scholarly journals Developmental Trajectory of Audiovisual Speech Integration in Early Infancy. A Review of Studies Using the McGurk Paradigm

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Przemysław Tomalski
Keyword(s):  
Speech Processing ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
First Year ◽  
Audiovisual Speech ◽  
Perceptual Development ◽  
Phonological Knowledge ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Age Related ◽  
First Year Of Life

Abstract Apart from their remarkable phonological skills young infants prior to their first birthday show ability to match the mouth articulation they see with the speech sounds they hear. They are able to detect the audiovisual conflict of speech and to selectively attend to articulating mouth depending on audiovisual congruency. Early audiovisual speech processing is an important aspect of language development, related not only to phonological knowledge, but also to language production during subsequent years. Th is article reviews recent experimental work delineating the complex developmental trajectory of audiovisual mismatch detection. Th e central issue is the role of age-related changes in visual scanning of audiovisual speech and the corresponding changes in neural signatures of audiovisual speech processing in the second half of the first year of life. Th is phenomenon is discussed in the context of recent theories of perceptual development and existing data on the neural organisation of the infant ‘social brain’.

scholarly journals Allergic Food Sensitization and Disease Manifestation in the Fetus and Infant: A Perspective

Allergies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-122
Author(s):  
Russell J. Hopp ◽  
Peggy Salazar ◽  
Muhammad Asghar Pasha
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Disease ◽  
First Year ◽  
Disease Manifestation ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Wait And See ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Food Sensitization

Even though allergic disease is identified in the first year of life, it is often in a less forward fashion, with elements of a wait and see approach. If the infant does not have an anaphylactic food reaction, other less dramatic allergic phenomenon is often under-emphasized, waiting for additional concerns. We approached this with a conception to first conduct birthday surveys, attempting to link intrauterine and peri-birth circumstances to affect better allergy recognition in young infants.

AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN THICKNESS OF CORTEX AND ITS LAYERS IN THE PARAMEDIAN LOBULE OF THE CEREBELLUM IN CHILDREN

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-18
Author(s):  
Татьяна Александровна Цехмистренко ◽  
Аслан Батразович Мазлоев ◽  
Дмитрий Константинович Обухов
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
First Year ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Average Group ◽  
Computer Morphometry ◽  
The Right ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Granular Layers ◽  
Age Related Changes

Цель - изучение возрастных изменений толщины коры и ее слоев в парамедианной дольке мозжечка у детей. Материал и методы. Работа выполнена на постмортальном материале (62 мозжечка), полученном от детей в возрасте от рождения до 12 лет, умерших в результате травм без повреждений головного мозга. С помощью компьютерной морфометрии на окрашенных методом Ниссля фронтальных гистологических срезах коры, взятой билатерально в области парамедианной (тонкой) дольки (HVIIB) на вершине листков мозжечка, измеряли толщину коры, а также толщину ее молекулярного и зернистого слоев. Анализ количественных данных проводили в годовых интервалах. Результаты. В парамедианной дольке мозжечка увеличение толщины коры происходит в четыре этапа: в правом полушарии - от рождения к 1, 3, 5 и 9 годам, в левом полушарии - к 1, 5, 7 и 9 годам. Левосторонняя асимметрия толщины коры мозжечка отмечается у детей 1 и 2 лет, толщины молекулярного слоя - у детей 3 лет жизни. Правосторонняя асимметрия характерна для толщины зернистого слоя у детей 3 лет и поперечника коры, в целом, у детей 6 лет. Толщина коры и слоев в области парамедианной дольки мозжечка по среднегрупповым показателям достигает уровня взрослых людей к 9 годам. Выводы. Толщина коры мозжечка и ее слоев в области дольки H VII B увеличивается гетерохронно и гетеродинамически в правом и левом полушариях мозжечка у детей на первом году жизни, а также в периоды раннего, первого и второго детства. Уменьшения поперечника коры и слоев в парамедианной дольке мозжечка у детей от рождения до 12 лет не обнаружено. Objective - to study the age-related changes in the thickness of the cortex and its layers in the paramedian lobule of the cerebellum in children. Material and methods. The work was performed on postmortem material (62 cerebellums) obtained from children aged from birth to 12 years who died from injuries but without brain damage. The thickness of the cortex, as well as the thickness of its molecular and granular layers, were measured using computer morphometry on the Nissl-stained frontal histological sections of the cortex taken bilaterally in the region of the paramedian (gracile) lobule (HVIIB) at the top of the folia of cerebellum. Analysis of quantitative data was performed at annual intervals. Results. In the paramedian lobule of the cerebellum, the increase in the thickness of the cortex occured in four stages: in the right hemisphere - from birth to 1, 3, 5 and 9 years, in the left hemisphere - to 1, 5, 7 and 9 years. Left-sided asymmetry of the cortical thickness of the cerebellum was observed in 1 and 2-year old children, the thickness of the molecular layer - in 3-year old children. Right-sided asymmetry was characteristic for the thickness of the granular layer in 3-year old children and a cross-section of the cortex in 6-year old children. The thickness of the cortex and layers in the area of the paramedian lobule of the cerebellum on the average group indicators reached the level of adults by 9 years. Conclusions. The thickness of the cerebellar cortex and its layers in the area of the lobule HVIIB increased heterochronically and heterogeneously in the right and left hemispheres of the cerebellum in children of the first year of life, and in the periods of early, first and second childhood. No reduction in the diameter of the cortex and layers in the paramedian lobule of the cerebellum of children from birth to 12 years was found.

