scholarly journals Role and Importance of IGF-1 in Traumatic Brain Injuries

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annunziato Mangiola ◽  
Vera Vigo ◽  
Carmelo Anile ◽  
Pasquale De Bonis ◽  
Giammaria Marziali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Brain Growth ◽  
Somatotropic Axis ◽  
Secondary Damage ◽  
Long Term Consequences

It is increasingly affirmed that most of the long-term consequences of TBI are due to molecular and cellular changes occurring during the acute phase of the injury and which may, afterwards, persist or progress. Understanding how to prevent secondary damage and improve outcome in trauma patients, has been always a target of scientific interest. Plans of studies focused their attention on the posttraumatic neuroendocrine dysfunction in order to achieve a correlation between hormone blood level and TBI outcomes. The somatotropic axis (GH and IGF-1) seems to be the most affected, with different alterations between the acute and late phases. IGF-1 plays an important role in brain growth and development, and it is related to repair responses to damage for both the central and peripheral nervous system. The IGF-1 blood levels result prone to decrease during both the early and late phases after TBI. Despite this, experimental studies on animals have shown that the CNS responds to the injury upregulating the expression of IGF-1; thus it appears to be related to the secondary mechanisms of response to posttraumatic damage. We review the mechanisms involving IGF-1 in TBI, analyzing how its expression and metabolism may affect prognosis and outcome in head trauma patients.

Long-Term Consequences of Severe Maternal Morbidity on Infant Growth and Development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dulce M. Zanardi ◽  
Juliana P. Santos ◽  
Rodolfo C. Pacagnella ◽  
Mary A. Parpinelli ◽  
Carla Silveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Maternal Morbidity ◽  
Infant Growth ◽  
Severe Maternal Morbidity ◽  
Long Term Consequences

Long-Term Consequences of Pelvic Trauma Patients With Thromboembolic Disease Treated With Inferior Vena Caval Filters

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose B. Toro ◽  
Michael J. Gardner ◽  
Christian Hierholzer ◽  
Domenico Sama ◽  
Cagri Kosi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Vena ◽  
Pelvic Trauma ◽  
Thromboembolic Disease ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Inferior Vena Caval ◽  
Long Term Consequences

Smoking in pregnancy

1991 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P Newnham
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Smoking In Pregnancy ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Tobacco Usage ◽  
In Pregnancy

During nine months of pregnancy, a woman who smokes 20 cigarettes each day will inhale nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide more than 50 000 times. This smoke contains chemicals known to be mutagenic and carcinogenic and will interfere with the normal growth and development of her child. Recent studies have revealed disturbing long-term consequences for the offspring. This article reviews the constituents of cigarette smoke, the effects of tobacco usage on the pregnancy, child and placenta, and strategies by which smoking during pregnancies may be prevented.

scholarly journals Long-term consequences of the absence of leptin signaling in early life

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela M Ramos-Lobo ◽  
Pryscila DS Teixeira ◽  
Isadora C Furigo ◽  
Helen M Melo ◽  
Natalia de M Lyra e Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Arcuate Nucleus ◽  
Leptin Receptor ◽  
Brain Growth ◽  
Leptin Signaling ◽  
Developmental Problems ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Long Term Consequences

Leptin regulates energy balance and also exhibits neurotrophic effects during critical developmental periods. However, the actual role of leptin during development is not yet fully understood. To uncover the importance of leptin in early life, the present study restored leptin signaling either at the fourth or tenth week of age in mice formerly null for the leptin receptor (LepR) gene. We found that some defects previously considered irreversible due to neonatal deficiency of leptin signaling, including the poor development of arcuate nucleus neural projections, were recovered by LepR reactivation in adulthood. However, LepR deficiency in early life led to irreversible obesity via suppression of energy expenditure. LepR reactivation in adulthood also led to persistent reduction in hypothalamic Pomc, Cartpt and Prlh mRNA expression and to defects in the reproductive system and brain growth. Our findings revealed that early defects in leptin signaling cause permanent metabolic, neuroendocrine and developmental problems.

scholarly journals VITAMIN-ANTIOXIDANT HOMEOSTASIS DATA IN PATIENTS WITH LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES AFTER MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Y. V. Lekomtseva
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Secondary Brain Injury ◽  
Long Term Consequences

