Goal Setting in Sport: Clarifying Recent Anomalies

1988 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard K. Hall ◽  
Anthony T.J. Byrne
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Goal Setting ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Baseline Trial ◽  
Organizational Settings ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Better Than

Recent empirical evidence (Weinberg, Bruya, & Jackson, 1985) has brought into question whether the positive beneficial effects of goal setting found in organizational settings are directly generalizable to the domain of sport. This investigation attempted to determine whether increased control over powerful extraneous variables influencing motivation would enable goal-setting effects to be observed in sport settings, and second, it examined the utility of either flexible subject-set subgoals or rigid experimenter subgoals as adjuncts to long-term goals. Forty-three males and 11 females were randomly assigned by class to one of four experimental conditions. Following baseline trial under do best instructions, subjects performed three trials on an endurance task under their assigned experimental conditions. A 4 × 3 (Goal Group × Trials) ANCOVA with repeated measures on the last factor and baseline performance as the covariate indicated that groups holding subgoals performed significantly better than those with do best instructions, whereas performance for those with only long-term goals approached significance. These findings clearly demonstrate a need to further understand the process of goal setting if it is to be successfully applied as an intervention technique to enhance motivation and sport performance.

The Relationship between Goal Proximity and Specificity in Bowling: A Field Experiment

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven H. Frierman ◽  
Robert S. Weinberg ◽  
Allen Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Questionnaire Data ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Level Of Confidence ◽  
Goal Condition ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Better Than

The purpose of this investigation was twofold: to determine if individuals who were assigned specific, difficult goals perform better than those assigned “do your best” goals, and to examine the importance of goal proximity (longterm vs. short-term) on bowling performance. Subjects were 72 students enrolled in two beginning bowling courses at a 4-year university. They were matched according to baseline bowling averages and then randomly assigned to one of four goal-setting conditions. A 4 × 5 (Goal Condition × Trials) ANOVA with repeated measures on the last factor revealed a significant goal condition main effect, with the long-term goal group improving more than the do-your-best group. No other performance comparisons reached significance. Questionnaire data revealed that subjects in all three numerical goal conditions rated their level of confidence significantly higher than the do-your-best goal group in Week 1, but the long-term goal group displayed a significantly higher level of confidence than the other three goal groups in Week 4. All other questions indicated that all groups tried hard and were committed to and accepted their goals.

scholarly journals Enhancing Grit Through Functional Imagery Training in Professional Soccer

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Rhodes ◽  
Jon May ◽  
Jackie Andrade ◽  
David Kavanagh
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Stepped Wedge ◽  
Imagery Training ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Delayed Group ◽  
Short Time

Functional imagery training (FIT) extends multisensory imagery training by involving athletes with goal setting and appraisal. The authors measured the effect of FIT on 24 professional soccer players’ grit, a personality trait associated with perseverance for a long-term goal. In a stepped-wedge design, an immediate (n = 9) and a delayed (n = 10) group received FIT at Week 1 or 6 and were measured at Week 12. A self-selected control group (n = 5) received no intervention. The delayed group was also measured at Week 6 just before their intervention, and at Week 18. Grit scores in both intervention groups increased after the intervention, but the control group’s did not. The delayed group increased in grit between Weeks 6 and 12, showing the effectiveness of the intervention over a relatively short time, and continued to improve to Week 18. In the intervention groups, vividness of goal imagery also increased and players perceived that FIT improved sport performance.

The Effects of Self-Efficacy and Goal Setting on Bowling Performance

1997 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 312-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Ann Boyce ◽  
Sarah M. Bingham
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Marginal Improvement ◽  
And Control ◽  
Better Than

The present study investigated the effect of three goal-setting groups (self-set, assigned, and control) and three levels of self-efficacy (low, medium, and high) on bowling performance of college students (N = 288). The performance/retention trials were analyzed in a 3 × 2 × 10 (Goal Conditions × Self-Efficacy Levels × Trials) ANCOVA design, with repeated measures on the last factor and baseline performance as the covariate. Results of the data analysis revealed a significant main effect for self-efficacy (SE) levels for males and females. Individuals at high and medium SE levels performed significantly better than those at a low SE level. The nonsignificant main effect for goal groups was attributed to the spontaneous goal-setting behavior of the control group. Finally, there was a main effect for trials and planned comparisons indicated that as trials progressed female students improved. Evidence of a performance plateau was present for male students, as they showed marginal improvement across trials.

