Directing Gaze on a Scene Before Reaching for an Object: Changes Over the First Year of Life

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (s1) ◽  
pp. S105-S125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca F. Wiener ◽  
Sabrina L. Thurman ◽  
Daniela Corbetta
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Human Hand ◽  
First Year ◽  
Central Object ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Visual Fixations

We used eye tracking to investigate where infants and adults directed their gaze on a scene right before reaching. Infants aged 5, 7, 9, and 11 months old and adults looked at a human hand holding an object out of reach for 5 s, then the hand moved the object toward the participant for reaching. We analyzed which part of the scene (the object, the hand, or elsewhere) infants and adults attended the most during those 5 s before reaching. Findings revealed that adults’ visual fixations were majorly focused on the object to reach. Young infants’ looking patterns were more widely distributed between the hand holding the object, the object, and other nonrelevant areas on the scene. Despite distributed looking on the scene, infants increased their amount of time looking at the object between 5 and 11 months. Nine- and 11-month-olds showed overall accumulated looking durations comparable to adults’ for most of the objects; however, 9-month-olds differed in their rate of gaze transition between scene areas. From the age of 5 months old, infants are able to sustain their gaze to the pertinent scene area when the scene contains a central object on which they will later be able to act.

scholarly journals Developmental Trajectory of Audiovisual Speech Integration in Early Infancy. A Review of Studies Using the McGurk Paradigm

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Przemysław Tomalski
Keyword(s):  
Speech Processing ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
First Year ◽  
Audiovisual Speech ◽  
Perceptual Development ◽  
Phonological Knowledge ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Age Related ◽  
First Year Of Life

Abstract Apart from their remarkable phonological skills young infants prior to their first birthday show ability to match the mouth articulation they see with the speech sounds they hear. They are able to detect the audiovisual conflict of speech and to selectively attend to articulating mouth depending on audiovisual congruency. Early audiovisual speech processing is an important aspect of language development, related not only to phonological knowledge, but also to language production during subsequent years. Th is article reviews recent experimental work delineating the complex developmental trajectory of audiovisual mismatch detection. Th e central issue is the role of age-related changes in visual scanning of audiovisual speech and the corresponding changes in neural signatures of audiovisual speech processing in the second half of the first year of life. Th is phenomenon is discussed in the context of recent theories of perceptual development and existing data on the neural organisation of the infant ‘social brain’.

scholarly journals Allergic Food Sensitization and Disease Manifestation in the Fetus and Infant: A Perspective

Allergies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-122
Author(s):  
Russell J. Hopp ◽  
Peggy Salazar ◽  
Muhammad Asghar Pasha
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Disease ◽  
First Year ◽  
Disease Manifestation ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Wait And See ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Food Sensitization

Even though allergic disease is identified in the first year of life, it is often in a less forward fashion, with elements of a wait and see approach. If the infant does not have an anaphylactic food reaction, other less dramatic allergic phenomenon is often under-emphasized, waiting for additional concerns. We approached this with a conception to first conduct birthday surveys, attempting to link intrauterine and peri-birth circumstances to affect better allergy recognition in young infants.

scholarly journals Agreement Between Parental Report and Clinician Observation of Infant Developmental Skills

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Federico ◽  
Dexin Shi ◽  
Jessica Bradshaw
Keyword(s):  
Communication Skills ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Social Communication ◽  
Parent Report ◽  
First Year ◽  
Developmental Skills ◽  
Social Communication Skills ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Strong Relation ◽  
First Year Of Life

Understanding the convergence between parent report and clinician observation measures of development is important and became even more critical during the COVID-19 pandemic as clinician contact with families was significantly limited. Previous research points to inconsistencies in the degree of agreement between parents and clinicians and very little research has examined these associations for infants within the first year of life. This study investigated the association between parent report and clinician observation measures of social communication and motor skills in 27 young infants who were assessed at 9 and 12 months of age. Results suggest a strong relation between clinician and parent rated motor skills, but weak to moderate associations between clinician and parent rated communication skills. Infant temperament played a significant role in parent ratings of infant communication. Together, these results provide support for data collection via parent report or clinician observation of infant motor skills, but suggest that multiple measures of infant communication may be helpful to obtain high-quality, perhaps more accurate, assessment social-communication skills. Specifically, multiple parent report measures along with an observation of parent-infant interactions will likely provide a more rich and accurate characterization of infant social-communication abilities.

