Шошоолог: этноним и этническая история

Introduction. This article under takes a study of the clan name Shoshoolog (Šošōlog) in the context of ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Mongolic and Turkic peoples of Inner Asia and Siberia. New historical and ethnographical data, including the evidence of ethnonymics as a part of the ethnic history of the Mongolic and Turkic peoples of the region will contribute to the knowledge of the migration and settlement history of the Shoshoolog people. The study aims at examining the etymology of the term šošōloγ, the area where it wasspread and theways of itsspread. Data and methods. The authors have taken into account written documents, ethnographical and folklore sources that contained references to the ethnonym in question. The written sources of the period between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries, mainly in Russian, such as Cossacks’ otpiski (reports), and, more recent, travel and census reports, contain various forms of the ethnonym, often incorrectly spelled but still of interest as evidence pointing at the settlement areas of the ethnic group, as well as a source for linguistic speculation. The ethnographical sources include references to the ethnic group in question based on the legends and sagas shedding light on the people’s origin and settlement patterns both in the Baikal area and in Mongolia. The folklore texts written down by N. N. Poppe, S. P. Baldaev, etc. Include the stories of the Shoshoolog as a Buryat clan with a strong Shamanic background, as well as various forms of the ethnonym. Granted the available knowledge of the historical patterns in the language evolution, the orthographical forms of the ethnonym contained in different records were used as the data for further phonetical reconstructions and localizations of the ethnonym’s phonetic shape in terms of chronological and geographical dimensions. This data, alongside other material on the ethnonymics and onomastics of Mongolic and Turkic peoples, contributes to the linguistic part of the database in the field. Conclusions. A comparative analysis of ethnonymic evidence contained in a variety of sources examined resulted in phonetic reconstructions of the ethnonym under study to finally shed new light on its etymology, as well as to project further developments of its phonetic shape.

THE CLASSIC PERIOD NECROPOLIS OF THE RAEVSKOYE FORTIFIED SETTLEMENT: HISTORY OF RESEARCH, TOPOGRAPHY AND CHRONOLOGY

Раевское городище - региональный и экономический центр юго-восточной Синдики (хоры античной Горгиппии) на протяжении III в. до н. э. - I в. н. э. -было введено в научный оборот благодаря раскопкам В. И. Сизова в 1886 г. Вопрос о местоположении некрополя городища, население которого могло насчитывать несколько сотен жителей, долгое время оставался открытым. Итоги исследований за последние полвека показали, что захоронения античного времени расположены на возвышенностях, простирающихся к западу и востоку от городища. К сожалению, на нынешнем этапе хронология захоронений некрополя далеко не всегда коррелирует с периодом бытования античного центра на Раевском городище. В частности, слабо документирован погребальными комплексами III в. до н. э. и практически отсутствуют материалы, которые можно было бы связать с обитателями северо-восточного мыса городища в раннеримское время. О периферийности центра свидетельствует отсутствие находок надгробных памятников. The Raevskoye fortified settlement was a regional and economic center of southeastern Sindike (chora of Greek Gorgippia) throughout 3rd century BC -1st century AD. The site was introduced in scientific discourse thanks to excavations conducted by V.I. Sizov in 1886. The issue relating to the location of the necropolis of the hillfort where several hundred people had probably lived remained open for a long time. The excavations over the recent 50 years have shown that graves of the Classical period are located on hills extending east of and west of the settlement. Unfortunately, at the current stage of research the chronology of graves in the necropolis does not always correlate with the period of functioning of the Ancient Greek center at the Raevskoye hillfort. In particular, few burial assemblages date back to the 3rd century BC; and there are practically no materials that could be linked to the inhabitants of the northeastern promontory of the fortified settlement during the Early Roman period. A lack of tombstones evidences the marginal character of the settlement at that time.

REHABILITATING BECÁN

Research in 1970 vaulted Becán to prominence on the landscape of great Maya centers. Mapping, excavation, and ceramic stratigraphy revealed that its enigmatic earthwork, first recorded archaeologically in 1934, was a fortification built at the end of the Preclassic period. Large-scale warfare thus unexpectedly turned out to have very deep roots in the Maya lowlands. The site's wider implications remained obscure, however, in the absence of dates and other inscriptions. The ever-increasing dependence on historical and iconographic information in our narratives, along with the invisibility of its Preclassic buildings and plazas, unfortunately marginalized Becán. Some colleagues even claimed that we have misinterpreted both the nature of the earthworks (not fortifications) and their dating (not Preclassic). We rehabilitate Becán by dispelling these claims and by showing that standard archaeological evidence, contextualized in what we know today, has much to say about Becán's role in lowland culture history. We identify intervals of crisis when the earthwork remained useful long after it was originally built, especially during the great hegemonic struggles of the Snake and Tikal dynasties, and introduce new ceramic and lithic data about Becán's settlement history and political entanglements. Our most important message is that inscriptions and iconography, for all their dramatic chronological detail and historical agency, must always be complemented by standard fieldwork.