scholarly journals Emotion Regulation and Sport Performance

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R. D. Wagstaff
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Repeated Measures Design

This study used a single-blind, within-participant, counterbalanced, repeated-measures design to examine the relationship between emotional self-regulation and sport performance. Twenty competitive athletes completed four laboratory-based conditions; familiarization, control, emotion suppression, and nonsuppression. In each condition participants completed a 10-km cycling time trial requiring self-regulation. In the experimental conditions participants watched an upsetting video before performing the cycle task. When participants suppressed their emotional reactions to the video (suppression condition) they completed the cycling task slower, generated lower mean power outputs, and reached a lower maximum heart rate and perceived greater physical exertion than when they were given no self-regulation instructions during the video (nonsuppression condition) and received no video treatment (control condition). The findings suggest that emotional self-regulation resource impairment affects perceived exertion, pacing and sport performance and extends previous research examining the regulation of persistence on physical tasks. The results are discussed in line with relevant psychophysiological theories of self-regulation and fatigue and pertinent potential implications for practice regarding performance and well-being are suggested.

We Need Better Chronologies: Progress in Getting them

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
George L. Cowgill
Keyword(s):  
Material Objects ◽  
Settlement History ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Basin Of Mexico ◽  
Late Formative ◽  
Cross Dating ◽  
Unique Ability ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Ebb And Flow

Archaeologists have long celebrated their unique ability to deal with the long term. But we are increasingly recognizing that we can and must also understand more rapid events. They are critical for many of the questions we now consider most interesting, such as distinguishing between changes that unfolded gradually and those that happened suddenly. In considering interactions among regions, we need something better than cross-dating on the basis of resemblances in material objects. That is especially so when we would like to know where something first developed and the tempo of its spread to other regions. As one particularly clear example of the beneficial effects of finer chronologies, Robert Santley (in Sanders et al. 1979:65-73) showed how shorter phases can drastically alter our picture of the ebb and flow of settlement history in a region. When Basin of Mexico sites in the Cuauhtitlan region are dated only in broad terms to the Middle and Late Formative periods, a rather placid picture of settlement change emerges.

Goal Setting and Feedback for the Development of Instructional Strategies

1997 ◽  
Vol 84 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1411-1427 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Tzetzis ◽  
Efthimios Kioumourtzoglou ◽  
George Mavromatis
Keyword(s):  
Instructional Strategies ◽  
Goal Setting ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Combined Method ◽  
Knowledge Of Results ◽  
Complex Skills ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Practice Methods ◽  
Different Content ◽  
Better Than

This study was done to evaluate the effectiveness of three practice methods, (a) feedback as knowledge of performance (KP), (b) feedback as knowledge of results combined with the goal-setting method, and (c) a combination of knowledge of performance and results with the goal-setting method on the performance and learning of basketball skills of different complexity. Three groups ( n = 26) of children followed the practice methods and the performance (result), and technique of simple and complex basketball skills (dribble, pass, shoot, and lay-up) were assessed for their effectiveness. Subjects practiced using four exercises for each skill, three times a week, for eight weeks. A performance and a retention test (two weeks later) were conducted. A multivariate analysis of variance with repeated measures on the last factor indicated that knowledge of performance with results of goal-setting significantly improved the techniques of the more complex skills but it was significantly better than the knowledge of results and goal-setting method for passing. Giving knowledge of results and setting goals improved performance and proved to be better than the knowledge of performance method. Finally, the combined method was as good as the knowledge of performance and as good as the knowledge of results plus goal setting in performance but improvement was delayed mostly for the more complex skills. Attentional needs for the analysis of information given determined the success in skills execution and the effectiveness of the methods. The different content of the information given to the athletes may improve different aspects of motion or execution of the skills.

scholarly journals High-Intensity Interval Exercise Performance and Short-Term Metabolic Responses to Overnight-Fasted Acute-Partial Sleep Deprivation

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3655
Author(s):  
Zacharias Papadakis ◽  
Jeffrey S. Forsse ◽  
Andreas Stamatis
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Interval Exercise ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Partial Sleep Deprivation ◽  
High Intensity Interval ◽  
Respiratory Gases

