterior sagittal translation (2.5 mm), and a single suture-button construct demonstrated the largest magnitude of posterior sagittal translation (4.6 mm). Screw fixation also allowed for significantly less anterior sagittal translation with internal rotation of the foot (0.1 mm) when compared to both 1 (2.7 mm) and 2 (2.9 mm) suture-button constructs. Conclusion: All repairs provided comparable rotational stability to the syndesmosis; however, no repair technique completely restored rotational stability and tibiofibular anatomic relationships of the preinjury state. Clinical Relevance: Constructs were comparable across most conditions; however, when repairing injuries with a suture-button construct, a single suture-button construct may not provide sufficient resistance to sagittal translation of the fibula.

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