Cerebral Concussion in Sport: An Overview

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruben J. Echemendia
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Data ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Cerebral Concussion ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Injury Definition ◽  
Broad Overview

Sports-related concussions are ubiquitous in contact and collision sports at all levels of play and across a broad age range. Once thought to be a nuisance injury, it is now recognized that these brain injuries may lead to chronic neurocognitive impairment if not managed properly. This paper provides a broad overview of the research and clinical data that have emerged in this rapidly growing area. Included in the review are discussions of injury definition, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, epidemiology, potential long-term consequences, assessment, and psychological factors. Issues of prevention and education are discussed in light of further increasing awareness of this injury.

Barriers to Physical Activity in Adolescents

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadine Langguth ◽  
Tanja Könen ◽  
Simone Matulis ◽  
Regina Steil ◽  
Caterina Gawrilow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Outcome Expectations ◽  
Multidimensional Approach ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Tailored Interventions ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Age Range

During adolescence, physical activity (PA) decreases with potentially serious, long-term consequences for physical and mental health. Although barriers have been identified as an important PA correlate in adults, research on adolescents’ PA barriers is lacking. Thus reliable, valid scales to measure adolescents’ PA barriers are needed. We present two studies describing a broad range of PA barriers relevant to adolescents with a multidimensional approach. In Study 1, 124 adolescents (age range = 12 – 24 years) reported their most important PA barriers. Two independent coders categorized those barriers. The most frequent PA barriers were incorporated in a multidimensional questionnaire. In Study 2, 598 adolescents (age range = 13 – 21 years) completed this questionnaire and reported their current PA, intention, self-efficacy, and negative outcome expectations. Seven PA barrier dimensions (leisure activities, lack of motivation, screen-based sedentary behavior, depressed mood, physical health, school workload, and preconditions) were confirmed in factor analyses. A multidimensional approach to measuring PA barriers in adolescents is reliable and valid. The current studies provide the basis for developing individually tailored interventions to increase PA in adolescents.

scholarly journals VITAMIN-ANTIOXIDANT HOMEOSTASIS DATA IN PATIENTS WITH LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES AFTER MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Y. V. Lekomtseva
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Secondary Brain Injury ◽  
Long Term Consequences

Introduction. Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) was reported to be the most frequent among other types of brain injuries and is the main reason for the disability in mid-life and middleaged people. It’s known that antioxidants can reduce oxidative stress, so, to prevent secondary brain injury modulating maintaining of long-term consequences after mTBI. Purpose of the study. This work was to study the serum vitamin E, C and A levels in the patients with long-term consequences after mTBI to explore their potential pathogenetic influence. Materials and methods. Sixty-seven patients with long-term consequences after mTBI were investigated with the mean age of 43,61 ± 8,24 years (18 women, 26,86% and 49 men, 73,14%) where the vitamin E, C and A contents were measured in sera by spectrophotometer method using standard protocols and reagents (Sigma, USA).  Results. In this work, it was found descending serum levels of all investigated vitaminantioxidants in almost all patients with longterm consequences after mTBI where the content of vitamins A (M ± s: 1,63 ± 1,56 mkM/l) and E (25,41 ± 0,93 mkM/l) had a tendency to decreasing without significant differences compare to controls. It was found the statistically significant decreased of vitamin C levels in the serum samples of our investigated patients when compared to controls (p < 0,05, t = 4,59, 95% CI 98,81 to 55,68) where in the main patient group, the medians of total vitamin C level was 30,57 ± 5,38 mkM/l vs 36,91 ± 5,22 mkM/l in controls. It was shown that the patients with long-term consequences after mild contusion in anamnesis (64,18%) had the prominent changes in the vitamin C content. Conclusion. The maintaining of long-term consequences of mTBI was accompanied by the vitamin-antioxidant dyshomeostasis such as decreasing of vitamin C serum level associated with a tendency to decreasing of vitamins A and E levels that may play the certain role in the pathogenesis. All these data are needed to be accounted into the consideration during the treatment of this patient category. Keywords: long-term consequences of mild traumatic brain injury, vitamin-antioxidant homeostasis.