THE HELLENISTIC TOPOGRAPHY OF NEA KRANE, KEPHALLONIA

This paper approaches the Hellenistic topography of the polis of Krane (Kephallonia), for the first time incorporating data from aerial imagery from the Allied aerial photographs of the British School at Athens, predating the earthquakes of 1953 and subsequent afforestation. The study presents a synthesis of the traces relating to the incomplete orthogonal development of the city, named by Klavs Randsborg ‘Nea Krane’. The reconstructed area of the planned city is almost doubled, rising from 19.8 ha to 36.96 ha, and thus shedding new light on the scale of a majestic project which now counts 90 blocks, with a ratio of 1:3. The incomplete development is read in the framework of the settlement history of the polis of Krane, and of the development of urbanism in the region, to ascertain if the project could be ascribed to a failed synoecism or an external imposition.

Uneven Horizons: Some Considerations on the Settlement History of Neolithic and Aeneolithic Sites in Southern Turkmenistan

This paper considers the interpretation of “building horizons” in large-scale horizontal excavations of mul- tilayered settlements with mud-brick architecture of Neolithic and Aeneolithic of South Turkmenistan. The fine stratigraphic analysis of Early Aeneolithic layers at Monjukli Depe shows a differentiated picture of settlement history with a gradual re- placement of structures and varying duration of dwellings. Similar processes can be traced at other sites in the region.

REVISED CHRONOLOGY AND SETTLEMENT HISTORY OF TULA AND THE TULA REGION

This article offers a revision of the chronology and settlement history of Tula, Hidalgo, synthesizing information obtained from numerous investigations and 68 radiocarbon and seven archaeomagnetic dates. Tula Chico's earliest settlement appeared while the region was under the control of Teotihuacan as one of many hilltop Coyotlatelco settlements in the region. The monumental center at Tula Grande did not appear until after Tula grew to power, presumably with the consolidation of the other Coyotlatelco polities. Extensive exposure of residential structures in numerous localities have revealed a widespread pattern of barrios containing households exhibiting a wide range of social status that enjoyed access to a wide variety of luxury items including the first reported objects of gold. Tula Grande and the Tollan phase city appear to have already been abandoned and in ruins prior to the arrival of Aztec II peoples. The Late Aztec period occupation shows a preoccupation with Tula's ruins that parallels similar evidence from the Templo Mayor excavations suggesting it was indeed the place the Aztecs called Tollan.

Nidarneset før Nidaros

This article presents and discusses the range of prehistoric archaeological material derived from excavations in the medieval town of Trondheim. The town grew up on Nidarneset, a low-lying peninsula located at the point where the River Nid enters Trondheim Fjord. It became the site of Nidaros kaupang during the 10th century, but recent archaeological finds document the presence of an agrarian settlement since the early Pre-Roman Iron Age at c. 1500 BC. The Iron Age population lived in a natural environment created by combined formation processes throughout the period, including isostatic recovery, alluvial deposition and a landslide which covered part of the peninsula with a thick body of clay. The archaeological material is presented in the context of this dynamic process, demonstrating the close interaction of natural processes and human actors in the formation and use of the landscape. The settlement history is discussed in the wider context of local and regional developments during the Iron Age. The article’s chief aim is to provide for the first time a comprehensive overview of the settlement history of Nidarneset throughout the Iron Age, and to offer some tentative suggestions regarding how this may have contributed to the context in which the urban centre emerged.

Digital Genealogy

This paper demonstrates how methods of digital genealogy can be used to trace personal histories in innovative ways to uncover potentially significant details of settlement history where information in historical sources is scarce. It uses the example of a mid-18th century Roman Catholic settler and his family in Szentes, a small town on the Great Hungarian Plain, at a time when mass migration into this region was happening from overpopulated regions of the Kingdom of Hungary. Records of the settlement history of the town are meagre at best, but this important aspect of social history can be supplemented through meticulous research into the Family Search genealogy database.