People practicing high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) fasted during the morning hours under a lack of sleep. Such a habit may jeopardize the health benefits related to HIIE and adequate sleep. Fifteen habitually good sleeper males (age 31.1 ± 5.3 SD year) completed on a treadmill two isocaloric (500 kcal) HIIE sessions (3:2 min work:rest) averaged at 70% VO2reserve after 9–9.5 h of reference sleep exercise (RSE) and after 3–3.5 h of acute-partial sleep deprivation exercise (SSE). Diet and sleep patterns were controlled both 1 week prior and 2 days leading up to RSE and SSE. HIIE related performance and substrate utilization data were obtained from the continuous analysis of respiratory gases. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA with the baseline maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and body fat percentage (BF%) as covariates at p < 0.05. No difference was observed in VO2max, time to complete the HIIE, VE, RER, CHO%, and FAT% utilization during the experimental conditions. Whether attaining an adequate amount of sleep or not, the fasted HIIE performance and metabolism were not affected. We propose to practice the fasted HIIE under adequate sleep to receive the pleiotropic beneficial effects of sleep to the human body.

The Effects of Goal Proximity on Skill Acquisition and Retention of a Shooting Task in a Field-Based Setting

1992 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 298-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Ann Boyce
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Specific Goal ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Main Effects

This study investigated the effect of goal proximity on skill acquisition and retention of a selected shooting task. Twelve classes (n=181) were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: (a) short-term goals, (b) a long-term goal, (c) short-term plus long-term goals, and (d) do-your-best goals. The pretest and six skill acquisition/retention trials were analyzed in a 4×2×6 (Goal Groups × Gender × Trials) MANCOVA design with repeated measures on the last factor and with the pretest as the covariate. Results of a multivariate F test revealed significant main effects for goal groups, gender, and trials. Post hoc tests indicated that the three specific goal-setting groups were superior to the do-your-best group. Males were statistically superior to females in the shooting task. The follow-up tests on trials revealed that as trials progressed, shooting performance improved significantly.

Evaluation of Acoustic Analyses of Voice in Nonoptimized Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
pp. 3991-3999
Author(s):  
Benjamin van der Woerd ◽  
Min Wu ◽  
Vijay Parsa ◽  
Philip C. Doyle ◽  
Kevin Fung
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Voice Quality ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Acoustic Measurements ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Environment Analysis ◽  
Acoustic Measures ◽  
Recording Conditions ◽  
Cepstral Peak Prominence

Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the fidelity and accuracy of a smartphone microphone and recording environment on acoustic measurements of voice. Method A prospective cohort proof-of-concept study. Two sets of prerecorded samples (a) sustained vowels (/a/) and (b) Rainbow Passage sentence were played for recording via the internal iPhone microphone and the Blue Yeti USB microphone in two recording environments: a sound-treated booth and quiet office setting. Recordings were presented using a calibrated mannequin speaker with a fixed signal intensity (69 dBA), at a fixed distance (15 in.). Each set of recordings (iPhone—audio booth, Blue Yeti—audio booth, iPhone—office, and Blue Yeti—office), was time-windowed to ensure the same signal was evaluated for each condition. Acoustic measures of voice including fundamental frequency ( f o ), jitter, shimmer, harmonic-to-noise ratio (HNR), and cepstral peak prominence (CPP), were generated using a widely used analysis program (Praat Version 6.0.50). The data gathered were compared using a repeated measures analysis of variance. Two separate data sets were used. The set of vowel samples included both pathologic ( n = 10) and normal ( n = 10), male ( n = 5) and female ( n = 15) speakers. The set of sentence stimuli ranged in perceived voice quality from normal to severely disordered with an equal number of male ( n = 12) and female ( n = 12) speakers evaluated. Results The vowel analyses indicated that the jitter, shimmer, HNR, and CPP were significantly different based on microphone choice and shimmer, HNR, and CPP were significantly different based on the recording environment. Analysis of sentences revealed a statistically significant impact of recording environment and microphone type on HNR and CPP. While statistically significant, the differences across the experimental conditions for a subset of the acoustic measures (viz., jitter and CPP) have shown differences that fell within their respective normative ranges. Conclusions Both microphone and recording setting resulted in significant differences across several acoustic measurements. However, a subset of the acoustic measures that were statistically significant across the recording conditions showed small overall differences that are unlikely to have clinical significance in interpretation. For these acoustic measures, the present data suggest that, although a sound-treated setting is ideal for voice sample collection, a smartphone microphone can capture acceptable recordings for acoustic signal analysis.

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