scholarly journals Agreement Between Parental Report and Clinician Observation of Infant Developmental Skills

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Federico ◽  
Dexin Shi ◽  
Jessica Bradshaw
Keyword(s):  
Communication Skills ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Social Communication ◽  
Parent Report ◽  
First Year ◽  
Developmental Skills ◽  
Social Communication Skills ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Strong Relation ◽  
First Year Of Life

Understanding the convergence between parent report and clinician observation measures of development is important and became even more critical during the COVID-19 pandemic as clinician contact with families was significantly limited. Previous research points to inconsistencies in the degree of agreement between parents and clinicians and very little research has examined these associations for infants within the first year of life. This study investigated the association between parent report and clinician observation measures of social communication and motor skills in 27 young infants who were assessed at 9 and 12 months of age. Results suggest a strong relation between clinician and parent rated motor skills, but weak to moderate associations between clinician and parent rated communication skills. Infant temperament played a significant role in parent ratings of infant communication. Together, these results provide support for data collection via parent report or clinician observation of infant motor skills, but suggest that multiple measures of infant communication may be helpful to obtain high-quality, perhaps more accurate, assessment social-communication skills. Specifically, multiple parent report measures along with an observation of parent-infant interactions will likely provide a more rich and accurate characterization of infant social-communication abilities.

scholarly journals Mark-Recapture-Recovery Modeling and Age-Related Survival in Little Penguins (Eudyptula Minor)

The Auk ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 815-827
Author(s):  
Leesa A. Sidhu ◽  
Edward A. Catchpole ◽  
Peter Dann
Keyword(s):  
First Year ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Age Dependence ◽  
Mark Recapture ◽  
Annual Variations ◽  
Southeastern Australia ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
First Year Of Life

Abstract We analyzed yearly mark-recapture-recovery information collected over a 36-year period for the Little Penguins (Eudyptula minor) of Phillip Island in southeastern Australia. We show that it is feasible to model age-dependence for the survival, recapture, and recovery probabilities simultaneously, and that such a modeling scheme yields biologically realistic age structures for the model parameters. We provide illustrations of potentially erroneous results that may arise when researchers fail (1) to consider simultaneous age-dependence or (2) to detect annual variations that may mask age-dependence. From 1968 to 2004, 23,686 chicks were flipper-banded; 2,979 birds were encountered after fledging, and 1,347 were ultimately recovered dead. We found low survival of 17% in the first year of life, increasing to 71% in the second year of life, 78% in the third year, and 83% thereafter, and declining gradually after nine years of age. A population model allowing for immigration of birds from areas surrounding the study sites fits the observed stable population in the study sites. Modelado de Marca-Recaptura-Recuperación y Supervivencia Relacionada con la Edad en Eudyptula minor

scholarly journals Influence of volume dependency and timing of airway occlusions on the Hering-Breuer reflex in infants