scholarly journals Investigating emotion recognition in the first year of life using eye-tracking Methodology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shira C. Segal
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Emotion Recognition ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
First Year ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Fearful Faces ◽  
Facial Expressions Of Emotion ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Key Words Emotion

The ability to recognize facial expressions of emotion is a critical part of human social interaction. Infants improve in this ability across the first year of life, but the mechanisms driving these changes and the origins of individual differences in this ability are largely unknown. This thesis used eye tracking to characterize infant scanning patterns of expressions. In study 1 (n = 40), I replicated the preference for fearful faces, and found that infants either allocated more attention to the eyes or the mouth across both happy and fearful expressions. In study 2 (n = 40), I found that infants differentially scanned the critical facial features of dynamic expressions. In study 3 (n = 38), I found that maternal depressive symptoms and positive and negative affect were related to individual differences in infants’ scanning of emotional expressions. Implications for our understanding of the development of emotion recognition are discussed. Key Words: emotion recognition, infancy eye tracking, socioemotional development

scholarly journals Increased Focus on the Mouth Among Infants in the First Year of Life: A Longitudinal Eye-Tracking Study

Infancy ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 534-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena J. Tenenbaum ◽  
Rajesh J. Shah ◽  
David M. Sobel ◽  
Bertram F. Malle ◽  
James L. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
First Year ◽  
First Year Of Life

Low Adrenomedullary Function Predicts Acute Illness in Infants with Classical Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Weber ◽  
Veeraya K Tanawattanacharoen ◽  
Amy Seagroves ◽  
Mark C Liang ◽  
Christina M Koppin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽  
Acute Illness ◽  
First Year ◽  
Plasma Epinephrine ◽  
Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽  
Hydroxylase Deficiency ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
21 Hydroxylase Deficiency ◽  
First Year Of Life

Abstract Context Youth with classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) exhibit abnormal adrenomedullary function with decreased epinephrine levels noted in newborns and young infants. Little is known about how this relates to morbidity during the first year of life. Objective To study plasma epinephrine levels in infants with classical CAH and examine the clinical significance of epinephrine deficiency in the first year of life. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Study participants were recruited from a pediatric tertiary care center. Patients or Other Participants 36 infants with classical CAH due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency and 27 age-matched unaffected controls with congenital hypothyroidism. Main Outcome Measures Plasma epinephrine levels (N=27), CYP21A2 genotype (N=15), and incidence of acute illnesses from birth to 1 year of age (N=28). Results Epinephrine levels in CAH infants independently predicted illness incidence in the first year of life (β=-0.018, R=-0.45, P=0.02) and were negatively correlated with 17-hydroxyprogesterone at diagnosis (R=-0.51, P=0.007). Infants with salt-wasting CAH exhibited lower epinephrine levels as newborns than simple-virilizing infants (P=0.02). CAH patients had lower epinephrine as newborns than controls (P=0.007) and showed decreases in epinephrine from birth to 1 year of age (P=0.04). Null genotype was associated with lower newborn epinephrine and more illness in the first year of life, compared to less severe mutation categories. Conclusions Lower epinephrine levels are associated with increased risk of illness among CAH infants. While not currently part of clinical standard of care, measuring epinephrine levels and assessing genotype may help predict acute illness in the first year of life.

scholarly journals Plasmodium malaria and antimalarial antibodies in the first year of life

Parasitology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 143 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
KATHERINE R. DOBBS ◽  
ARLENE E. DENT
Keyword(s):  
Severe Disease ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
First Year ◽  
Malaria Vaccines ◽  
Prevailing Paradigm ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Repeated Infections ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Over Time