scholarly journals One hundred years (and counting) of blast-associated traumatic brain injury

2018 ◽  
Vol 165 (3) ◽  
pp. 180-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Kinch ◽  
J L Fullerton ◽  
W Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
High Explosives ◽  
Civilian Population ◽  
History Of ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Modern Warfare ◽  
Broad Overview

Blast-associated traumatic brain injury (TBI) has become one of the signature issues of modern warfare and is increasingly a concern in the civilian population due to a rise in terrorist attacks. Despite being a recognised feature of combat since the introduction of high explosives in conventional warfare over a century ago, only recently has there been interest in understanding the biology and pathology of blast TBI and the potential long-term consequences. Progress made has been slow and there remain remarkably few robust human neuropathology studies in this field. This article provides a broad overview of the history of blast TBI and reviews the pathology described in the limitedscientific studies found in the literature.

scholarly journals Polycystic ovary syndrome

2005 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
pp. 332-337
Author(s):  
Swarup S Patel ◽  
Vincent Bamigboye
Keyword(s):  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Multisystem Disorder ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Specialist Registrar ◽  
Obstetrics And Gynaecology ◽  
Long Term Consequences

The term polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a misnomer as it gives an impression of an ovarian disease with cysts. It is, however, a multisystem disorder with very distressing signs and symptoms and long term consequences on the well being of the patient. Ms Patel and Mr Bamigboye, respectively specialist registrar and consultant in obstetrics and gynaecology, describe this common and complicated condition and its modern management.

scholarly journals Role and Importance of IGF-1 in Traumatic Brain Injuries

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annunziato Mangiola ◽  
Vera Vigo ◽  
Carmelo Anile ◽  
Pasquale De Bonis ◽  
Giammaria Marziali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Brain Growth ◽  
Somatotropic Axis ◽  
Secondary Damage ◽  
Long Term Consequences

It is increasingly affirmed that most of the long-term consequences of TBI are due to molecular and cellular changes occurring during the acute phase of the injury and which may, afterwards, persist or progress. Understanding how to prevent secondary damage and improve outcome in trauma patients, has been always a target of scientific interest. Plans of studies focused their attention on the posttraumatic neuroendocrine dysfunction in order to achieve a correlation between hormone blood level and TBI outcomes. The somatotropic axis (GH and IGF-1) seems to be the most affected, with different alterations between the acute and late phases. IGF-1 plays an important role in brain growth and development, and it is related to repair responses to damage for both the central and peripheral nervous system. The IGF-1 blood levels result prone to decrease during both the early and late phases after TBI. Despite this, experimental studies on animals have shown that the CNS responds to the injury upregulating the expression of IGF-1; thus it appears to be related to the secondary mechanisms of response to posttraumatic damage. We review the mechanisms involving IGF-1 in TBI, analyzing how its expression and metabolism may affect prognosis and outcome in head trauma patients.

Responding to Immediate and Long-Term Consequences of Terror

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Fabri ◽  
Amber Gray ◽  
Jeannette Uwineza
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Consequences

Themes, Diction, and Prosodic Systems in Yoruba Lullabies

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olusanmi Babarinde ◽  
Elizabeth Babarinde
Keyword(s):  
Participant Observation ◽  
Cultural Beliefs ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
World Views ◽  
Scholarly Research ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Analyse Data ◽  
Descriptive Survey ◽  
Future Learning

Lullabies are essentially sung for their soothing nature but, as this article shows, they have other important functions. One of the most important of these is that lullabies may provide much-needed language stimulation with important long-term consequences for future learning. This paper begins the work of addressing the dearth of scholarly research on lullabies, especially in the Yoruba (Nigeria: Niger-Congo) culture. It looks at the range of themes, dictions, and prosody that are intertwined to reveal Yoruba beliefs and world-views about children, starting with their time in the womb. The study uses a descriptive survey method to analyse data collected through participant observation. It shows that Yoruba lullabies not only offer insights into Yoruba cultural beliefs but also depend greatly on figurative expression and prosodic systems. These rich literary qualities identify lullabies as the earliest sub-genre of children's poetry.

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