1998 ◽  
Vol 85 (6) ◽  
pp. 2033-2039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia S. Rabbette ◽  
Janet Stocks
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Mechanics ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Tidal Range ◽  
First Year ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Inspiratory Time ◽  
Tidal Breathing ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Difference ◽  
First Year Of Life

Both end-inspiratory (EIO) and end-expiratory (EEO) airway occlusions are used to calculate the strength of the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex (HBIR) in infants. However, the influence of the timing of such occlusions is unknown, as is the extent to which changes in volume within and above the tidal range affect this reflex. The purpose of this study was to compare both techniques and to evaluate the volume dependency of the HBIR in healthy, sleeping infants up to 1 yr of age. The strength of the HBIR was expressed as the ratio of expiratory or inspiratory time during EIO or EEO, respectively, to that recorded during spontaneous breathing, i.e., as the “inhibitory ratio” (IR). Paired measurements of the EIO and EEO in 26 naturally sleeping newborn and 15 lightly sedated infants at ∼1 yr showed no statistically significant differences in the IR according to technique: mean (95% CI) of the difference (EIO − EEO) being −0.02 (−0.17, 0.13) during the first week of life and 0.04 (−0.14, 0.22) at 1 yr. During tidal breathing, a volume threshold of ∼4 ml/kg was required to evoke the HBIR. Marked volume and age dependency were observed. In newborn infants, occlusions at ∼10 ml/kg during sighs always resulted in an IR > 4, whereas a similar response was only evoked at 25 ml/kg in older infants. Age-related changes in the volume threshold may reflect maturational changes in the control of breathing and respiratory mechanics throughout the first year of life.

scholarly journals Age-Related Changes in Peripheral Nerves of the Dog. II. A Morphologic and Morphometric Study of Cross-Sectional Nerve

1982 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Braund ◽  
J. A. McGuire ◽  
C. E. Lincoln
Keyword(s):  
Fold Increase ◽  
Morphometric Study ◽  
First Year ◽  
Fiber Density ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Large Fiber ◽  
One Year ◽  
First Year Of Life

Qualitative histologic studies and quantitative measurements were made on cross-sectional preparations of common peroneal and ulnar nerves of 32 neuromuscular disease-free dogs from birth to 15 years of age, to provide normative data not available previously. Minimal lesions were seen in nerves of dogs from birth to seven years; however, in older dogs, the incidence of axonal degeneration and segmental demyelination and remyelination increased. Total fiber density of both nerves was over 40,000 fibers/mm2 at birth and declined rapidly during the first six to nine months to level off at about 10,000 fibers/mm2 by one year of age. Density of small (< 5 μm) and large (≥ 5 μm) diameter fibers attained adult values by one year of age. The frequency distribution of the myelinated fibers was unimodal at birth and became bimodal between three and six months of age. The peaks of the small and large fiber groups occurred at 3 μm and 6 μm, respectively. Larger diameter fibers (10 μm to 12 μm) reached adult values between nine months and one year of age. A 2.5 fold increase in mean fiber diameter occurred during the first year of life. There was no statistically significant change in any histometric parameter after maturity (approximately one year of age).

The developmental trajectory of pointing perception in the first year of life

2014 ◽  
Vol 233 (2) ◽  
pp. 641-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annika M. D. Melinder ◽  
Carolien Konijnenberg ◽  
Tone Hermansen ◽  
Moritz M. Daum ◽  
Gustaf Gredebäck
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
First Year ◽  
First Year Of Life

scholarly journals Anogenital Distance in Healthy Infants: Method-, Age- and Sex-related Reference Ranges

2020 ◽  
Vol 105 (9) ◽  
pp. 2996-3004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margit Bistrup Fischer ◽  
Marie Lindhardt Ljubicic ◽  
Casper P Hagen ◽  
Ajay Thankamony ◽  
Ken Ong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Based ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
First Year ◽  
Reference Ranges ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Anogenital Distance ◽  
Sex Development ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Healthy Infants ◽  
First Year Of Life