SUMMARYMalaria is one of the most serious infectious diseases with most of the severe disease caused byPlasmodium falciparum(Pf). Naturally acquired immunity develops over time after repeated infections and the development of antimalarial antibodies is thought to play a crucial role. Neonates and young infants are relatively protected from symptomatic malaria through mechanisms that are poorly understood. The prevailing paradigm is that maternal antimalarial antibodies transferred to the fetus in the last trimester of pregnancy protect the infant from early infections. These antimalarial antibodies wane by approximately 6 months of age leaving the infant vulnerable to malaria, however direct evidence supporting this epidemiologically based paradigm is lacking. As infants are the target population for future malaria vaccines, understanding how they begin to develop immunity to malaria and the gaps in their responses is key. This review summarizes the antimalarial antibody responses detected in infants and how they change over time. We focus primarily on Pf antibody responses and will briefly mentionPlasmodium vivaxresponses in infants.

scholarly journals Investigating emotion recognition in the first year of life using eye-tracking Methodology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shira C. Segal
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Emotion Recognition ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
First Year ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Fearful Faces ◽  
Facial Expressions Of Emotion ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Key Words Emotion

The ability to recognize facial expressions of emotion is a critical part of human social interaction. Infants improve in this ability across the first year of life, but the mechanisms driving these changes and the origins of individual differences in this ability are largely unknown. This thesis used eye tracking to characterize infant scanning patterns of expressions. In study 1 (n = 40), I replicated the preference for fearful faces, and found that infants either allocated more attention to the eyes or the mouth across both happy and fearful expressions. In study 2 (n = 40), I found that infants differentially scanned the critical facial features of dynamic expressions. In study 3 (n = 38), I found that maternal depressive symptoms and positive and negative affect were related to individual differences in infants’ scanning of emotional expressions. Implications for our understanding of the development of emotion recognition are discussed. Key Words: emotion recognition, infancy eye tracking, socioemotional development

Maternal Immunization to Prevent Infectious Diseases in the Neonate or Infant

1994 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Insel ◽  
Marvin Amstey ◽  
Kathleen Woodin ◽  
Michael Pichichero
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Level ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
First Year ◽  
Passive Protection ◽  
Maternal Immunization ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Group B ◽  
First Year Of Life

AbstractThe approach of providing passive protection to young infants by immunizing pregnant women can bypass the problems of immunological immaturity in the neonate, avoid or delay active immunization of the infant in the first year of life, and prevent transmission of an infection from the mother to the neonate. Optimal vaccines for this approach should induce high immunoglobulin G antibody titers that quickly reach their maximum level after immunization and persist at protective levels for several years, thus providing passive protection in subsequent pregnancies. Specific applications of this approach include the worldwide practice of maternal immunization with tetanus toxoid vaccine and ongoing studies of maternal immunization to preventHaemophilus influenzaetype b, group B strepto-coccal, pneumococcal, meningococcal, and human immunodeficiency virus infection in the infant. Addressing the cultural, sociological, and legal aspects of maternal immunization will be required to ensure the success of this approach.

Swimming Instructions for Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 847-847
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Flynn ◽  
John H. Kennell ◽  
Robert N. McLeod ◽  
Thomas E. Shaffer ◽  
William B. Strong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Child ◽  
First Year ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Medical Problems ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Sense Of Security ◽  
False Sense ◽  
Responsible Adult ◽  
First Year Of Life

Children less than 3 years old are most vulnerable to drowning, and organized efforts to reduce the toll are indicated. Heretofore, swimming instruction has concentration on school-aged children, but in recent years some emphasis has been placed on teaching younger children to swim, even during the first year of life. Although it may be possible to teach young infants to propel themselves and keep their heads above water, infants cannot be expected to learn the elements of water safety or to react appropriately in emergencies. No young child, particularly those who are preschool aged, can ever be considered "water safe." Parents may develop a false sense of security if they feel their young child can "swim" a few strokes. Additional problems may be associated with admission of infants to public swimming pools. Incontinent infants pose an aesthetic problem and make it difficult to maintain the effectiveness of chlorination. The Committee recognizes the increasing populaity of swimming programs for infants and the enjoyment of the parent and child in this shared activity, and makes the following recommendations: 1. If a parent wishes to enroll his/her infant in a water adjustment and swimming program, it should be on a one-to-one basis with the parent or a responsible adult. Organized group swimming instruction should be reserved for children more than 3 years old. 2. Instruction should be carried out by trained instructors in properly maintained pools. 3. Infants with known medical problems should receive clearance from their physician. 4. Controlled studies clarifying the possible risks to infants from swimming programs should be carried out as soon as possible.

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