Introduction. Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) was reported to be the most frequent among other types of brain injuries and is the main reason for the disability in mid-life and middleaged people. It’s known that antioxidants can reduce oxidative stress, so, to prevent secondary brain injury modulating maintaining of long-term consequences after mTBI. Purpose of the study. This work was to study the serum vitamin E, C and A levels in the patients with long-term consequences after mTBI to explore their potential pathogenetic influence. Materials and methods. Sixty-seven patients with long-term consequences after mTBI were investigated with the mean age of 43,61 ± 8,24 years (18 women, 26,86% and 49 men, 73,14%) where the vitamin E, C and A contents were measured in sera by spectrophotometer method using standard protocols and reagents (Sigma, USA).  Results. In this work, it was found descending serum levels of all investigated vitaminantioxidants in almost all patients with longterm consequences after mTBI where the content of vitamins A (M ± s: 1,63 ± 1,56 mkM/l) and E (25,41 ± 0,93 mkM/l) had a tendency to decreasing without significant differences compare to controls. It was found the statistically significant decreased of vitamin C levels in the serum samples of our investigated patients when compared to controls (p < 0,05, t = 4,59, 95% CI 98,81 to 55,68) where in the main patient group, the medians of total vitamin C level was 30,57 ± 5,38 mkM/l vs 36,91 ± 5,22 mkM/l in controls. It was shown that the patients with long-term consequences after mild contusion in anamnesis (64,18%) had the prominent changes in the vitamin C content. Conclusion. The maintaining of long-term consequences of mTBI was accompanied by the vitamin-antioxidant dyshomeostasis such as decreasing of vitamin C serum level associated with a tendency to decreasing of vitamins A and E levels that may play the certain role in the pathogenesis. All these data are needed to be accounted into the consideration during the treatment of this patient category. Keywords: long-term consequences of mild traumatic brain injury, vitamin-antioxidant homeostasis.

scholarly journals Gender Differences Involved in the Pathophysiology of the Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Damage

2019 ◽  
pp. S207-S217
Author(s):  
S. MURDEN ◽  
V. BORBÉLYOVÁ ◽  
Z. LAŠTŮVKA ◽  
J. MYSLIVEČEK ◽  
J. OTÁHAL ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Perinatal Asphyxia ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Rat Pups ◽  
Hypoxia Ischemia ◽  
Long Term Consequences

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a neonatal condition that occurs as a consequence of perinatal asphyxia, which is caused by a number of factors, commonly via compression of the umbilical cord, placental abruption, severe meconium aspiration, congenital cardiac or pulmonary anomalies and birth trauma. Experimental studies have confirmed that male rat pups show a higher resistance to HIE treatment. Moreover, the long-term consequences of hypoxia in male are more severe in comparison to female rat pups. These sex differences can be attributed to the pathophysiology of hypoxia-ischemia, whereby studies are beginning to establish such gender-specific distinctions. The current and sole treatment for HIE is hypothermia, in which a reduction in temperature prevents long-term effects, such as cerebral palsy or seizures. However, in most cases hypothermia is not a sufficient treatment as indicated by a high mortality rate. In the present review, we discuss the gender differences within the pathophysiology of hypoxia-ischemia and delve into the role of gender in the incidence, progression and severity of the disease. Furthermore, this may result in the development of potential novel treatment approaches for targeting and preventing the long-term consequences of HIE.

Non-Invasive Monitoring of Acute Intracranial Mass Lesions Using Ultrasonic Fingerprinting

1997 ◽  
Vol 503 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. B. Nagy ◽  
W. S. Rosenberg ◽  
L. M. Stankovits
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasonic Inspection ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Human Cadavers ◽  
Mass Lesions

ABSTRACTPotentially dangerous neurological changes in shock-trauma patients are currently monitored by computer-aided X-ray tomography which is prohibitively expensive and even dangerous for long-term, e.g., comatose, patients. By ultrasound, only low-frequency “diffuse” ultrasonic inspection is feasible through the skull so that the details are irreversible lost in the essentially random scattering process. In order to overcome this inherent limitation, we adapted a continuous computer-controlled ultrasonic monitoring system based on the ultrasonic fingerprinting method originally developed for materials characterization purposes in the nuclear, civil engineering, and aerospace industries. An ultrasonic detector directed at the general area of interest can be used to record and repeatedly update the personal signature of the patient, which is then used as an “ultrasonic fingerprint.” Any abrupt change in this signature indicates the immediate need for further investigation by CT or other sophisticated diagnostic tools. Experimental studies were conducted on both a human skull/gelatin phantom and 5 intact human cadavers. Ultrasonic fingerprinting could detect the secondary effects of volumetric changes occurring at multiple locations and the average detectable volumes of mass lesions were found to be lower than indications for surgical intervention.

Cerebral Concussion in Sport: An Overview

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruben J. Echemendia
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Data ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Cerebral Concussion ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Injury Definition ◽  
Broad Overview

Sports-related concussions are ubiquitous in contact and collision sports at all levels of play and across a broad age range. Once thought to be a nuisance injury, it is now recognized that these brain injuries may lead to chronic neurocognitive impairment if not managed properly. This paper provides a broad overview of the research and clinical data that have emerged in this rapidly growing area. Included in the review are discussions of injury definition, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, epidemiology, potential long-term consequences, assessment, and psychological factors. Issues of prevention and education are discussed in light of further increasing awareness of this injury.

Faltering growth

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 734-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Roche ◽  
Baneera Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Health Visitor ◽  
Dietary Advice ◽  
Community Based Interventions ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Parental Concern ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
In Infants And Children

Faltering growth is a common paediatric presentation in primary care; it often presents following routine health visitor surveillance or is highlighted by parental concern. It is important to recognise, as it may be the presentation of an underlying medical or social problem, and because there may be long-term consequences for growth and development. Reassuringly, however, most children with faltering growth do not fall into these groups and will improve with community-based interventions including dietary advice and health visitor input. This article describes the recognition, causes, assessment and management of faltering growth in infants and children.

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