Abstract Context The use of anogenital distance (AGD) in clinical and epidemiological settings is increasing; however, sex-specific reference data on AGD and data on longitudinal changes in AGD in children is scarce. Objective To create age-, sex-, and method-related reference ranges of AGD in healthy boys and girls aged 0–24 months, to assess the age-related changes in AGD and to evaluate the 2 predominantly used methods of AGD measurement. Design The International AGD consortium comprising 4 centers compiled data from 1 cross-sectional and 3 longitudinal cohort studies (clinicaltrials.gov [NCT02497209]). Setting All data were collected from population-based studies, recruiting from 4 maternity or obstetric centers (United States, Cambridge [United Kingdom], Odense, and Copenhagen [Denmark]). Subjects This study included a total of 3705 healthy, mainly Caucasian children aged 0–24 months on whom 7295 measurements were recorded. Main Outcome Measures AGDAS (ano-scrotal), AGDAF (ano-fourchette), AGDAP (ano-penile), AGDAC (ano-clitoral), AGD body size indices (weight, body mass index [BMI], body surface area, and length), and intra- and interobserver biases. Results We created age-specific reference ranges by centers. We found that AGD increased from birth to 6 months of age and thereafter reached a plateau. Changes in AGD/BMI during the first year of life were minor (0–6% and 0–11% in boys and girls, respectively). Conclusions Reference ranges for AGD can be used in future epidemiological research and may be utilized clinically to evaluate prenatal androgen action in differences-in-sex-development patients. The increase in AGD during the first year of life was age-related, while AGD/BMI was fairly stable. The TIDES and Cambridge methods were equally reproducible.

Low Adrenomedullary Function Predicts Acute Illness in Infants with Classical Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Weber ◽  
Veeraya K Tanawattanacharoen ◽  
Amy Seagroves ◽  
Mark C Liang ◽  
Christina M Koppin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽  
Acute Illness ◽  
First Year ◽  
Plasma Epinephrine ◽  
Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽  
Hydroxylase Deficiency ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
21 Hydroxylase Deficiency ◽  
First Year Of Life

Abstract Context Youth with classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) exhibit abnormal adrenomedullary function with decreased epinephrine levels noted in newborns and young infants. Little is known about how this relates to morbidity during the first year of life. Objective To study plasma epinephrine levels in infants with classical CAH and examine the clinical significance of epinephrine deficiency in the first year of life. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Study participants were recruited from a pediatric tertiary care center. Patients or Other Participants 36 infants with classical CAH due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency and 27 age-matched unaffected controls with congenital hypothyroidism. Main Outcome Measures Plasma epinephrine levels (N=27), CYP21A2 genotype (N=15), and incidence of acute illnesses from birth to 1 year of age (N=28). Results Epinephrine levels in CAH infants independently predicted illness incidence in the first year of life (β=-0.018, R=-0.45, P=0.02) and were negatively correlated with 17-hydroxyprogesterone at diagnosis (R=-0.51, P=0.007). Infants with salt-wasting CAH exhibited lower epinephrine levels as newborns than simple-virilizing infants (P=0.02). CAH patients had lower epinephrine as newborns than controls (P=0.007) and showed decreases in epinephrine from birth to 1 year of age (P=0.04). Null genotype was associated with lower newborn epinephrine and more illness in the first year of life, compared to less severe mutation categories. Conclusions Lower epinephrine levels are associated with increased risk of illness among CAH infants. While not currently part of clinical standard of care, measuring epinephrine levels and assessing genotype may help predict acute illness in the first year of life.

scholarly journals Attention and Perceptual Learning Interact in the Development of the Other-Race Effect

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Markant ◽  
Lisa S. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Learning ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
First Year ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Neural Representations ◽  
Race Effect ◽  
Processing Abilities ◽  
First Year Of Life

Face-processing abilities are biased such that some faces are differentiated, recognized, and identified more readily than others. Across the first year of life, experience with faces shapes the development of face-processing biases. However, the developmental trajectory of face processing and important contributing factors are not well understood. In order to better characterize the development of face processing during infancy, we propose a model involving repeated interactions between attention and perceptual learning. This interactive framework predicts that bottom-up attention orienting to faces leads to rapid perceptual learning about frequently experienced faces, top-down selective-attention biases for familiar faces, and increasingly refined neural representations across the first year of life.

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